Minimally Anterior Medial Maxillary Approach (MAMMA): a novel technique for a wide access to the maxillary sinus.

PURPOSE: To describe a novel endoscopic technique to approach the maxillary sinus (MS), the Modified Anterior Medial Maxillary Approach (MAMMA), preserving the inferior turbinate (IT) and the nasolacrimal duct (NLD). To perform radiological measurements and describe a case series to study the feasibility and limits of MAMMA. METHODS: Computed tomography (CT) scans (n = 150 nasal cavities) were used to calculate areas of the MAMMA to define surgical limits and extensions. Measurement of distances to critical anatomy landmarks and total area for the MAMMA were calculated. An instructional case illustrating the surgical technique and outcome was also included. RESULTS: Radiological analysis showed a mean distance from the Piriform Aperture (PA) to the anterior limit of the NLD of 1.03 ± 0.18 cm (range 0.59-1.48) and a mean distance from de PA to the posterior limit of the NLD of 1.57 ± 0.22 cm (range 1.02-2.11). The mean distance from the nasal floor to the Hasner's valve was 1.61 ± 0.27 cm (range 1.06-2.52) and the distance from the nasal floor to the insertion of the IT was 2.20 ± 0.36 cm (range 1.70-3.69). Finally, the mean total area for the MAMMA was 4.04 ± 0.52 cm2 (range 3.17-5.53). No complications or recurrence of the pathology were observed in operated patients. CONCLUSION: The MAMMA provides a wide surgical field of the MS walls comparable to more aggressive techniques, with preservation of the sinonasal and lacrimal function. MAMMA is an effective alternative to treat different MS pathologies including benign recurrent maxillary sinus tumors.

Postoperative management of patients with pituitary tumors submitted to pituitary surgery. Experience of a Spanish Pituitary Tumor Center of Excellence.

There is a lack of evidence on timing, frequency, and duration of postoperative endocrine, radiologic, and ophthalmologic assessments that should be performed after pituitary surgery (PS). However, it is known that careful optimization of treatment and follow-up strategies as well as a multidisciplinary approach may have a significant impact on long-term outcomes, improving surgical results, minimize complications and facilitate their correct treatment if occurring, and optimize the hormonal, ophthalmological, and radiological reassessment throughout the follow-up. Considering that there are no specific guidelines on the postoperative management of patients with pituitary tumors (PT), we present our protocol for the postoperative management of patients with PT. It has been elaborated by the multidisciplinary team of a Spanish Pituitary Tumor Center of Excellence (PTCE) that includes at least one neurosurgeon, ENT, neuroradiologist, neuro-ophthalmologist, endocrine pathologist and endocrinologist specialized in pituitary diseases. We elaborated this guideline with the aim of sharing our experience with other centers involved in the management of PT thereby facilitating the postoperative management of patients submitted to PS.

[Delayed vertigo after stapedotomy with good hearing results]. / Vértigo diferido tras estapedotomía con buen resultado auditivo.

Stapedial surgery is able to obtain excellent hearing results in the long-term in most otosclerotic patients. Nevertheless, some cases have vertigo and/or tinnitus after surgery, that may lead them to revision surgery. Out of a consecutive series on 115 patients, we present three cases (2,6%) with persistent vertigo after stapedotomy. These patients had residual unsteadiness despite good hearing after surgery, with a minimum follow-up of 12 months. Videonystagmography showed spontaneous nystagmus towards the contralateral ear in one case, whereas the other two had a canalicular paresis in the operated side, signs of vestibular hypofunction. After vestibular rehabilitation, unsteadiness resolved in all cases, with good spontaneous compensation, without any further surgery.

[Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease: report of two cases]. / Enfermedad de Kikuchi-Fujimoto: descripción de dos casos.

Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease, described for the first time in 1972, is an unusual diagnosis that is characterized by lymph node enlargement and fever. Cervical lymph nodes are affected so often that ENT specialists should be aware of this entity during differential diagnosis. The diagnosis was done by histological features, necrotizing lymphadenitis. The disease is self-limited and it has good prognosis. We have reviewed two cases in our hospital. We report an aseptic meningoencephalitis as a rare complication.

[Pseudohypertrophy of the ventricular bands due to deformation of the thyroid cartilage]. / Pseudohipertrofia de bandas ventriculares por deformación del cartílago tiroides.

Hoarseness due to phonation by the false cords (dysphonia plicae ventricularis) is a common cause of functional dysphonia, in relation to excessive muscular tension in the larynx area. Nevertheless, a mechanic cause can be observed in some cases with dysphonia plicae ventricularis, which is usually due to deformation of the thyroid cartilage. We report a case with hypertrophy of the ventricular bands which was treated by vocal rehabilitation followed by suspension laryngoscopy with partial removal of the ventricular bands, without further improvement. This failure was related to a pseudohypertrophy of the ventricular bands, due to deformation of the thyroid cartilage, which was confirmed by computed tomography.

