Ultrasound guidance for femoral venous access in patients undergoing pulmonary vein isolation: A quasi-randomized study.

INTRODUCTION: Routine ultrasound (US) guidance for femoral venous access to decrease vascular complications of atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation procedures has been advocated. However, the benefit has not been unequivocally demonstrated by randomized-trial data. METHODS: Consecutive patients undergoing pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) on uninterrupted anticoagulant treatment were included. A quasi-random allocation to either US-guided or conventional puncture group was based on which of the two procedure rooms the patient was scheduled in, with only one of the rooms equipped with a US machine including a vascular transducer. The same four novice operators in rotation, with no relevant previous experience in US-guided vascular access performed venous punctures in both rooms. Major and minor vascular complications and the rate of prolonged hospitalization were compared. Major vascular complication was defined as groin hematoma, arteriovenous fistula, or pseudoaneurysm. Hematoma was considered as a major vascular complication if it met type 2 or higher Bleeding Academic Research Consortium criteria (requiring nonsurgical, medical intervention by a health care professional; leading to hospitalization or increased level of care, or prompting evacuation). RESULTS: Of the 457 patients 199 were allocated to the US-guided puncture group, while the conventional, palpation-based approach was performed in 258 cases. Compared with the conventional technique, US guidance reduced the rate of any vascular complication (11.63% vs. 2.01%, p < .0001), including both major (4.26% vs. 1.01%, p = .038) and minor (7.36% vs. 1.01%, p = .001) vascular complications. In addition, the rate of prolonged hospitalization was lower in the US-guided puncture group (5.04% vs. 1.01%, p = .032). CONCLUSION: The use of US for femoral vein puncture in patients undergoing PVI decreased the rate of both major and minor vascular complications. This quasi-randomized comparison strongly supports adapting routine use of US for AF ablation procedures.

A head-to-head comparison of laser vs. powered mechanical sheaths as first choice and second line extraction tools.

AIMS: During transvenous lead extraction (TLE) longer dwelling time often requires the use of powered sheaths. This study aimed to compare outcomes with the laser and powered mechanical tools. METHODS AND RESULTS: Single-centre data from consecutive patients undergoing TLE between 2012 and 2021 were retrospectively analysed. Efficacy and safety of the primary extraction tool were compared. Procedures requiring crossover between powered sheaths were also analysed. Moreover, we examined the efficacy of each level of the stepwise approach. Out of 166 patients, 142 (age 65.4 ± 13.7 years) underwent TLE requiring advanced techniques with 245 leads (dwelling time 9.4 ± 6.3 years). Laser sheaths were used in 64.9%, powered mechanical sheaths in 35.1% of the procedures as primary extraction tools. Procedural success rate was 85.5% with laser and 82.5% with mechanical sheaths (P = 0.552). Minor and major complications were observed in similar rate. Procedural mortality occurred only in the laser group in the case of three patients. Crossover was needed in 19.5% after laser and in 12.8% after mechanical extractions (P = 0.187). Among crossover procedures, only clinical success favoured the secondary mechanical arm (87.1 vs. 54.5%, aOR: 0.09, 95% CI: 0.01-0.79, P = 0.030). After step-by-step efficacy analysis, procedural success was 64.9% with the first-line extraction tool, 75.1% after crossover, 84.5% with bailout femoral snare, and 91.8% by non-emergency surgery. CONCLUSION: The efficacy and safety of laser and mechanical sheaths were similar, however in the subgroup of crossover procedures mechanical tools had better performance regarding clinical success. Device diversity seems to help improving outcomes, especially in the most complicated cases.

Is prophylactic ablation of the cavotricuspid and peri-incisional isthmus justified in patients with postoperative atrial flutter after right atriotomy?

BACKGROUND: The two most common postoperative atrial flutter (AFL) circuits after right atriotomy are the cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) dependent and the lateral, peri-incisional. We investigated whether radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of both circuits results in more favorable long-term outcomes. METHODS: Single-center retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients who underwent RFA of AFL after open-heart surgery. The effect of surgery type and RFA strategy on AFL recurrence was evaluated. RESULTS: One hundred and forty-two patients (mean age 64.5 ± 12.7 years, 65.% male) were enrolled. Patients with right atrial (RA) flutter (n = 124) were divided into two groups based on the index RFA procedure: only one RA circuit was ablated (Group 1, n = 84, 67.7%) or both the CTI and the peri-incisional circuit ablated (Group 2, n = 40, 32.3%). The previous open-heart surgery was categorized based on the extension of the RA incision: limited (Type A) or extended (Type B) atriotomy. After a mean follow-up of 36 ± 28 months, flutter recurrence was not different among patients with limited RA atriotomy (25% vs. 22% in Groups 1A and 2A, respectively, p = 1.0). However, after type B surgery, ablation of both AFL circuits was associated with a reduced recurrence rate (63% vs. 26% in Groups 1B and 2B, respectively, p = .002). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with postoperative RA flutter after extended right atriotomy, ablation of both the CTI and the peri-incisional isthmus significantly reduces the AFL recurrence rate. Prophylactic ablation of both isthmi, even if not proven to support reentry, is reasonable in this population.

