ABSTRACT
ER aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) is an intracellular enzyme that generates antigenic peptides and is an emerging target for cancer immunotherapy and the control of autoimmunity. ERAP1 inhibitors described previously target the active site and are limited in selectivity, minimizing their clinical potential. To address this, we targeted the regulatory site of ERAP1 using a high-throughput screen and discovered a small molecule hit that is highly selective for ERAP1. (4aR,5S,6R,8S,8aR)-5-(2-(Furan-3-yl)ethyl)-8-hydroxy-5,6,8a-trimethyl-3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydronaphthalene-1-carboxylic acid is a natural product found in Dodonaea viscosa that constitutes a submicromolar, highly selective, and cell-active modulator of ERAP1. Although the compound activates hydrolysis of small model substrates, it is a competitive inhibitor for physiologically relevant longer peptides. Crystallographic analysis confirmed that the compound targets the regulatory site of the enzyme that normally binds the C-terminus of the peptide substrate. Our findings constitute a novel starting point for the development of selective ERAP1 modulators that have potential for further clinical development.
Subject(s)
Aminopeptidases/antagonists & inhibitors , Antigen Presentation/drug effects , Diterpenes, Clerodane/pharmacology , Epitopes/metabolism , Peptides/metabolism , Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology , Allosteric Site , Aminopeptidases/chemistry , Aminopeptidases/metabolism , Animals , Catalytic Domain , Crystallography, X-Ray , Diterpenes, Clerodane/chemistry , Diterpenes, Clerodane/metabolism , Enzyme Activators/chemistry , Enzyme Activators/metabolism , Enzyme Activators/pharmacology , Epitopes/chemistry , HeLa Cells , Humans , Mice , Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/chemistry , Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/metabolism , Peptides/chemistry , Protease Inhibitors/chemistry , Protease Inhibitors/metabolism , Protein Binding , Proteolysis/drug effectsABSTRACT
Mass spectrometry (MS) offers a label-free, direct-detection method, in contrast to fluorescent or colorimetric methodologies. Over recent years, solid-phase extraction-based techniques, such as the Agilent RapidFire system, have emerged that are capable of analyzing samples in <10 s. While dramatically faster than liquid chromatography-coupled MS, an analysis time of 8-10 s is still considered relatively slow for full-diversity high-throughput screening (HTS). Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) offers an alternative for high-throughput MS detection. However, sample preparation and deposition onto the MALDI target, as well as interference from matrix ions, have been considered limitations for the use of MALDI for screening assays. Here we describe the development and validation of assays for both small-molecule and peptide analytes using MALDI-TOF coupled with nanoliter liquid handling. Using the JMJD2c histone demethylase and acetylcholinesterase as model systems, we have generated robust data in a 1536 format and also increased sample deposition to 6144 samples per target. Using these methods, we demonstrate that this technology can deliver fast sample analysis time with low sample volume, and data comparable to that of current RapidFire assays.
Subject(s)
High-Throughput Screening Assays/methods , Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/methods , Acetylcholinesterase/chemistry , Chromatography, Liquid/methods , Histone Demethylases/chemistry , Peptides/chemistryABSTRACT
Following the discovery of cell penetrant pyridine-4-carboxylate inhibitors of the KDM4 (JMJD2) and KDM5 (JARID1) families of histone lysine demethylases (e.g., 1), further optimization led to the identification of non-carboxylate inhibitors derived from pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one. A number of exemplars such as compound 41 possess interesting activity profiles in KDM4C and KDM5C biochemical and target-specific, cellular mechanistic assays.