Child-to-Parent Violence: An Exploratory Study of the Roles of Family Violence and Parental Discipline Through the Stories Told by Spanish Children and Their Parents.

The aim of this study was to identify the role of exposure to family violence and parental discipline in the development of child-to-parent violence (CPV). A qualitative in-depth interview design was used. Fifteen adolescents (10 boys) who have perpetrated CPV (Mage=16 years; SDage=1.33 years) and their parents or foster parents took part in the study. Individually, they answered questions about exposure to violence and parenting practices. Results suggest that adolescents were frequently direct victims and also witnesses of violence. Furthermore, emotional neglect in the parent-child relationship was frequent and families were characterized by rules that are not consistently implemented. Different forms of violence seem to coexist in these families, and CPV should also be a target in the interventions.

Depression and grief in Spanish family caregivers of people with traumatic brain injury: the roles of social support and coping.

PURPOSE: To examine the associations between social support, coping responses and depressive and grief symptoms in caregivers of people with traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS AND PROCEDURES: A cross-sectional study of Spanish primary caregivers of individuals with TBI. The study included 223 caregivers (72.2% female and 26.9% male). MAIN OUTCOMES: Measures administered included the Family Needs Questionnaire, the Texas Revised Inventory of Grief, the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale and the Responses to Stress Questionnaire. RESULTS: A structural equation model indicated that secondary control coping (e.g. acceptance and positive thinking) was associated with less grief and depressive symptoms, whereas primary control coping (e.g. problem-solving and emotional expression) and disengagement were associated with more symptoms. Emotional and instrumental supports were directly associated with less depressive symptoms. In addition, emotional and professional supports were associated with symptoms through the use of primary control and disengagement coping. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that future interventions with families should improve social networks of emotional, instrumental and professional support, as well as help caregivers to develop adaptive coping strategies, such as acceptance and positive thinking.