The multifaceted role of the stroma in the healthy prostate and prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer (PC) is an age-related disease and represents, after lung cancer, the second cause of cancer death in males worldwide. Mortality is due to the metastatic disease, which mainly involves the bones, lungs, and liver. In the last 20 years, the incidence of metastatic PC has increased in Western Countries, and a further increase is expected in the near future, due to the population ageing. Current treatment options, including state of the art cancer immunotherapy, need to be more effective to achieve long-term disease control. The most significant anatomical barrier to overcome to improve the effectiveness of current and newly designed drug strategies consists of the prostatic stroma, in particular the fibroblasts and the extracellular matrix, which are the most abundant components of both the normal and tumor prostatic microenvironment. By weaving a complex communication network with the glandular epithelium, the immune cells, the microbiota, the endothelium, and the nerves, in the healthy prostatic microenvironment, the fibroblasts and the extracellular matrix support organ development and homeostasis. However, during inflammation, ageing and prostate tumorigenesis, they undergo dramatic phenotypic and genotypic changes, which impact on tumor growth and progression and on the development of therapy resistance. Here, we focus on the characteristics and functions of the prostate associated fibroblasts and of the extracellular matrix in health and cancer. We emphasize their roles in shaping tumor behavior and the feasibility of manipulating and/or targeting these stromal components to overcome the limitations of current treatments and to improve precision medicine's chances of success.

New horizons in undergraduate geriatric medicine education.

Current projections show that between 2000 and 2050, increasing proportions of older individuals will be cared for by a smaller number of healthcare workers, which will exacerbate the existing challenges faced by those who support this patient demographic. This review of a collection of Age and Ageing papers on the topic in the past 10 years explores (1) what best practice geriatrics education is and (2) how careers in geriatrics could be made more appealing to improve recruitment and retention. Based on these deeper understandings, we consider, as clinician educators, how to close the gap both pragmatically and theoretically. We point out paradigm shifting solutions that include innovations at the Undergraduate level, use of simulation, incorporation of learner and patient perspectives, upskilling professionals outside of Geriatrics and integration of practice across disciplines through Interprofessional Learning. We also identify an education research methodological gap. Specifically, there is an abundance of simple descriptive or justification studies but few clarification education studies; the latter are essential to develop fresh insights into how Undergraduate students can learn more effectively to meet the needs of the global ageing challenge. A case of improving understanding in delirium education is presented as an illustrative example of a new approach to exploring at greater depth education and outlines suggested directions for the future.

The effectiveness of unsupervised home-based exercise for improving lower extremity physical function in older adults in Western and Eastern cultures: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Ageing leads to decreased physical function, which can impact independent living and raise health risks, increasing demand on healthcare resources. Finding affordable and accessible exercise to improve physical function is necessary for a population seemingly resistant to strength and balance training in leisure settings. This review aimed to evaluate whether unsupervised home-based exercises improve lower extremity function in older adults. METHODS: We systematically searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster RCTs investigating unsupervised home-based exercises' effects on physical function in older adults through English and Mandarin databases. Studies' methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane's Risk of Bias Tool. Meta-analyses were conducted on lower extremity functions outcomes. RESULTS: Of the 6791 identified articles, 10 English studies (907 participants) were included, 8 studies (839 participants) were used for final meta-analysis, with no Mandarin studies. Studies were largely based in Europe with mostly moderate risk of bias. Most interventions were multicomponent lasting 10-40 min/session, 3 times/week. Meta-analysis showed no statistically significant differences in 5 sit-to-stand (p = 0.05; I2 = 0%), maximal knee extension strength (p = 0.61; I2 = 71%), 10 m maximal walking speed (p = 0.22; I2 = 30%), timed-up-to-go (p = 0.54; I2 = 0%), and short physical performance battery (p = 0.32; I2 = 98%) between exercise and control groups. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis suggests that unsupervised home-based exercise programmes have little impact on lower extremity functions in older adults. This review is limited by the small number of included studies, sample sizes, and high heterogeneity. There is a need to understand why this format lacks efficacy, and design more beneficial home-based exercise programmes.

