Study on the quality evaluation of the leaves of Croton tiglium from different regions based on quality markers.

METHODOLOGY: The chemical constituents of LCT were identified and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector. A characteristic fingerprint was then established and combined with multivariate statistical analysis of 16 common peaks and eight diterpenoids to identify the quality markers. INTRODUCTION: The leaves of Croton tiglium (LCT) have long been used in folk and ethnic medicine in China. Owing to the various regions, the chemical composition and content of LCT may differ, and hence, the quality of medicinal materials may be different. However, quality standards have not yet been established, although some studies have been conducted on their composition. OBJECTIVES: To quantitatively compare the chemical constituents of LCT from different areas and establish a quality evaluation of LCT based on quality markers. RESULTS: Eight quality markers selected based on 16 common peaks and three quality markers selected based on eight diterpenoids can distinguish LCT from three regions. The diterpenoids, including 12-O-acetylphorbol-13-(2-methylbutyrate) (3), 12-O-tiglyl-4-deoxy-4α-phorbol-13-acetate (6), and 12-O-(2-methyl)butyrylphorbol-13-tiglate (8), can be used as potential quality markers for the quality evaluation of LCT. CONCLUSION: Diterpenoids are highly efficient markers for quality evaluation. This study provides robust identification data and lays the foundation for formulating quality standards for LCT.

Comparison of diterpenoid contents and dissolution profiles of selected Andrographis paniculata crude and extract capsules.

INTRODUCTION: Andrographis paniculata (AP) has been approved by the Thai government for the treatment of mild cases of COVID-19 patients. Increasing use of AP products requires quality control to ensure efficacy and safety. At present, there is no requirement for dissolution test of AP products in the Thai Herbal Pharmacopoeia (THP). OBJECTIVE: This work aimed to examine the contents and dissolution profiles of active diterpenoids, andrographolide (AP1), 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (AP3), neoandrographolide (AP4), and 14-deoxyandrographolide (AP6) in AP capsules available in Thai markets. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four extract products (EXT. A-D) and three crude powder products (CRD. A-C) were tested for contents by using HPLC-DAD. Dissolution profiles of four diterpenoids were investigated in different media (pH 1.2, 4.5, 6.8, and 0.01 N HCl + SLS) with apparatus II (paddle type). RESULTS: The AP1 contents were 1.99%-2.90% w/w for crude capsules and 2.84%-16.27% w/w for extract capsules. In the dissolution test, the dissolution percentages of four diterpenoids from crude capsules were higher than those from extract capsules except EXT. A. AP1 in most extract products (EXT. B, C, D) was dissolved in all dissolution media at a lower percentage than the other three diterpenoids. EXT. A (aqueous extract) was the only extract capsule showing the amounts of all diterpenoids dissolved in all media >80% in 45 min. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated that AP1 content in AP products complied with the acceptance criteria in the THP (80%-120%), and the weight variation also met the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) requirements. However, different dissolution profiles of AP products may lead to different bioavailability of diterpenoids and further affect their efficacy.

Extraction Optimization and Qualitative/Quantitative Determination of Bioactive Abietane-Type Diterpenes from Three Salvia Species (Common Sage, Greek Sage and Rosemary) by 1H-qNMR.

The objective of this study was the optimization of the extraction process and the qualitative and quantitative determination of the bioactive metabolites: 12-O-methylcarnosic acid (12MCA), carnosic acid (CA), carnosol (CS), 7-O-methyl-epi-rosmanol (7MER) and rosmanol (RO) in infusions, decoctions, turbulent flow extracts, tinctures and oleolites from three Salvia species: Salvia officinalis L. (common sage, SO), Salvia fruticosa Mill. (Greek sage, SF) and Salvia rosmarinus Spenn (syn Rosmarinus officinalis L.) (rosemary, SR), using Quantitative Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H-qNMR). Regarding the aqueous extracts, decoctions appeared to be richer sources of the studied metabolites than infusions among the three plants. For SR, the turbulent flow extraction under heating was the most efficient one. The optimum time for the preparation of decoctions was found to be 5 min for SF and SO and 15 min for SR. It is noteworthy that SR tinctures were not stable in time due to decomposition of the abietane-type diterpenes CA and CS because of the polar solvent used for their preparation. Contrary to this finding, the oleolites of SR appeared to be very stable. Olive oil as a solvent for extraction was very protective for the contained abietane-type diterpenes. A preliminary stability study on the effect of the storage time of the SF on the abietane-type diterpenes content showed that the total quantity of abietanes decreased by 16.51% and 40.79% after 12 and 36 months, respectively. The results of this investigation also demonstrated that 1H-qNMR is very useful for the analysis of sensitive metabolites, like abietane-type diterpenes, that can be influenced by solvents used in chromatographic analysis.

