Design and Characterization of a Cell-Penetrating Peptide Derived from the SOX2 Transcription Factor.

SOX2 is an oncogenic transcription factor overexpressed in nearly half of the basal-like triple-negative breast cancers associated with very poor outcomes. Targeting and inhibiting SOX2 is clinically relevant as high SOX2 mRNA levels are positively correlated with decreased overall survival and progression-free survival in patients affected with breast cancer. Given its key role as a master regulator of cell proliferation, SOX2 represents an important scaffold for the engineering of dominant-negative synthetic DNA-binding domains (DBDs) that act by blocking or interfering with the oncogenic activity of the endogenous transcription factor in cancer cells. We have synthesized an interference peptide (iPep) encompassing a truncated 24 amino acid long C-terminus of SOX2 containing a potential SOX-specific nuclear localization sequence, and the determinants of the binding of SOX2 to the DNA and to its transcription factor binding partners. We found that the resulting peptide (SOX2-iPep) possessed intrinsic cell penetration and promising nuclear localization into breast cancer cells, and decreased cellular proliferation of SOX2 overexpressing cell lines. The novel SOX2-iPep was found to exhibit a random coil conformation predominantly in solution. Molecular dynamics simulations were used to characterize the interactions of both the SOX2 transcription factor and the SOX2-iPep with FGF4-enhancer DNA in the presence of the POU domain of the partner transcription factor OCT4. Predictions of the free energy of binding revealed that the iPep largely retained the binding affinity for DNA of parental SOX2. This work will enable the future engineering of novel dominant interference peptides to transport different therapeutic cargo molecules such as anti-cancer drugs into cells.

Changes in milk composition associated with pethidine-PCEA usage after Caesarean section.

The effect of pethidine as patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) on specific biochemical components in breast milk in relation to the timing of secretory activation is not well investigated. The aim of this study was to compare biochemical timing of secretory activation between women who had a vaginal (V) or Caesarean birth with pethidine-PCEA (CBP). Several milk samples were collected daily from 36 mothers (17 V, 19 CBP) for the first 265 h post-partum. Protein and lactose concentrations and Na+ and K+ ion levels were measured. Samples were assigned to three time periods: 0-72, >72-165 and >165-265 h post-partum for statistical analyses. Data were analyzed using linear mixed effect models. In the first 72 h post-partum, the mean difference in lactose concentration was 5 gL-1 higher in group V (P < 0.05). From >72-165 h post-partum, protein and Na+ concentrations were lower in group V (P = 0.05, P = 0.02), and K+ levels were higher in group V (P < 0.001). From >165-265 h post-partum, there were no significant differences between the groups. Biochemically, secretory activation had occurred by 72 h post-partum in both groups. There were greater variations in measured biochemical components observed within group CBP initially. However, by 165 h post-partum, there were no differences in the biochemical components between the groups. This suggests that effects of pethidine-PCEA are diminished by 72 h post-partum and undetected by 165 h.

Structure of a class III engineered cephalosporin acylase: comparisons with class I acylase and implications for differences in substrate specificity and catalytic activity.

The crystal structure of the wild-type form of glutaryl-7-ACA (7-aminocephalosporanic acid) acylase from Pseudomonas N176 and a double mutant of the protein (H57ßS/H70ßS) that displays enhanced catalytic efficiency on cephalosporin C over glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid has been determined. The structures show a heterodimer made up of an α-chain (229 residues) and a ß-chain (543 residues) with a deep cavity, which constitutes the active site. Comparison of the wild-type and mutant structures provides insights into the molecular reasons for the observed enhanced specificity on cephalosporin C over glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid and offers the basis to evolve a further improved enzyme variant. The nucleophilic catalytic serine residue, Ser(1ß), is situated at the base of the active site cavity. The electron density reveals a ligand covalently bound to the catalytic serine residue, such that a tetrahedral adduct is formed. This is proposed to mimic the transition state of the enzyme for both the maturation step and the catalysis of the substrates. A view of the transition state configuration of the enzyme provides important insights into the mechanism of substrate binding and catalysis.