Long-term care needs and the risk of household poverty across Europe: a comparative secondary data study.

PURPOSE: Population ageing and rising poverty are two of the most pressing issues today, even in Western European nations, growing as a result of the recent global economic crisis and the COVID-19 containment measures. This study explores the relationship between long-term care (LTC) needs and risk of poverty at household level in eight European countries, representing the different European care regimes. METHODS: The main international databases were scoured for study variables, categorized according to the following conceptual areas: home care, residential care, health expenditure, service coverage, cash benefits, private services, population, family, education, employment, poverty, disability and care recipients, and life expectancy. We initially identified 104 variables regarding 8 different countries (Austria, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Poland, Romania). Statistical analyses were conducted as described hereafter: analysis of the Pearson's Bivariate Correlation between the dependent variable and all other variables; a Multivariable Linear Regression Model between the Poverty Index (dependent variable) and the covariates identified in the preceding step; a check for geographical clustering effects and a reduced Multivariable Linear Regression Model for each identified European cluster. RESULTS: The variables that addressed the risk of poverty pertained to the area of policy intervention and service provision. Rising private out-of-pocket health expenditures and proportion of "poor" couples with at least one child are two factors that contributed significantly to poverty increasing. Moreover, rising private out-of-pocket health expenditures for covering LTC needs (even in presence of public financial contribution to the family) is the main contributor to household poverty increasing in presence of ADL disability. CONCLUSION: The results reveal the existence of a clear correlation between the need for LTC and the risk of poverty in households across Europe. These results highlight the central relevance of LTC policies, which are often still treated as marginal and sectoral, for the future sustainability of integrated care strategies.

Volunteering and instrumental support during the first phase of the pandemic in Europe: the significance of COVID-19 exposure and stringent country's COVID-19 policy.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 control policies might negatively impact older adults' participation in volunteer work, instrumental support provision, and the likelihood of receiving instrumental support. Studies that quantify changes in these activities and the related factors are limited. The current study aimed to examine the level of volunteering, instrumental support provision and receipt before and during the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe and to determine whether older adults' volunteering, instrumental support provision and receipt were associated with individual exposure to COVID-19 and the stringency of country's COVID-19 control policy during the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) Corona Survey 1 was designed to focus on community-dwelling Europeans aged ≥50 years. History of participation in volunteering work and instrumental support provision or receipt was assessed from the previous SHARE Wave data. The country's COVID-19 control policy stringency index (S-Index) was from the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker database. A total of 45,669 respondents from 26 European countries were included in the volunteering analysis. Seventeen European countries were included in the analyses of instrumental support provision (N = 36,518) and receipt (N = 36,526). The multilevel logistic regression model was fitted separately to analyse each activity. RESULTS: The level of volunteering and instrumental support provision was lower during the pandemic, but instrumental support receipt was higher. The country S-Index was positively associated with support provision (OR:1.13;95%CI:1.02-1.26) and negatively associated with support receipt (OR:0.69;95%CI:0.54-0.88). Exposure to COVID-19 was positively associated with support receipt (OR:1.64;95%CI:1.38-1.95). COVID-19 exposure on close ones positively associated with volunteering (OR:1.47;95%CI:1.32-1.65), support provision (OR:1.28;95%CI:1.19-1.39), and support receipt (OR:1.25;95%CI:1.15-1.35). CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic impacted older Europeans' volunteering, instrumental support provision, and instrumental support receipt from outside their household. When someone close to them was exposed to COVID-19, older Europeans were likely to receive instrumental support and to volunteer and provide instrumental support. A stricter country's COVID-19 control policy might motivate older adults to provide instrumental support, but it prevents them from receiving instrumental support from outside their households.

