ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Although naloxone has proven to be an effective opioid reversal agent, concern that high doses of naloxone can cause pulmonary edema may prevent health care providers from administering it in initial high doses. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to determine whether increased doses of naloxone are correlated with an increase in pulmonary complications in patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) after an opioid overdose. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of patients treated with naloxone by emergency medical services (EMS) or in the ED at an urban level I trauma center and three associated freestanding EDs. Data were queried from EMS run reports and the medical record and included demographic characteristics, naloxone dosing, administration route, and pulmonary complications. Patients were grouped by naloxone dose received, defined as low (≤ 2 mg), moderate (> 2 mg to ≤ 4 mg), and high (> 4 mg). RESULTS: Of the 639 patients included, 13 (2.0%) were diagnosed with a pulmonary complication. There was no difference in the development of pulmonary complications across groups (pâ¯=â¯0.676). There was no difference in pulmonary complications based on the route of administration (pâ¯=â¯0.342). The administration of higher doses of naloxone was not associated with longer hospital stays (pâ¯=â¯0.0327). CONCLUSIONS: Study results suggest that the reluctance of many health care providers to administer larger doses of naloxone on initial treatment may not be warranted. In this investigation, there were no poor outcomes associated with an increase in naloxone administration. Further investigation in a more diverse population is warranted.