Human Milk Macronutrients and Bioactive Molecules and Development of Regional Fat Depots in Western Australian Infants during the First 12 Months of Lactation.

We investigated associations between intakes of human milk (HM) components (macronutrients and biologically active molecules) and regional fat depots development in healthy term infants (n = 20) across the first year of lactation. Infant limb (mid-arm and mid-thigh) lean and fat areas were assessed by ultrasound imaging at 2, 5, 9 and 12 months of age. Concentrations of HM total protein, whey protein, casein, adiponectin, leptin, lysozyme, lactoferrin, secretory IGA, total carbohydrates, lactose, HM oligosaccharides (total HMO, calculated) and infant 24-h milk intake were measured, and infant calculated daily intakes (CDI) of HM components were determined. This pilot study shows higher 24-h milk intake was associated with a larger mid-arm fat area (p = 0.024), higher breastfeeding frequency was associated with larger mid-arm (p = 0.008) and mid-thigh (p < 0.001) fat areas. Lysozyme (p = 0.001) and HMO CDI (p = 0.004) were time-dependently associated with the mid-arm fat area. Intakes of HM components and breastfeeding parameters may modulate infant limb fat depots development during the first year of age and potentially promote favorable developmental programming of infant body composition; however, further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Development of Visceral and Subcutaneous-Abdominal Adipose Tissue in Breastfed Infants during First Year of Lactation.

This study aimed to investigate relationships between infant abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adiposity and human milk (HM) components and maternal body composition (BC) during first year of lactation. Subcutaneous-abdominal depth (SAD), subcutaneous-abdominal fat area (SFA), visceral depth (VD) and preperitoneal fat area of 20 breastfed infants were assessed at 2, 5, 9 and 12 months using ultrasound. Maternal BC was determined with bioimpedance spectroscopy. HM macronutrients and bioactive components concentrations and infant 24-h milk intake were measured and calculated daily intakes (CDI) determined. Maternal adiposity associated with infant SFA (negatively at 2, 5, 12, positively at 9 months, all overall p < 0.05). 24-h milk intake positively associated with infant SAD (p = 0.007) and VD (p = 0.013). CDI of total protein (p = 0.013), total carbohydrates (p = 0.004) and lactose (p = 0.013) positively associated with SFA. Lactoferrin concentration associated with infant VD (negatively at 2, 12, positively at 5, 9 months, overall p = 0.003). CDI of HM components and maternal adiposity have differential effects on development of infant visceral and subcutaneous abdominal adiposity. Maintaining healthy maternal BC and continuing breastfeeding to 12 months and beyond may facilitate favourable BC development reducing risk of obesity.

Reproducibility of the creamatocrit technique for the measurement of fat content in human milk.

Quantification of human milk (HM) fat is important for determining the energy intake of infants. The simplest and most rapid method is the creamatocrit method. However, the reliability of the creamatocrit has not been comprehensively investigated. The aims of this study were to test the inter- and-intra-rater reliability of: 1) HM sampling after hand- or-machine mixing methods and 2) HM fat measurement by the creamatocrit method. Inter-and-intra rater HM sampling after hand- or-machine mixing methods had high intraclass correlation coefficient (>0.91). Inter-rater reliability of measurement of HM with low fat (<2%) resulted in high variability (median coefficient of variations (CVs) > 15%). Intra- and inter-rater reliability of measurement of HM with higher fat (>3.5%) had low variability (median CVs < 10%). As the greatest variation in the creamatocrit method occurred during the measurement of HM samples with low fat, duplicate readings are necessary to reduce discrepancies in every HM fat determination.

The oncogene AAMDC links PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling with metabolic reprograming in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.