Living longer but in poor health: healthcare system responses to ageing populations in industrialised countries based on the Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine changes in life expectancy (LE), health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE), unhealthy years of life, and disease burden of older people in industrialised countries and associations with health systems. METHODS: We used estimates of LE and HALE, unhealthy years of life, years of life loss (YLL), years lived with disability (YLD) for individuals aged 70 years and over in 33 industrialised countries from 1990 to 2019 from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. A linear regression analysis was conducted to examine the association of health outcomes with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) index. RESULTS: LE and HALE increased with improved HAQ index from 1990 to 2019. However, the number of unhealthy years of life increased. An increased HAQ index was associated with decreases in YLL. However, changes in YLD were relatively small and were not correlated with HAQ index. CONCLUSIONS: The healthcare system needs to more address the increased morbidity burden among older people. It should be designed to handle to healthcare needs of the ageing population.

Loneliness in older adults.

This article aims to provide an overview on loneliness in older people, with an emphasis on how insights from this body of literature can significantly contribute to the enhancement of care provided by community nurses. This review aims to provide a nuanced understanding of the factors contributing to loneliness, its impact on the physical and mental health of older individuals, and the role community nurses can play in mitigating and addressing loneliness.

Primary care doctors retirements in the context of an ageing population in Italy.

Background: Ongoing shortages in primary care doctors/primary care paediatricians and increasing healthcare needs due to ageing of the population represent a great challenge for healthcare providers, managers, and policymakers. To support planning of primary healthcare resource allocation we analyzed the geographic distribution of primary care doctors/primary care paediatricians across Italian regions, accounting for area-specific number and age of the population. Additionally, we estimated the number of primary care doctors/primary care paediatricians expected to retire over the next 25 years, with a focus on the next five years. Study design: Ecological study. Methods: We gathered the list of Italian general practitioners and primary care paediatricians and combined them with the data from the National Federation of Medical Doctors, Surgeons and Dentists. Using data from the National Institutes of Statistics, we calculated the average number of patients per doctor for each region using the number of residents above and under 14 years of age for general practitioners and primary care paediatricians respectively. We also calculated the number of residents over-65 and over-75 years of age per general practitioner, as elderly patients typically have higher healthcare needs. Results: On average the number of patients per general practitioner was 1,447 (SD: 190), while for paediatricians it was 1,139 (SD: 241), with six regions above the threshold of 1,500 patients per general practitioner and only one region under the threshold of 880 patients per paediatrician. We estimated that on average 2,228 general practitioners and 444 paediatricians are going to retire each year for the next five years, reaching more than 70% among the current workforce for some southern regions. The number of elderly patients per general practitioner varies substantially between regions, with two regions having >15% more patients aged over 65 years compared to the expected number. Conclusions: over 65 years compared to the expected number. Conclusions. The study highlighted that some regions do not currently have the required primary care workforce, and the expec-ted retirements and the ageing of the population will exacerbate the pressure on the already over-stretched healthcare services. A response from healthcare administrations and policymakers is urgently required to allow equitable access to quality primary care across the country.

The role of pharmacies in the implementation of vaccination cover- age in Italy. Insights from the preliminary data of the Lombardy Region.

Introduction: The administration of vaccines in pharmacies was not allowed in Italy until 2021. During the COVID-19 pandemic, legislative innovations were introduced that now allow qualified pharmacists to administer anti-flu and anti-COVID-19 vaccines after completing specific training. Methods: The article provides an overview of legislation concerning vaccinations in Italian pharmacies, followed by a description of the vaccinations carried out by pharmacies participating in the regional vaccination campaign from 2021 to 2023. The study relies on data extracted from the Lombardy Region's database on vaccine administration in pharmacies. Furthermore, innovative vaccination practices from the Marche Region were also taken into consideration. Study Design: Observational Study. Results: Lombardy became the Italian pioneer region in extensively incorporating pharmacy-based vaccinations, starting in 2021. This initiative reached its zenith with 46% of anti-COVID vaccines and 17% of flu vaccines administered within the first six weeks of the autumn 2023 campaign. Pharmacies played a crucial role in meeting the targets outlined in the Italian National Vaccine Prevention Plan for 2023-25. As part of an experimental program, the Marche Region has further expanded pharmacy-based vaccinations, now including anti-zoster and anti-pneumococcus vaccines for the 2023-24 campaign. Conclusions: The promising outcomes observed in Lombardy and the ongoing experimental efforts in the Marche are encouraging steps toward achieving vaccination coverage targets, albeit still falling below the objectives set by the National Vaccination Plan for 2023-25. The widespread presence of pharmacies throughout the territory makes them well-suited as support structures for vaccination campaigns, especially in reaching the adult, the elderly, and the vulnerable populations.