Andrographolide, diterpenoid constituent of Andrographis paniculata: Review on botany, phytochemistry, molecular docking analysis, and pharmacology.

Andrographispaniculata (kalmegh) is also known as "king of bitters", is an herbaceous plant belongs to family Acanthaceae. The therapeutic effect is due to presence of diterpenoid lactone derivatives of A. paniculata mainly andrographolide. The main purpose of this review includes detailed (past and present) study of A. paniculata and its most important component andrographolide a diterpenoid lactone with respect to its botany, phytochemistry, molecular docking analysis and pharmacological effects i.e., therapeutic benefits. In reference to the search, we also compiled variety of dosage forms available, which are made up of A. paniculata extract and Andrographolide such as tablets and capsules. This review also discusses reported methods of extraction of phytoconstituents, pharmacokinetics of main components, their molecular docking analysis data and main therapeutic applications with their proposed mechanism of actions in various diseases. According to data collected, A. paniculata is becoming more and more valuable as a therapeutic herb.

An Optimized Two-Dimensional Quantitative Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Strategy for the Rapid Quantitation of Diester-Type C19-Diterpenoid Alkaloids from Aconitum carmichaelii.

With the development of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometers and probes, two-dimensional quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (2D qNMR) technology with a high signal resolution and great application potential has become increasingly accessible for the quantitation of complex mixtures. However, the requirement that the relaxation recovery time be equal to at least five times T1 (longitudinal relaxation time) makes it difficult for 2D qNMR to simultaneously achieve high quantitative accuracy and high data acquisition efficiency. By comprehensively using relaxation optimization and nonuniform sampling, we successfully established an optimized 2D qNMR strategy for HSQC experiments at the half-hour level and then accurately quantified the diester-type C19-diterpenoid alkaloids in Aconitum carmichaelii. The optimized strategy had the advantages of high efficiency, high accuracy, good reproducibility, and low cost and thus could serve as a reference to optimize 2D qNMR experiments for quantitative analysis of natural products, metabolites, and other complex mixtures.

Dissecting chemical markers for controlling "Paozhi" method of traditional Chinese medicine with untargeted metabolomics: Vinegar-baked Euphorbia kansui as a case study.

The processing of Traditional Chinese Medicine requires the appropriate parameters, while the specific chemical markers are still absent to obtain the optimized processing. In this study, we used vinegar-baked Euphorbia kansui as a case to dissect the chemical markers for the baking process using untargeted metabolomics. The robust chemical markers were selected based on the three rules, correlation, significant difference, and controllability. All the differential features were categorized based on their mass defects. After the differential analysis, 310 differential compounds were screened out and could be mainly divided into six categories: diacylglycerols and triacylglycerols demonstrated increasing trends with the baking time in the discriminant model, while ingenane-type diterpenes, jatrophane-type diterpenes, fatty acid esters, and fatty acids had decreasing trends. It was unexpected to find that the diterpenes did not correlate with the baking time. Only very few compounds meet the three rules. They were validated with a high-performance liquid chromatography method. Finally, only 13-Hydroxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid and its isomer 9-Hydroxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid could be used further to differentiate the commercial vinegar-baked Euphorbia kansui. It would be of interest to evaluate whether these two compounds could be utilized as markers to control more processing methods in future studies.

Detoxification mechanism of vinegar-processed Kansui revealed by systematic phytochemical analysis using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography diode array detection tandem mass spectrometry, ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry and in silico drug target identification.

RATIONALE: The dried roots of Euphorbia kansui L., known as Kansui, are used to treat ascites and edema in traditional Chinese medicine. However, the toxicity of this herb has seriously restricted its clinical application. A unique vinegar-processing method has been used to reduce its toxicity since the time of ancient China. However, the detoxification mechanism underlying such vinegar processing has not been fully revealed. To find the answer, the process-induced changes in components should be carefully investigated. METHODS: We performed a systematic analysis of chemical components in raw and vinegar-processed Kansui using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) diode array detection tandem mass spectrometry and UHPLC high-resolution mass spectrometry. Thirty-one chemical components in raw and vinegar-processed Kansui were found, the chemical structures of 28 components among them were proposed and the process-induced changes in components were then investigated. RESULTS: A comprehensive conclusion about the process-induced chemical change was drawn. It was found that jatrophane-type diterpenoids decreased markedly after vinegar processing, while ingenane-type diterpenoids were retained during vinegar processing. In silico drug target identification gave hints that jatrophane-type diterpenoids, which decreased markedly during vinegar processing, may have more intense toxicity involving cholinesterase and mitogen-activated protein kinases, while ingenane-type diterpenoids, which were retained during vinegar processing, may have a more intense therapeutic effect involving carbonic anhydrase. CONCLUSIONS: The possible detoxification mechanism of vinegar-processed Kansui is presented. The research has significance for the therapeutic/toxic chemical basis of Kansui. Also, it has significance for drug discovery from terpenoids within the herb.

