Electrically Tunable, Rapid Spin-Orbit Torque Induced Modulation of Colossal Magnetoresistance in Mn3Si2Te6 Nanoflakes.

As a quasi-layered ferrimagnetic material, Mn3Si2Te6 nanoflakes exhibit magnetoresistance behavior that is fundamentally different from their bulk crystal counterparts. They offer three key properties crucial for spintronics. First, at least 106 times faster response compared to that exhibited by bulk crystals has been observed in current-controlled resistance and magnetoresistance. Second, ultralow current density is required for resistance modulation (∼5 A/cm2). Third, electrically gate-tunable magnetoresistance has been realized. Theoretical calculations reveal that the unique magnetoresistance behavior in the Mn3Si2Te6 nanoflakes arises from a magnetic field induced band gap shift across the Fermi level. The rapid current induced resistance variation is attributed to spin-orbit torque, an intrinsically ultrafast process (∼nanoseconds). This study suggests promising avenues for spintronic applications. In addition, it highlights Mn3Si2Te6 nanoflakes as a suitable platform for investigating the intriguing physics underlying chiral orbital moments, magnetic field induced band variation, and spin torque.

Spherical Binderless 4A/5A Zeolite Assemblies: Synthesis, Characterization, and Adsorbent Applications.

Zeolite microspheres have been successfully applied in commercial-scale separators such as oxygen concentrators. However, further enhancement of their applications is hampered by the post-synthetic shaping process that formulates the zeolite powder into packing-sized spherical bodies with various binders leading to active site blockage and suboptimal performance. Herein, binderless zeolite microspheres with a tunable broad size range from 2 µm to 500 µm have been developed with high crystallinity, sphericity over 92%, monodispersity with a coefficient of variation (CV) less than 5%, and hierarchical pore architecture. Combining precursor impregnation and steam-assisted crystallization (SAC), mesoporous silica microspheres with a wide size range could be successfully transformed into zeolite. For preserved size and spherical morphology, a judicious selection of the synthesis conditions is crucial to ensure a pure phase, high crystallinity, and hierarchical architecture. For the sub-2-µm zeolite microsphere, low-temperature prolonged aging was important so as to suppress external zeolization that led to a large, single macroporous crystal. For the large 500 µm sphere, ultrasound pretreatment and vacuum impregnation were crucial and facilitated spatially uniform gel matrix dispersion and homogenous crystallization. The obtained zeolite 5A microspheres exhibited excellent air separation performance, while the 4A microspheres displayed ammonium removal capabilities. This work provides a general strategy to overcome the existing limitations in fabricating binder-free technical bodies of zeolites for various applications.

Development of a capillary electrophoresis method based on magnetic solid-phase extraction for simultaneous and sensitive detection of eight biogenic amines in foods.

BACKGROUND: Biogenic amines (BAs) in high concentrations are toxic and may cause a series of health symptoms. A sensitive measurement of BA levels is essential for human health. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has emerged for the separation of eight BAs due to simple sample preparation and highly efficient separation. However, an important drawback for CE is low sensitivity. Magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) has become a technique of interest owing to its brief operation and low solvent consumption. Hence, MSPE as a pretreatment has great potential to improve CE sensitivity for the analysis of BAs in complex food. RESULTS: Results showed that the Pt-Co-MWCNTs-COOH possessed strong magnetism, good reusability, and high adsorptive ability toward eight biogenic amines based on the hydrogen bonding between the -COOH of Pt-Co-MWCNTs-COOH and -NH2 groups of BAs. Using it as an adsorbent, a magnetic solid-phase extraction coupled with capillary electrophoresis (MSPE-CE) method was developed to effectively extract and sensitively analyze eight BAs. Under optimal conditions, the MSPE-CE method has wide linearities (10.0-1000.0 µg L-1 ) and low limits of detection (1.0-6.1 µg L-1 ). The accuracy of the developed method yielded recovery values from 82.07% to 102.58%. Meanwhile, the BAs contents in two samples were analyzed using the MSPE-CE method, with the results consistent with those detected by a high-performance liquid chromatography method. CONCLUSION: Given those advantages, the established MSPE-CE method promises the practical guidance of monitoring a variety of BAs and provides a foundation for the detection of other food hazards. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