Inability to perform 'en bloc' pulmonary vein isolation requiring ablation of the intervenous carina increases recurrence of atrial fibrillation: A meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Failure to isolate ipsilateral pulmonary veins (PV) "en bloc" by wide-area circumferential ablation (WACA) may necessitate ablation at the intervenous carina. It is unknown how this scenario impacts rates of atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence. METHODS: A standard random-effect meta-analysis of randomized or observational studies were performed, where the outcome of first-time AF ablation was reported in patients with "en bloc" isolation of PVs by WACA as compared with those in whom ablation at the intervenous carina was needed after WACA to achieve complete isolation. RESULTS: A total of five single-center, observational studies (N = 1185) and one, multi-center randomized trial (N = 234) were enrolled. PV isolation could be achieved by WACA "en bloc" in 902/1419 (63.6%) cases. The rest required additional ablation at one or both of the left and right intervenous carinas to achieve isolation. The follow-up time after ablation ranged from 1 to 2 years in the included trials. The incidence of AF recurrence proved to be significantly lower in patients with successful "en bloc" isolation compared to those requiring carina ablation(s) to achieve complete bilateral PV isolation (MH-OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.42-2.53, p < .01) CONCLUSION: This present meta-analysis demonstrates a lower arrhythmia recurrence rate in patients with bilateral "en bloc" isolation, as compared to those who needed additional carina ablation for complete PVI. Therefore, it is imperative that every effort be made to isolate ipsilateral PVs "en bloc" during PVI.

European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) international consensus document on how to prevent, diagnose, and treat cardiac implantable electronic device infections-endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), the Latin American Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS), International Society for Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases (ISCVID), and the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS).

Pacemakers, implantable cardiac defibrillators, and cardiac resynchronization therapy devices are potentially lifesaving treatments for a number of cardiac conditions but are not without risk. Most concerning is the risk of a cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infection, which is associated with significant morbidity, increased hospitalizations, reduced survival, and increased health care costs. Recommended preventive strategies such as administration of intravenous antibiotics before implantation are well-recognized. Uncertainties have remained about the role of various preventive, diagnostic, and treatment measures such as skin antiseptics, pocket antibiotic solutions, antibacterial envelopes, prolonged antibiotics post-implantation, and others. When compared with previous guidelines or consensus statements, the present consensus document gives guidance on the use of novel device alternatives, novel oral anticoagulants, antibacterial envelopes, prolonged antibiotics post-implantation, as well as definitions on minimum quality requirements for centres and operators and volumes. The recognition that an international consensus document focused on management of CIED infections is lacking, the dissemination of results from new important randomized trials focusing on prevention of CIED infections, and observed divergences in managing device-related infections as found in an European Heart Rhythm Association worldwide survey, provided a strong incentive for a Novel 2019 International State-of-the-art Consensus document on risk assessment, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of CIED infections.

European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) international consensus document on how to prevent, diagnose, and treat cardiac implantable electronic device infections-endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), the Latin American Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS), International Society for Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases (ISCVID) and the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS).

Pacemakers, implantable cardiac defibrillators, and cardiac resynchronization therapy devices are potentially life-saving treatments for a number of cardiac conditions, but are not without risk. Most concerning is the risk of a cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infection, which is associated with significant morbidity, increased hospitalizations, reduced survival, and increased healthcare costs. Recommended preventive strategies such as administration of intravenous antibiotics before implantation are well recognized. Uncertainties have remained about the role of various preventive, diagnostic, and treatment measures such as skin antiseptics, pocket antibiotic solutions, anti-bacterial envelopes, prolonged antibiotics post-implantation, and others. Guidance on whether to use novel device alternatives expected to be less prone to infections and novel oral anticoagulants is also limited, as are definitions on minimum quality requirements for centres and operators and volumes. Moreover, an international consensus document on management of CIED infections is lacking. The recognition of these issues, the dissemination of results from important randomized trials focusing on prevention of CIED infections, and observed divergences in managing device-related infections as found in an European Heart Rhythm Association worldwide survey, provided a strong incentive for a 2019 International State-of-the-art Consensus document on risk assessment, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of CIED infections.

Isolated left atrial posterior wall tachycardia.

A case of macroreentry tachycardia of the isolated posterior left atrium is presented after surgical and subsequent catheter ablation.