Association between dietary patterns and subjective and objective measures of physical activity among Japanese adults aged 85 years and older: a cross-sectional study.

A healthy diet and regular physical activity (PA) are delineated as healthy behaviours. Their implementation is associated with better health outcomes and improved quality of life. There is less evidence of a relationship between dietary patterns (DP) and PA, especially in adults aged ≥ 85. Hence, this cross-sectional study investigates the association between DP and PA in people of this age group, using the data from The Kawasaki Aging and Well-Being Project. Brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire was used to estimate the intake of fifty-eight types of food. After energy adjustment, principal component analysis was performed to identify DP. PA was measured objectively using an accelerometer and subjectively using a questionnaire validated for this age group. Thousand participants (median age: 86·9 years, men: 49·9 %) were included in the analysis. Three major DP (DP1 'various foods', DP2 'red meats and coffee', DP3 'bread and processed meats') were identified. DP1 'various foods' was similar to DP previously named 'healthy' or 'prudent' and showed a positive association with PA time (PAT) as measured by accelerometer (B, 6·25; 95 % CI 0·13, 12·37) and relatively shorter sedentary behaviour (SB) time. DP2 'red meats and coffee' and DP3 'bread and processed meats' were negatively associated with PAT and positively associated with SB time. This study observed the relationship between diet and PA behaviours in adults aged ≥ 85, with healthier and more food-diverse DP associated with longer PAT and relatively unhealthy DP with shorter PAT.

Frailty transitions and prevalence in an ageing population: longitudinal analysis of primary care data from an open cohort of adults aged 50 and over in England, 2006-2017.

INTRODUCTION: frailty is common in older adults and is associated with increased health and social care use. Longitudinal information is needed on population-level incidence, prevalence and frailty progression to plan services to meet future population needs. METHODS: retrospective open cohort study using electronic health records of adults aged ≥50 from primary care in England, 2006-2017. Frailty was calculated annually using the electronic Frailty Index (eFI). Multistate models estimated transition rates between each frailty category, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. Prevalence overall for each eFI category (fit, mild, moderate and severe) was calculated. RESULTS: the cohort included 2,171,497 patients and 15,514,734 person-years. Frailty prevalence increased from 26.5 (2006) to 38.9% (2017). The average age of frailty onset was 69; however, 10.8% of people aged 50-64 were already frail in 2006. Estimated transitions from fit to any level of frailty were 48/1,000 person-years aged 50-64, 130/1,000 person-years aged 65-74, 214/1,000 person-years aged 75-84 and 380/1,000 person-years aged ≥ 85. Transitions were independently associated with older age, higher deprivation, female sex, Asian ethnicity and urban dwelling. Mean time spent in each frailty category decreased with age, with the longest period spent in severe frailty at all ages. CONCLUSIONS: frailty is prevalent in adults aged ≥50 and time spent in successive frailty states is longer as frailty progresses, resulting in extended healthcare burden. Larger population numbers and fewer transitions in adults aged 50-64 present an opportunity for earlier identification and intervention. A large increase in frailty over 12 years highlights the urgency of informed service planning in ageing populations.

Relationship between dietary patterns and physical performance in the very old population: a cross-sectional study from the Kawasaki Aging and Wellbeing Project.