New insights into mechanisms and interventions of locoregional therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is responsible for a significant number of cancer-related deaths worldwide and its incidence is increasing. Locoregional treatments, which are precision procedures guided by imaging to specifically target liver tumors, play a critical role in the management of a substantial portion of HCC cases. These therapies have become an essential element of the HCC treatment landscape, with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) being the treatment of choice for patients with intermediate to advanced stages of the disease. Other locoregional therapies, like radiofrequency ablation, are highly effective for small, early-stage HCC. Nevertheless, the advent of targeted immunotherapy has challenged these established treatments. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown remarkable efficacy in clinical settings. However, their specific uses and the development of resistance in subsequent treatments have led clinicians to reevaluate the future direction of HCC therapy. This review concentrates on the distinct features of both systemic and novel locoregional therapies. We investigate their effects on the tumor microenvironment at the molecular level and discuss how targeted immunotherapy can be effectively integrated with locoregional therapies. We also examine research findings from retrospective studies and randomized controlled trials on various combined treatment regimens, assessing their validity to determine the future evolution of locoregional therapies within the framework of personalized, comprehensive treatment.

Finite-Key Analysis for Quantum Key Distribution with Discrete-Phase Randomization.

Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows two remote parties to share information-theoretic secret keys. Many QKD protocols assume the phase of encoding state can be continuous randomized from 0 to 2π, which, however, may be questionable in the experiment. This is particularly the case in the recently proposed twin-field (TF) QKD, which has received a lot of attention since it can increase the key rate significantly and even beat some theoretical rate-loss limits. As an intuitive solution, one may introduce discrete-phase randomization instead of continuous randomization. However, a security proof for a QKD protocol with discrete-phase randomization in the finite-key region is still missing. Here, we develop a technique based on conjugate measurement and quantum state distinguishment to analyze the security in this case. Our results show that TF-QKD with a reasonable number of discrete random phases, e.g., 8 phases from {0,π/4,π/2,…,7π/4}, can achieve satisfactory performance. On the other hand, we find the finite-size effects become more notable than before, which implies that more pulses should be emit in this case. More importantly, as a the first proof for TF-QKD with discrete-phase randomization in the finite-key region, our method is also applicable in other QKD protocols.

Spin-Momentum Locking Induced Anisotropic Magnetoresistance in Monolayer WTe2.

Monolayer WTe2 is predicted to be a quantum spin Hall insulator (QSHI), and its quantized edge transport has recently been demonstrated. However, one of the essential properties of a QSHI, spin-momentum locking of the helical edge states, has yet to be experimentally validated. Here, we measure and observe gate-controlled anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) in monolayer WTe2 devices. Electrically tuning the Fermi energy into the band gap, a large in-plane AMR is observed and the minimum of the in-plane AMR occurs when the applied magnetic field is perpendicular to the current direction. In line with the experimental observations, the theoretical predictions based on the band structure of monolayer WTe2 demonstrate that the AMR effect originates from spin-momentum locking in the helical edge states of monolayer WTe2. Our findings reveal that the spin quantization axis of the helical edge states in monolayer WTe2 can be precisely determined from AMR measurements.

[Status and Development of Intelligent Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Equipment].

The current status of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in China were introduced. The function and working principle of cardiopulmonary resuscitation equipment were described. The research status of cardiopulmonary resuscitation equipment was summarized. The main problem existing in cardiopulmonary resuscitation equipment were analyzed. Finally, according to the main technical direction involved in the conception, the existing technologies were reviewed from four aspects: path planning, human-computer interaction, automatic defibrillation and intelligent compression.

Nonlinear Ballistic Response of Quantum Spin Hall Edge States.