Is adenosine useful for the identification of atrial fibrillation triggers?

INTRODUCTION: Both isoproterenol (Iso) and adenosine (Ado) are used to induce atrial fibrillation (AF) in the electrophysiology lab. However, the utility of Ado has not been systematically established. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare Ado to Iso for the induction of paroxysmal AF. METHODS: Forty patients (16 women; mean age, 60 ± 12 years) with paroxysmal AF, presenting for ablation were prospectively included of whom 36 (90%) received Ado (18-36 mg) and/or Iso (3-20 µg/min incremental dose) in a randomized order (26 [72%] received both drugs). RESULTS: AF was induced with Iso in 15 of 32 (47%) and with Ado in 12 of 30 (40%) patients (P = 0.9). Iso-triggered AF started from the left pulmonary veins (PVs) in 11 of 15 (73%), from the right PVs in 3 of 15 (20%), and from the coronary sinus (CS) in 1 of 15 (7%) cases. Ado-induced AF episodes originated from the left PVs in 6 of 12 (50%), from the right atrium (RA) in 4 of 12 (33%), and from the CS in 2 of 12 (17%) cases. Altogether, Iso-induced AF was more likely initiated from the PVs (93%) compared with Ado (50%) ( P = 0.02). Ado-induced non-PV triggers were not predictive of arrhythmia recurrence after PV isolation. CONCLUSION: Ado much more frequently induces non-PV triggers, especially from the RA. The clinical significance of these foci, however, is questionable.

Clinical practice and implementation of guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis and management of cardiac implantable electronic device infections: results of a worldwide survey under the auspices of the European Heart Rhythm Association.

AIMS: Cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infection rates are increasing. Worldwide compliance and disparities to published guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis and management of these conditions are not well elucidated. The purpose of this survey, therefore, was to clarify these issues through an inquiry to arrhythmia-related associations and societies worldwide. METHODS AND RESULTS: A questionnaire comprising 15 questions related to CIED infections was distributed among members of seven arrhythmia societies worldwide. A total of 234 centres in 62 countries reported implantation rates of which 159 (68.0%) performed more than 200 device implantations per year and 14 (6.0%) performed fewer than 50 implantations per year. The reported rates of CIED infections for 2017 were ≤2% in 78.7% of the centres, while the infection rates exceeded 5% in 7.8% of the centres. Preventive measures for CIED infection differed from published recommendations and varied among different regions mainly in terms of pocket irrigation and administering post-operative antimicrobial therapy the use of which was reported by 39.9% and 44% of the respondents, respectively. Antibacterial envelopes were used by 37.7% of the respondents in selected circumstances. In terms of pocket infection management, 62% of the respondents applied complete system removal as an initial step. Diagnostic pocket needle aspiration and pocket surgical debridement were reported by 15.8% and 11.8% of centres, respectively. CONCLUSION: Clinical practices for prevention and management of CIED do not fully comply with current recommendations and demonstrate considerable regional disparities. Further education and programmes for improved implementation of guidelines are mandatory.

Unchanged QRS morphology with atrial pacing in a case of WPW syndrome: What is the mechanism?

We present the case of a 55-year-old female who presented for a short episode of palpitation and an electrocardiogram consistent with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. She underwent an electrophysiological study showing that during incremental atrial pacing and extrastimulation the stimulus to QRS and QRS morphology stayed constant while the His to ventricular (HV) interval shortened. What can be the explanation for the constant QRS morphology, despite shortening HV during atrial pacing?

Comparison of the effects of IK,ACh, IKr, and INa block in conscious dogs with atrial fibrillation and on action potentials in remodeled atrial trabeculae.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Traditional antiarrhythmic agents used for restoration of sinus rhythm have limited efficacy in long-term AF and they may possess ventricular proarrhythmic adverse effects, especially in patients with structural heart disease. The acetylcholine receptor-activated potassium channel (IK,ACh) represents an atrial selective target for future AF management. We investigated the effects of the IK,ACh blocker tertiapin-Q (TQ), a derivative of the honeybee toxin tertiapin, on chronic atrial tachypacing-induced AF in conscious dogs, without the influence of anesthetics that modulate a number of cardiac ion channels. Action potentials (APs) were recorded from right atrial trabeculae isolated from dogs with AF. TQ significantly and dose-dependently reduced AF incidence and AF episode duration, prolonged atrial effective refractory period, and prolonged AP duration. The reference drugs propafenone and dofetilide, both used in the clinical management of AF, exerted similar effects against AF in vivo. Dofetilide prolonged atrial AP duration, whereas propafenone increased atrial conduction time. TQ and propafenone did not affect the QT interval, whereas dofetilide prolonged the QT interval. Our results show that inhibition of IK,ACh may represent a novel, atrial-specific target for the management of AF in chronic AF.