OBJECTIVES: As the world's population is ageing, improving the physical performance (PP) of the older population is becoming important. Although diets are fundamental to maintaining and improving PP, few studies have addressed the role of these factors in adults aged ≥ 85 years, and none have been conducted in Asia. This study aimed to determine the dietary patterns (DP) and examine their relationship with PP in this population. DESIGN: This cross-sectional study (Kawasaki Aging and Wellbeing Project) estimated food consumption using a brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire. The results were adjusted for energy after aggregating into thirty-three groups, excluding possible over- or underestimation. Principal component analysis was used to identify DP, and outcomes included hand grip strength (HGS), timed up-and-go test, and usual walking speed. SETTING: This study was set throughout several hospitals in Kawasaki city. PARTICIPANTS: In total, 1026 community-dwelling older adults (85-89 years) were enrolled. RESULTS: Data of 1000 participants (median age: 86·9 years, men: 49·9 %) were included in the analysis. Three major DP (DP1: various foods, DP2: red meats and coffee, DP3: bread and processed meats) were identified. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that the trend of DP2 was negatively associated with HGS (B, 95 % CI -0·35, -0·64, -0·06). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests a negative association between HGS and DP characterised by red meats and coffee in older adults aged ≥ 85 years in Japan.

Socio-demographic differences in polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate drug use among older people with different care needs and in care settings in Stockholm, Sweden.

AIMS: Polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medications (PIM) are risk factors for negative health outcomes among older people. This study aimed to investigate socio-demographic differences in polypharmacy and PIM use among older people with different care needs in a standard versus an integrated care setting. METHODS: Population-based register data on residents aged ⩾65 years in Stockholm County based on socio-demographic background and social care use in 2014 was linked to prescription drug use in 2015. A logistic regression analysis was used to estimate socio-demographic differences in polypharmacy and PIM, adjusting for education, age group, sex, country of birth, living alone, morbidity and dementia by care setting based on area and by care need (i.e. independent, home help or institutionalised). RESULTS: The prevalence of polypharmacy and PIM was greater among home-help users (60.4% and 11.5% respectively) and institutional residents (74.4% and 11.9%, respectively). However, there were greater socio-demographic differences among the independent, with those with lower education, older age and females having higher odds of polypharmacy and PIM. Morbidity was a driver of polypharmacy (odds ratio (OR)=1.19, confidence interval (CI) 1.16-1.22) among home-help users. Dementia diagnosis was associated with reduced odds of polypharmacy and PIM among those in institutions (OR=0.78, CI 0.71-0.87 and OR 0.52, CI 0.45-0.59, respectively) and of PIM among home-help users (OR=0.53, 95% CI 0.42-0.67). CONCLUSIONS: Polypharmacy and PIM were associated with care needs, most prevalent among home-help users and institutional residents, but socio-demographic differences were most prominent among those living independently, suggesting that municipal care might reduce differences between socio-demographic groups. Care setting had little effect on inappropriate drug use, indicating that national guidelines are followed.

HUMANISE: Human-Inspired Smart Management, towards a Healthy and Safe Industrial Collaborative Robotics.

The workplace is evolving towards scenarios where humans are acquiring a more active and dynamic role alongside increasingly intelligent machines. Moreover, the active population is ageing and consequently emerging risks could appear due to health disorders of workers, which requires intelligent intervention both for production management and workers' support. In this sense, the innovative and smart systems oriented towards monitoring and regulating workers' well-being will become essential. This work presents HUMANISE, a novel proposal of an intelligent system for risk management, oriented to workers suffering from disease conditions. The developed support system is based on Computer Vision, Machine Learning and Intelligent Agents. Results: The system was applied to a two-arm Cobot scenario during a Learning from Demonstration task for collaborative parts transportation, where risk management is critical. In this environment with a worker suffering from a mental disorder, safety is successfully controlled by means of human/robot coordination, and risk levels are managed through the integration of human/robot behaviour models and worker's models based on the workplace model of the World Health Organization. The results show a promising real-time support tool to coordinate and monitoring these scenarios by integrating workers' health information towards a successful risk management strategy for safe industrial Cobot environments.

Feasibility and applicability of locomotive syndrome risk test in elderly patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty.