Topological edge states (TES) exhibit dissipationless transport, yet their dispersion has never been probed. Here we show that the nonlinear electrical response of ballistic TES ascertains the presence of symmetry breaking terms, such as deviations from nonlinearity and tilted spin quantization axes. The nonlinear response stems from discontinuities in the band occupation on either side of a Zeeman gap, and its direction is set by the spin orientation with respect to the Zeeman field. We determine the edge dispersion for several classes of TES and discuss experimental measurement.

Retrospective analysis of Tripterygium wilfordii polyglycoside combined with angiotensin receptor blockers for the treatment of primary membranous nephropathy with sub-nephrotic proteinuria.

INTRODUCTION: Primary membranous nephropathy (PMN) is one common cause of end-stage kidney disease. There is no optimal treatment for PMN patients with sub-nephrotic proteinuria currently. Tripterygium wilfordii polyglycoside (TWG) is a widely used traditional medicine in China and has been used to treat nephropathy for decades. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of TWG combined with angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) on the treatment of PMN with sub-nephrotic proteinuria. METHODS: Biopsy-proven sub-nephrotic PMN patients with normal kidney function and treated with TWG combined with ARB or ARB alone were retrospectively analyzed. The primary outcome was remission rate (complete or partial remission), and the secondary outcomes included proteinuria, serum albumin levels, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), relapse rate, and adverse events. RESULTS: The clinical trial included 55 patients. The overall remission rates for the TWG + ARB and ARB groups after 9 months of treatment were 74.3% and 35%, respectively (p = 0.004). Moreover, the complete remission (CR) rate for the TWG + ARB and ARB groups in the 9th month were 45.7% and 15%, respectively (p = 0.044). Treatment with TWG + ARB was the independent predictor of complete remission of proteinuria (p = 0.048). Besides, the remission rate was higher in the TWG + ARB group than in the ARB group among patients who were positive for anti-phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) antibodies (65.4% vs. 21.4%, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that TWG may be a promising treatment for PMN patients with sub-nephrotic proteinuria, whether anti-PLA2R antibody is positive or negative.

Finite-key analysis for twin-field quantum key distribution based on generalized operator dominance condition.

Quantum key distribution (QKD) can help two distant peers to share secret key bits, whose security is guaranteed by the law of physics. In practice, the secret key rate of a QKD protocol is always lowered with the increasing of channel distance, which severely limits the applications of QKD. Recently, twin-field (TF) QKD has been proposed and intensively studied, since it can beat the rate-distance limit and greatly increase the achievable distance of QKD. Remarkalebly, K. Maeda et. al. proposed a simple finite-key analysis for TF-QKD based on operator dominance condition. Although they showed that their method is sufficient to beat the rate-distance limit, their operator dominance condition is not general, i.e. it can be only applied in three decoy states scenarios, which implies that its key rate cannot be increased by introducing more decoy states, and also cannot reach the asymptotic bound even in case of preparing infinite decoy states and optical pulses. Here, to bridge this gap, we propose an improved finite-key analysis of TF-QKD through devising new operator dominance condition. We show that by adding the number of decoy states, the secret key rate can be furtherly improved and approach the asymptotic bound. Our theory can be directly used in TF-QKD experiment to obtain higher secret key rate. Our results can be directly used in experiments to obtain higher key rates.

DLX5 gene regulates the Notch signaling pathway to promote glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis in uremic rats.