[Otalgia as presentation of primary nasopharynx tuberculosis]. / Otalgia como presentación de tuberculosis primaria de nasofaringe.

We report a case of a 63-year-old woman who presented with left otalgia during more than six months. On examination, otoscopy was normal, whereas flexible nasopharyngoscopy revealed an asymmetry in the nasopharynx. CT scans confirmed the presence of a left nasopharyngeal mass. A transnasal endoscopic removal of the nasopharyngeal lesion was performed. Necrotizing granulomatosis was found. Tuberculosis of the nasopharynx was considered the final diagnosis, but oral treatment was not started. After 36 months of follow-up, nasal endoscopy and CT images show no sign of recurrence. Discussion is focused on the inclusion of nasopharyngeal diseases in otalgia differential diagnosis, histopathological diagnosis of granulomas and the need of any further treatment for these limited cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis.

[Pediatric temporal bone fractures]. / Fracturas del hueso temporal en la infancia.

Temporal bone trauma are more common nowadays related to sports. We report 2 cases with temporal bone fractures in patients younger than 14 years. They were two male, 9 and 12-year-old respectively, that presented traumatism after accidental falls from lowe height. The first case had a longitudinal temporal bone fracture without hypoacusia or vertigo, whereas the second one had an oblique fracture involving the otic capsule, provoking permanent neurosensorial hearing loss, as well as vertigo and unsteadiness that resolved later, related to a vestibular hyporreflexia. Neither case had facial paresia or paralysis. CT scanning was essential to determine the importance of the trauma. Despite the otic capsule rupture, hearing loss in the second case was only significant over 2 KHz, suggesting a selective cochlear trauma. We present clinical and imaging findings, as well as correlation of audiological and vestibular alterations, reviewing the clinical presentation of temporal bone trauma in children.

[The use of magnetic resonance in the study of sensorineural hearing loss in children]. / Utilidad de la rm en el estudio de la hipoacusia neurosensorial unilateral infantil.

Although newborn screening of congenital hearing loss through otoacustic emissions allow prompt recognition, imaging techniques, such as CT and MRI are needed to get a morphological diagnosis. Furthermore they can be very useful in unilateral cases, whose clinical presentation is belated and more insidious. Our aim is to show the utility of MRI in the study of inner ear congenital anomalies, whose presentation is belated. Thus from a series of 88 consecutive patients in which a MRI was performed as screening of assymetric sensorineural hearing loss, we selected 6 cases aged between 6 and 20. Four of them showed an inner ear anomaly on MRI. We present these anomalies commenting the findings on CT and MRI. Imaging techniques are required to start hearing rehabilitation programs early on patients with bilateral inner ear anomalies. But also they are very useful in the evaluation of unilateral assymetric sensorineural hearing loss, in young patients, even if only some frequencies are damned, to determine the nature of hearing loss.

[Torticollis after unnoticed pharyngeal perforation: suspected retropharyngeal abscess]. / Tortícolis tras perforación faríngea inadvertida: sospecha de absceso retrofaríngeo.

Pharyngeal perforations due to foreign bodies are severe when retropharyngeal space infection develops into an abscess. Although the common clinical presentation is sore throat and fever, when the perforation remains occult, torticollis can be a significant symptom. Palatopharyngeal lesions, caused by rigid objects' impactation through the mouth, are common in childhood. Most are not important, but all have the potential hazard of pharyngeal perforation with development of a retropharyngeal abscess. It must be suspected specially when air is shown in the retropharyngeal space on a lateral radiography of the neck, which should always be done. We report a 9-years old boy who had cervical stiffness and torticollis and elevation of the right shoulder, without previous known trauma. Air was shown in the retropharyngeal space on a lateral radiography of the neck in relation to a possible pharyngeal perforation which was later confirmed by a CT scan. We review the literature about diagnosis and treatment of retropharyngeal abscess in childhood.

[Olfaction disturbances in general ORL practice]. / Alteraciones del olfato en la consulta ORL general.

Analysis of smell disturbances in the ENT outpatients department of in a General Hospital. A retrospective and descriptive study. We include all patients with olfactory alterations as the main reason for consultation. The sample was 38 patients. Viral, postraumatic, toxic, drug-induced and inflammatory. We performed anamnesis, nasal endoscopic and scan images on all patients. Olfactory disturbances were more frequent in women older than 55 (2:1). The viral cause was the most frequent aethiology (55.3%). Nasal endoscopic exploration was normal in 68.4% patients. The CT scan was the main imaging study used (68.4%). The younger patients recovered better than the older ones. Smell disorders provoked by virus, toxic and medical drugs do have a better.