OBJECTIVES: The concept of locomotive syndrome (LS) and its evaluation method, the LS risk test, have been applied in an integrated manner to capture the decline in mobility resulting from musculoskeletal disorders. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in the elderly with knee osteoarthritis, a common disorder found in LS. METHODS: A total of 111 patients were registered prior to TKA and postoperatively followed up for 1 year. Three components of the LS risk test (the two-step test, stand-up test, and Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale-25) were assessed pre- and postoperatively. RESULTS: After surgery, all three components of the test showed significant improvements from the baseline. The ratio of Stage 3 LS patients (progressed stage of decrease in mobility) reduced from 82.3% to 33.9% postoperatively. There was no significant difference in the degree of change in the scores between the younger (60-74 years) and older (≥75 years) age groups. CONCLUSIONS: We found that TKA has a major impact in preventing the progression of LS in patients with knee osteoarthritis. The LS risk test is a feasible tool for the longitudinal evaluation of patients with musculoskeletal diseases of varying severity and with multiple symptoms.

Feasibility and validity of the EQ-5D-3L in the elderly Europeans: a secondary data analysis using SHARE(d) data.

PURPOSE: To determine feasibility and validity of the EQ-5D-3L in the elderly European population. METHODS: Secondary data analysis based on the study of health, ageing, and retirement in Europe (SHARE) to determine the percentage of missing items for EQ-5D dimensions and EQ VAS, and to demonstrate convergent/divergent validity with measures included in the SHARE survey. Known-groups validity was tested using literature-based hypotheses. Correlation coefficients and Cohen's f are reported. RESULTS: Missing values were below 3% across all EQ-5D dimensions and gender strata, slightly increasing with age. Individuals' responses to each EQ-5D dimension were related to their ratings of other measures in expected directions. The EQ VAS and all EQ-5D dimensions (except anxiety/depression) moderately to strongly correlated with physical [e.g. number of limitations in activities of daily living (ADL): r = 0.313-0.658] and generic measures [CASP (control, autonomy, self-realization, pleasure)-19 scale, self-perceived health, number of symptoms: r = 0.318-0.622], while anxiety/depression strongly correlated with the EURO-D scale (r = 0.527). Both EQ-5D dimensions and EQ VAS discriminated well between two [or more] groups known to differ [e.g. anxiety/depression discriminated well between persons classified as depressed/not depressed using the EURO-D scale, f = 0.51; self-care differentiated best between individuals without and with 1 + ADL limitations, f = 0.69]. Sociodemographic variables like gender, education, and partner in household were hardly associated with EQ VAS scores (f < 0.25). CONCLUSION: With item non-response of less than 3%, good discriminatory, and construct properties, the EQ-5D-3L showed to be a feasible and valid measure in the elderly Europeans.

Spatial Risk Factors for Pillar 1 COVID-19 Excess Cases and Mortality in Rural Eastern England, UK.

Understanding is still developing about spatial risk factors for COVID-19 infection or mortality. This is a secondary analysis of patient records in a confined area of eastern England, covering persons who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 through end May 2020, including dates of death and residence area. We obtained residence area data on air quality, deprivation levels, care home bed capacity, age distribution, rurality, access to employment centers, and population density. We considered these covariates as risk factors for excess cases and excess deaths in the 28 days after confirmation of positive Covid status relative to the overall case load and death recorded for the study area as a whole. We used the conditional autoregressive Besag-York-Mollie model to investigate the spatial dependency of cases and deaths allowing for a Poisson error structure. Structural equation models were applied to clarify relationships between predictors and outcomes. Excess case counts or excess deaths were both predicted by the percentage of population age 65 years, care home bed capacity and less rurality: older population and more urban areas saw excess cases. Greater deprivation did not correlate with excess case counts but was significantly linked to higher mortality rates after infection. Neither excess cases nor excess deaths were predicted by population density, travel time to local employment centers, or air quality indicators. Only 66% of mortality was explained by locally high case counts. Higher deprivation clearly linked to higher COVID-19 mortality separate from wider community prevalence and other spatial risk factors.

A salutogenic urban design framework: the case of UK local high streets and older people.