Uremia largely results from the accumulation of organic waste products normally cleared by the kidneys, which commonly accompanies kidney failure and chronic kidney disease. However, genetic investigations in a uremia remain largely unclear. This study aimed to determine the expression patterns of distal-less homeobox 5 (DLX5) in uremia rat model and further to study its effects on glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis. Uremic expression chip was applied to screen differentially expressed genes in uremia. Next, we used small interfering RNA-mediated RNA interference to specifically silence DLX5 in experimental uremic rats to understand the regulatory mechanism of DLX5. To understand effect of Notch1 signaling pathway in uremia, we also treated experimental uremic rats with γ-secretase inhibitor (GSI), an inhibitor of Notch1 signaling pathway. The expression of fibronectin (FN), laminin (LN), transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1), Hes1, Hes5, and Jagged2 was determined. The semiquantitative assessment was applied to verify the effects of DLX5 on glomerulosclerosis. In the uremic expression chip, we found that DLX5 was upregulated in uremia samples, and considered to regulate the Notch signaling pathway. We found that small interfering RNA-mediated DLX5 inhibition or Notch1 signaling pathway inhibitory treatment relieved and delayed the kidney injury and glomerulosclerosis in uremia. Meanwhile, inhibition of DLX5 or Nothch1 signaling pathway reduced expression of FN, LN, Nothch1, TGF-ß1, Hes1, Hes5, and Jagged2. Intriguingly, we discovered that Notch1 signaling pathway was inhibited after silencing DLX5. In conclusion, these findings highlight that DLX5 regulates Notch signaling, which may, in turn, promote complications of uremia such as kidney fibrosis, providing a novel therapeutic target for treating uremia.

Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor gene silencing inhibits the development of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and formation of a calcium oxalate crystal in renal tubular epithelial cells in mice with kidney stones via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Between 1% and 15% of people are globally affected by kidney stones, and this disease has become more common since the 1970s. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) gene silencing via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway on the development of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and formation of a calcium oxalate crystal in renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) of kidney stones. A total of 70 clean and healthy C57BL/6J mice were assigned into the normal ( n = 10) and kidney stones groups ( n = 60). The underlying regulatory mechanisms of GRPR were analyzed in concert with the treatment of shGRPR-1, LY294002, and shGRPR-1 + LY294002 in TECs isolated from mice with kidney stones. A series of experiments were conducted for the measurement of urinary oxalate and urinary calcium, the renal calcium salt deposition, the positive rate of GRPR, the expressions of renal TECs related genes and calcium oxalate regulation related genes, and the growth of calcium crystals induced by cells. After treatment of shGRPR-1 and shGRPR-1 + LY294002, levels of urinary oxalate and urinary calcium in the serum, as well as positive rate of GRPR, became relatively low, levels of E-cadherin enhanced, whereas levels of Akt, PI3K, GRPR, extents of PI3K and Akt phosphorylation, α-SMA, Vimentin and FSP-1, OPN, MCP-1, and CD44 decreased and a number of crystals reduced. Taken together, we conclude that GRPR gene silencing suppresses the development of the EMT and formation of the calcium oxalate crystal in renal TECs of kidney stones through the inactivation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Effects of microRNA-370 on mesangial cell proliferation and extracellular matrix accumulation by binding to canopy 1 in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy.

As one major diabetic complication, diabetic nephropathy (DN) has been reported to be associated with various kinds of microRNA (miRNA). Thus, we conducted this study to explore the potential of miR-370 in a rat model of DN through investigation of mesangial cell proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM). A total of 40 healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were enrolled and assigned into normal (n = 10) and DN ( n = 30, DN rat model) groups. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was performed for the targeting relationship between miR-370 and canopy 1 (CNPY1). Mesangial cells were collected and transfected with prepared mimic, inhibitor or small interfering RNA (siRNA) for analyzing the effect of miR-370 on DN mice with the help of expression and cell biological processes detection. CNPY1 was confirmed as a target gene of miR-370. DN mice had increased expression of miR-370, fibronectin, type I collagen (Col I), type IV collagen (Col IV), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) but reduced CNPY1 expression. Cells transfected with miR-370 mimic and siRNA-CNPY1 had increased expression of fibronectin, Col I, Col IV, and PAI-1 but decreased CNPY1 expression. The miR-370 mimic and siRNA-CNPY1 groups showed increased cell proliferation, as well as elevated ECM accumulation and declined cell apoptosis rate as compared with the blank and negative control groups, with reverse trends observed in the miR-370 inhibitor group. Our study concludes that overexpression of miR-370 promotes mesangial cell proliferation and ECM accumulation by suppressing CNPY1 in a rat model of DN.

Quantum Oscillations of the Positive Longitudinal Magnetoconductivity: A Fingerprint for Identifying Weyl Semimetals.