Adipogenesis associated Mth938 domain containing (AAMDC) represents an uncharacterized oncogene amplified in aggressive estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers. We uncover that AAMDC regulates the expression of several metabolic enzymes involved in the one-carbon folate and methionine cycles, and lipid metabolism. We show that AAMDC controls PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling, regulating the translation of ATF4 and MYC and modulating the transcriptional activity of AAMDC-dependent promoters. High AAMDC expression is associated with sensitization to dactolisib and everolimus, and these PI3K-mTOR inhibitors exhibit synergistic interactions with anti-estrogens in IntClust2 models. Ectopic AAMDC expression is sufficient to activate AKT signaling, resulting in estrogen-independent tumor growth. Thus, AAMDC-overexpressing tumors may be sensitive to PI3K-mTORC1 blockers in combination with anti-estrogens. Lastly, we provide evidence that AAMDC can interact with the RabGTPase-activating protein RabGAP1L, and that AAMDC, RabGAP1L, and Rab7a colocalize in endolysosomes. The discovery of the RabGAP1L-AAMDC assembly platform provides insights for the design of selective blockers to target malignancies having the AAMDC amplification.

Carbohydrates in Human Milk and Body Composition of Term Infants during the First 12 Months of Lactation.

Human milk (HM) carbohydrates may affect infant appetite regulation, breastfeeding patterns, and body composition (BC). We investigated relationships between concentrations/calculated daily intakes (CDI) of HM carbohydrates in first year postpartum and maternal/term infant BC, as well as breastfeeding parameters. BC of dyads (n = 20) was determined at 2, 5, 9, and/or 12 months postpartum using ultrasound skinfolds (infants) and bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (infants/mothers). Breastfeeding frequency, 24-h milk intake and total carbohydrates (TCH) and lactose were measured to calculate HM oligosaccharides (HMO) concentration and CDI of carbohydrates. Statistical analysis used linear regression/mixed effects models; results were adjusted for multiple comparisons. Higher TCH concentrations were associated with greater infant length, weight, fat-free mass (FFM), and FFM index (FFMI), and decreased fat mass (FM), FM index (FMI), %FM and FM/FFM ratio. Higher HMO concentrations were associated with greater infant FFM and FFMI, and decreased FMI, %FM, and FM/FFM ratio. Higher TCH CDI were associated with greater FM, FMI, %FM, and FM/FFM ratio, and decreased infant FFMI. Higher lactose CDI were associated with greater FM, FMI, %FM, and FM/FFM, ratio and decreased FFMI. Concentrations and intakes of HM carbohydrates differentially influence development of infant BC in the first 12 months postpartum, and may potentially influence risk of later obesity via modulation of BC.

Mechanism of the dehydrogenase reaction of DmpFG and analysis of inter-subunit channeling efficiency and thermodynamic parameters in the overall reaction.

The bifunctional, microbial enzyme DmpFG is comprised of two subunits: the aldolase, DmpG, and the dehydrogenase, DmpF. DmpFG is of interest due to its ability to channel substrates between the two spatially distinct active sites. While the aldolase is well studied, significantly less is known about the dehydrogenase. Steady-state kinetic measurements of the reverse reaction of DmpF confirmed that the dehydrogenase uses a ping-pong mechanism, with substrate inhibition by acetyl CoA indicating that NAD(+)/NADH and CoA/acetyl CoA bind to the same site in DmpF. The Km of DmpF for exogenous acetaldehyde as a substrate was 23.7 mM, demonstrating the necessity for the channel to deliver acetaldehyde directly from the aldolase to the dehydrogenase active site. A channeling assay on the bifunctional enzyme gave an efficiency of 93% indicating that less than 10% of the toxic acetaldehyde leaks out of the channel into the bulk media, prior to reaching the dehydrogenase active site. The thermodynamic activation parameters of the reactions catalyzed by the aldolase, the dehydrogenase and the DmpFG complex were determined. The Gibb's free energy of activation for the dehydrogenase reaction was lower than that obtained for the full DmpFG reaction, in agreement with the high kcat obtained for the dehydrogenase reaction in isolation. Furthermore, although both the DmpF and DmpG reactions occur with small, favorable entropies of activation, the full DmpFG reaction occurs with a negative entropy of activation. This supports the concept of allosteric structural communication between the two enzymes to coordinate their activities.