The article provides a novel look at the links between salutogenesis, health promotion, and urban design supported by the findings of recent research on local high streets and their benefits for the well-being of older people. Salutogenesis and the related explanatory concept of sense of coherence (SOC) have provided a theoretical framework for developing healthy settings interventions, shifting the focus from exploring barriers and deficits to assets and resources in promoting people's health and well-being. While these concepts have informed policies and programmes at the level of regions and cities, no attempt has been made to establish more direct links with the disciplines devoted to the organization and design of the built environment at the scale of public spaces and streets. This article advances the idea that the main categories of SOC-comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness-have found application in urban design theory. Linking these categories with urban design concepts in a comprehensive framework, it is possible to guide interventions aimed at strenghtening well-being resources available in the public realm. This is corroborated by the findings resulting from a study of the well-being experiences of older people (n = 84) across a range of local high streets in the city of Edinburgh (UK) applying an innovative multi-methods approach. The discussion establishes the links between well-being benefits, SOC constructs and urban design concepts, and underscores the potential of the proposed framework to guide a design-oriented salutogenic approach to the built environment.

In this article, we propose a novel conceptual framework that links health promotion and the theory of salutogenesis with key concepts commonly used in the urban design. The framework is articulated in relation to the findings of recent research on main neighbourhood commercial streets in Edinburgh (UK)­local high streets­and their benefits for the well-being of older people. Salutogenesis theory and related concepts have emphasized the role that everyday environments can have in promoting people's health and well-being, through the opportunities for social interaction and access to material resources they provide. They have informed policies and programmes at city-wide level but not at the scale of streets and public spaces, which is the spatial domain of urban design. The proposed framework establishes the links for a design-oriented salutogenic approach to the built environment and suggests a range of interventions in local high streets that can benefit an ageing population.

Distribution of Australian dental practices in relation to the ageing population.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to analyse and map the distribution of the ageing population, by sociodemographic profiling, in private and public dental practices in Australia. BACKGROUND: The rapid increase in the aged population in Australia requires a comprehensive approach to ensure accessibility to geriatric dental services. However, the availability of dental services for the older people requires further investigation of the demographic distribution of need. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dental practices were located and mapped against the ageing population data. The address for each dental practice in Australia was compiled from online access sources. Australian socioeconomic data were integrated with dental practices, clinic locations and older populations using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. RESULTS: There was an uneven distribution of dental practices across Australia's States and Territories (NT and ACT). Tasmania had the highest ratio of private practices to the older population (1:1000) and the highest percentages of this ageing cohort (32%, 61%) that lived more than 5 km from private and public dental practices respectively. Higher percentages of dental practices were located in areas of lower socioeconomic status in Tasmania, Queensland and South Australia (47%, 42% and 38%) respectively, however, these areas were associated with higher ageing population densities. CONCLUSION: There is a geographic maldistribution of dental practices in relation to the spatial distribution of Australia's older population, with the inequity most pronounced in the most disadvantaged areas. This inequality requires a National approach to match dental services to the population that they serve.

[Challenge to promote a city that is friendly for the elderly: A joint research "The Ageing in Place in Cities" between Manchester Urban Ageing Research Group, the University of Manchester, UK and Advanced Research Center for Geriatric and Gerontology (ARGG), Akita University, Japan].

In Japan, the ageing population is increasing, and the issue of "the declining birthrate and increasing ageing population", "population declining", and "extending healthy life expectancy" have been taken up in various academic fields, but they are still unsolved in the term of effective methods. Currently, in each region of Japan unlike big cities such as Tokyo and Osaka, there is the shortage of medical doctors, hospitals, living supportive infrastructure of roads, communications, public transportation, banks, post offices, and supermarkets, etc. All the necessary infrastructure is collapsing, and the current situation is becoming apparent in population declining villages of Japan. Will our country become more concentrated in big cities in the future? In particular, it is the elderly living in the community who are directly affected by these factors. In this article, we would like to introduce the history and recent activities of "Age-friendly cities and communities (AFCC)" led by the World Health Organization (WHO), and also introduce the efforts of "The Ageing in Place in Cities" project by Manchester Urban Ageing Research Group, the University of Manchester, UK, Akita City Hall, and Advanced Research Center for Geriatric and Gerontology (ARGG), Akita University, Japan.