Weyl semimetals (WSMs) host charged Weyl fermions as emergent quasiparticles. We develop a unified analytical theory for the anomalous positive longitudinal magnetoconductivity (LMC) in a WSM, which bridges the gap between the classical and ultraquantum approaches. More interestingly, the LMC is found to exhibit periodic-in-1/B quantum oscillations, originating from the oscillations of the nonequilibrium chiral chemical potential. The quantum oscillations, superposed on the positive LMC, are a remarkable fingerprint of a WSM phase with a chiral anomaly, whose observation is a valid criteria for identifying a WSM material. In fact, such quantum oscillations were already observed by several experiments.

Photon-Induced Weyl Half-Metal Phase and Spin Filter Effect from Topological Dirac Semimetals.

Recently discovered Dirac semimetals (DSMs) with two Dirac nodes, such as Na_{3}Bi and Cd_{2}As_{3}, are regarded as carrying the Z_{2} topological charge in addition to the chiral charge. We study the Floquet phase transition of Z_{2} topological DSMs subjected to a beam of circularly polarized light. Owing to the resulting interplay of the chiral and Z_{2} charges, the Weyl nodes are not only chirality dependent but also spin dependent, which constrains the behavior in creation and annihilation of the pair of Weyl nodes. Interestingly, we find a novel phase: One spin band is in the Weyl semimetal phase while the other is in the insulator phase, and we dub it the Weyl half-metal (WHM) phase. We further study the spin-dependent transport in a Dirac-Weyl semimetal junction and find a spin filter effect as a fingerprint of the existence of the WHM phase. The proposed spin filter effect, based on the WHM bulk band, is highly tunable in a broad parameter regime and robust against magnetic disorder, which is expected to overcome the shortcomings of the previously proposed spin filter based on the topological edge or surface states. Our results offer a unique opportunity to explore the potential applications of topological DSMs in spintronics.

A Prospective Study Comparing Platelet-Rich Plasma and Local Anesthetic (LA)/Corticosteroid in Intra-Articular Injection for the Treatment of Lumbar Facet Joint Syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the effectiveness and safety between autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and Local Anesthetic (LA)/corticosteroid in intra-articular injection for the treatment of lumbar facet joint syndrome. METHODS: Forty-six eligible patients with lumbar facet joint syndrome were randomized into group A (intra-articular injection with PRP) and group B (intra-articular injection with LA/corticosteroid). The following contents were evaluated: pain visual analog scale (VAS) at rest and during flexion, and the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMQ), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and modified MacNab criteria for pain relief and applications of post-treatment drugs. All outcome assessments were performed immediately after and at 1 week, 1, 2, 3, and 6 months after treatment. RESULTS: No significant difference between groups was observed at baseline. Compared with pretreatment, both group A and group B demonstrated statistical improvements in the pain VAS score at rest or during flexion, the RMQ, and the ODI (P < 0.01). And there were significant differences between the 2 groups on the above-mentioned items (P < 0.05). For group B, subjective satisfaction based on the modified MacNab criteria and objective success rate were highest (80% and 85%) after 1 month, but only 50% and 20% after 6 months. However, for group A, they increased over time. In addition, there were no treatment-related complications in either group during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Both autologous PRP and LA/corticosteroid for intra-articular injection are effective, easy, and safe enough in the treatment of lumbar facet joint syndrome. However, autologous PRP is a superior treatment option for longer duration efficacy.

KIM-1 Mediates High Glucose-Induced Autophagy and Apoptosis in Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells.

BACKGROUND/AIM: To investigate the role of kidney injury molecular 1 (KIM-1) in high glucose-induced autophagy and apoptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells. METHODS: Human renal tubular epithelial cells (HK2) were treated with normal glucose (NG, D -glucose 5.6 mmol/L), high glucose (HG, 30 mmol/L), high osmotic (HO, D-glucose 5.6 mmol/L + D-mannitol 24.4 mmol/L), HG + KIM-1 siRNA, HG + siRNA control. The expressions of KIM-1 and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3II (LC3II) were measured by western blot as well as real time PCR; the number of autophagosome was detected by electron microscopy; and the level of apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS: In the HG group, the expressions of KIM-1 and LC3II were increased markedly, which was accompanied by more autophagosome and higher level of apoptosis compared with NG group. Silencing of KIM-1 by siRNA inhibited the increases in the levels of LC3II, autophagosome and apoptosis. CONCLUSION: KIM-1 may mediate high glucose-induced autophagy and apoptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells.