Primary cardiac angiosarcoma: A case report.

Cardiac angiosarcomas are the most common primary malignant cardiac tumors in adults. The diagnosis is often delayed due to nonspecific clinical symptoms at presentation. The cornerstones of diagnosis are echocardiography and the histological evaluation of the cardiac biopsy. The knowledge on the treatment is limited; the outcomes of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, complete surgical removal, and heart transplantation are controversial. We report a 38-year-old woman with a primary heart tumor which infiltrated the right atrial wall and the pericardium and caused pericardial effusion. Angiosarcoma was verified histologically. The surgical excision could not be radical, and the patient died 3 months from diagnosis.

[Echocardiographic assessment of the left atrial appendage - transoesophageal, transthoracic and intracardiac approaches]. / A bal pitvari fülcse echokardiográfiás vizsgálata ­ transoesophagealis, transthoracalis és intracardialis lehetoségek.

Left atrial appendage is a cardiac chamber in variable shapes and sizes. Its condition is associated with atrial arrhytmias and the presence of a thrombus. Due to its difficult visualisation, the present review aimed to demonstrate the role of different echocardiographic methods in its assessment. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(9): 335-345.

Risk of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Infection after Early versus Delayed Lead Repositioning.

(1) Background: Early reintervention increases the risk of infection of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs). Some operators therefore delay lead repositioning in the case of dislocation by weeks; however, there is no evidence to support this practice. The aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of the timing of reoperation on infection risk. (2) Methods: The data from consecutive patients undergoing lead repositioning in two European referral centers were retrospectively analyzed. The odds ratio (OR) of CIED infection in the first year was compared among patients undergoing early (≤1 week) vs. delayed (>1 week to 1 year) reoperation. (3) Results: Out of 249 patients requiring CIED reintervention, 85 patients (34%) underwent an early (median 2 days) and 164 (66%) underwent a delayed lead revision (median 53 days). A total of nine (3.6%) wound/device infections were identified. The risk of infection was numerically lower in the early (1.2%) vs. delayed (4.9%) intervention group yielding no statistically significant difference, even after adjustment for typical risk factors for CIED infection (adjusted OR = 0.264, 95% CI 0.032-2.179, p = 0.216). System explantation/extraction was necessary in seven cases, all being revised in the delayed group. (4) Conclusions: In this bicentric, international study, delayed lead repositioning did not reduce the risk of CIED infection.

The Properties of the Transient Outward, Inward Rectifier and Acetylcholine-Sensitive Potassium Currents in Atrial Myocytes from Dogs in Sinus Rhythm and Experimentally Induced Atrial Fibrillation Dog Models.

AIMS: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common chronic/recurrent arrhythmia, which significantly impairs quality of life and increases cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the properties of three repolarizing potassium currents which were shown to contribute to AF-induced electrical remodeling, i.e., the transient outward (Ito), inward rectifier (IK1) and acetylcholine-sensitive (IK,ACh) potassium currents in isolated atrial myocytes obtained from dogs either with sinus rhythm (SR) or following chronic atrial tachypacing (400/min)-induced AF. METHODS: Atrial remodeling and AF were induced by chronic (4-6 weeks of) right atrial tachypacing (400/min) in dogs. Transmembrane ionic currents were measured by applying the whole-cell patch-clamp technique at 37 °C. RESULTS: The Ito current was slightly downregulated in AF cells when compared with that recorded in SR cells. This downregulation was also associated with slowed inactivation kinetics. The IK1 current was found to be larger in AF cells; however, this upregulation was not statistically significant in the voltage range corresponding with atrial action potential (-80 mV to 0 mV). IK,ACh was activated by the cholinergic agonist carbachol (CCh; 2 µM). In SR, CCh activated a large current either in inward or outward directions. The selective IK,ACh inhibitor tertiapin (10 nM) blocked the outward CCh-induced current by 61%. In atrial cardiomyocytes isolated from dogs with AF, the presence of a constitutively active IK,ACh was observed, blocked by 59% with 10 nM tertiapin. However, in "AF atrial myocytes", CCh activated an additional, significant ligand-dependent and tertiapin-sensitive IK,ACh current. CONCLUSIONS: In our dog AF model, Ito unlike in humans was downregulated only in a slight manner. Due to its slow inactivation kinetics, it seems that Ito may play a more significant role in atrial repolarization than in ventricular working muscle myocytes. The presence of the constitutively active IK,ACh in atrial myocytes from AF dogs shows that electrical remodeling truly developed in this model. The IK,ACh current (both ligand-dependent and constitutively active) seems to play a significant role in canine atrial electrical remodeling and may be a promising atrial selective drug target for suppressing AF.