Increased hepatitis C virus co-infection and injection drug use in HIV-infected fishermen in Myanmar.

BACKGROUND: In Southeast Asia, though fishermen are known to be a key population at high risk of HIV, little is known about their co-infection rates with Hepatitis C virus (HCV), or how illness and risk behaviors vary by occupation or type of fishermen. In Myanmar, this lack of knowledge is particularly acute, despite the fact that much of the country's border is coastline. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis to assess clinical, demographic, and risk characteristics of HIV-infected, ≥15-year-old males under HIV care from 2004 to 2014. Subgroups of fishermen were categorized according to the location of fishing activities, boat ownership, and length of time at sea. Generalized linear models assessed odds of high risk behaviors, including MSM (men who have sex with men), transactional sex, injection drug use (IDU), and HCV co-infection among international, local subsistence, and national migrant fishermen. RESULTS: Of 2798 adult males who enrolled in HIV care between 2004 and 2014, 41.9% (n = 1172) were fishermen. Among these, migrants had the highest odds of engaging in risk behaviors such as sex work (Myanmar national migrants: OR 3.26 95% CI: 2.20 to 4.83), and injecting drugs (international migrants: OR 2.93, 95% CI: 1.22 to 3.87) when compared to the general male HIV clinic population. 15.9% of all fishermen reported past or current IDU (23.0% of international migrants). 22.8% of all fishermen were also co-infected with HCV, and though predictably injectors had the highest odds (OR 20.1, 95% CI: 13.7 to 29.5), even after controlling for other risk factors, fishermen retained higher odds (OR 2.37 95% CI: 1.70 to 3.32). CONCLUSIONS: HIV positive fishermen in Myanmar had higher odds of HCV co-infection. They also disproportionally injected drugs and engaged in transactional sex more than other patients. This is especially pronounced among international migrant fishermen. HIV-infected fishermen should be counseled on high risk activities, screened for HCV, and targeted by harm reduction programs.

Association between in utero zidovudine exposure and nondefect adverse birth outcomes: analysis of prospectively collected data from the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between nondefect adverse birth outcomes and in utero exposure to zidovudine (ZDV)-containing regimens versus non-ZDV antiretroviral (ARV) regimens. DESIGN: Analysis of prospectively-collected data. SETTING: Global. POPULATION: HIV-infected pregnant women prenatally exposed to antiretrovirals. METHODS: Estimation of prevalence of and risk for nondefect adverse birth outcomes among HIV-infected women. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of and risk for nondefect adverse birth outcomes. RESULTS: Among 12 780 singleton birth outcomes with in utero ZDV exposure, 96.1% were live births; 3.9% were spontaneous abortions, induced abortions or stillbirths. Among live births, 16.4% were low birthweight (LBW); 12.3% were premature. Among 1904 outcomes with in utero exposure to non-ZDV ARV regimens, 85.8% were live births; 14.2% were spontaneous abortions, induced abortions or stillbirths. Among live births, 14.1% were LBW; 12.4% were premature. Relative risk comparing exposure to ZDV-containing ARV regimens to non-ZDV ARV regimens for spontaneous abortions was 0.18 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.14-0.22); induced abortions 0.28 (95% CI 0.22-0.36); stillbirths 0.76 (95% CI 0.51-1.12); premature births 1.00 (95% CI 0.87-1.15) and LBW 1.17 (95% CI 1.02-1.33). CONCLUSION: Prevalence of nondefect adverse birth outcomes is lower among outcomes with in utero ZDV exposure versus in utero non-ZDV ARV exposure. The risks for spontaneous and induced abortions were no different for ZDV-containing regimens versus non-ZDV ARV regimens. For premature births and stillbirths, there was no significant difference in risk between the two regimens. The risk of LBW was statistically significantly higher among ZDV-containing regimens versus non-ZDV ARV regimens. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: ZDV-containing regimens do not increase the risk for nondefect adverse birth outcomes.