Promotion of transcription factor EB-dependent autophagic process by curcumin alleviates arsenic-caused lung oxidative stress and inflammation in mice.

Arsenic is a human carcinogen widely distributed in the environment, and arsenic exposure from drinking water has received widespread attention as a global public health problem. Curcumin is a natural bioactive substance with high efficiency and low toxicity extracted from turmeric, which has a variety of biological properties such as antioxidation, anti-inflammation, anticancer, and immuno-modulatory activities. Curcumin is widely used in daily life as a food additive and dietary supplement. However, its protective effects in lung injuries by chronic arsenic exposure orally remain unexplored. In this study, curcumin treatment not only significantly accelerated arsenic elimination and improved lung tissue morphology, but also decreased arsenic-generated ROS by activating Nrf2 and its down-stream antioxidants. Further, curcumin alleviated inflammatory changes in mice exposed to arsenic for 6 and 12 weeks, as manifested by lung MPO levels, total protein and cellular levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), serum IL-4 levels, and MAPK/NF-κB expression in lung tissue. Notably, our study also confirmed that curcumin could promote the expression and nuclear translocation of the transcription factor EB (TFEB), as well as activate TFEB-regulated autophagy in lung tissue of arsenic-treated mice, accompanied by inhibition of the AKT-mTOR signaling pathway. Overall, our study here suggests that natural bioactive compound curcumin could alleviate arsenic-induced pulmonary oxidative stress and inflammation in vivo, which is closely related to enhanced TFEB activity and induction of the autophagic process.

Observation of giant room-temperature anisotropic magnetoresistance in the topological insulator ß-Ag2Te.

Achieving room-temperature high anisotropic magnetoresistance ratios is highly desirable for magnetic sensors with scaled supply voltages and high sensitivities. However, the ratios in heterojunction-free thin films are currently limited to only a few percent at room temperature. Here, we observe a high anisotropic magnetoresistance ratio of -39% and a giant planar Hall effect (520 µΩ⋅cm) at room temperature under 9 T in ß-Ag2Te crystals grown by chemical vapor deposition. We propose a theoretical model of anisotropic scattering - induced by a Dirac cone tilt and modulated by intrinsic properties of effective mass and sound velocity - as a possible origin. Moreover, small-size angle sensors with a Wheatstone bridge configuration were fabricated using the synthesized ß-Ag2Te crystals. The sensors exhibited high output response (240 mV/V), high angle sensitivity (4.2 mV/V/°) and small angle error (<1°). Our work translates the developments in topological insulators to a broader impact on practical applications such as high-field magnetic and angle sensors.

Comparative study of the interactions between ovalbumin and three alkaloids by spectrofluorimetry.

The interaction between ovalbumin (OVA) and three purine alkaloids (caffeine, theophylline and diprophylline) was investigated by the aid of intrinsic and synchronous fluorescence, ultraviolet-vis absorbance, resonance light-scattering spectra and three-dimensional fluorescence spectra techniques. Results showed that the formation of complexes gave rise to the fluorescence quenching of OVA by caffeine, theophylline, and diprophylline. Static quenching was confirmed to results in the fluorescence quenching. The binding site number n, apparent binding constant KA and corresponding thermodynamic parameters were measured at different temperatures. The binding process was spontaneous molecular interaction procedures in which both enthalpy and Gibbs free energy decreased. Van der Waals forces and hydrogen bond played a major role in stabilizing the complex. The comparison between caffeine, theophylline, and diprophylline was made, and thermodynamic results showed that diprophylline was the strongest quencher and bound to OVA with the highest affinity among three compounds. The influence of molecular structure on the binding aspects was reported.