Combining multidimensional chromatography-mass spectrometry and feature-based molecular networking methods for the systematic characterization of compounds in the supercritical fluid extract of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F.

Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F from the family Celastraceae is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) whose principal chemical constituents are terpenoids, including sesquiterpene alkaloids and diterpenoids, which have unique and diverse structures and remarkable biological activities. In order to advance pharmacological research and guide the preparation of monomer compounds derived from T. wilfordii, a systematic approach to efficiently discover new compounds or their derivatives is needed. Herein, compound separation and identification were performed by offline reversed-phase × supercritical fluid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (RP × SFC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) and Global Natural Product Social (GNPS) molecular networking. The 2D chromatography system exhibited a high degree of orthogonality and significant peak capacity, and SFC has an advantage during the separation of sesquiterpene alkaloid isomers. Feature-based molecular networking offers the great advantage of quickly detecting and clustering unknown compounds, which greatly assists in intuitively judging the type of compound, and this networking technique has the potential to dramatically accelerate the identification and characterization of compounds from natural sources. A total of 324 compounds were identified and quantitated, including 284 alkaloids, 22 diterpenoids and 18 triterpenoids, which means that there are numerous potential new compounds with novel structures to be further explored. Overall, feature-based molecular networking provides an effective method for discovering and characterizing novel compounds and guides the separation and preparation of targeted natural products.

A strategy for the rapid discovery and validation of active diterpenoids as quality markers in different habitats of Langdu using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with multivariate statistical analysis.

Langdu, known as a traditional Chinese medicine, was identified as the roots of species of Euphorbia ebracteolata Hayata and Euphorbia fischeriana Steud, displaying anti-tuberculosis activity. To clarify the potent quality markers of Langdu, this research first developed a fast and sensitive ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of 13 diterpenoids in Langdu. The developed method was further applied in the analyses of 12 authentic E. ebracteolata and E. fischeriana samples collected in northern and southeastern China. Then, the anti-tuberculosis evaluation of 12 batches of Langdu samples was performed in vitro. Finally, partial least squares discrimination analysis was used in the discrimination of E. ebracteolata and E. fischeriana from different origins and processing methods. Jolkinolide A (1), jolkinolide E (3), yuexiandajisu D (6), and ebractenone A (11) were identified as key, potent diterpenoids for the quality control of E. ebracteolata Hayata and E. fischeriana Steud. The present study established a qualitative chemical analysis method for Langdu (E. ebracteolata and E. fischeriana) and suggested the key bioactive components that will improve qualitative control methodology for this important medicine.

Classification of diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum kusnezoffii Reichb. by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based on molecular networking.

Trace amounts of components in traditional Chinese medicine are considered pharmacological active substances used for treating many serious diseases. However, purifying all the trace substances and making clear their structures are not easy. In this context, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry based molecular networking was applied to investigate the chemical constituents of the roots of Aconitum kusnezoffii Reichb., which led to the identification of 33 nodes in different groups (N1-N33). Based on the excremental fragmentation pathway of known diterpenoid alkaloids (1-9) and comparisons of characteristic ions and characteristic loss of analogs in literature, the structures of unknown ions were deduced. This work lays a foundation for the evaluation of the clinical basis and mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine from the aspects of chemistry. In this paper, the method speculation of unknown natural products by means of molecular network method is expected to be applied in the discovery and change law of relevant active components in clinical pharmacology and the change of complex systems caused by trace active compounds.

Five new seco-labdane-type diterpenoids from Caesalpinia latisiliqua.

Five new seco-labdane-type diterpenoids, caesalatisics A-E (1-5), were isolated from the leaves of Caesalpinia latisiliqua (Cav.) Hattink. Their chemical structures were determined using 1D and 2D NMR, mass spectra, and circular dichroism spectroscopies.

A practical technique for rapid characterisation of ent-kaurane diterpenoids in Isodon serra (Maxim.) Hara by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS.

INTRODUCTION: The diterpenoids are the most important active constituents that contribute to the pharmacological efficacy of Isodon serra (Maxim.) Hara. Clinical studies have revealed that diterpenoids possess multiple features, e.g. antitumour, antitubercular and anti-ischemic activities. Therefore, the identification and detection of diterpenoids may be equally important for understanding the pharmacological basis of diterpenoids and enhancing the product quality control of I. serra. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to develop a practical analysis approach of rapid characterisation using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS) for the structure characterisation of the ent-kaurane diterpenoids from I. serra. METHODOLOGY: The analytical strategy was as follows: first, ent-kaurane diterpenoids were detected by a novel on-line data acquisition approach, i.e. sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment-ion spectra (SWATH). Second, the MS of eight ent-kaurane diterpenoids was explored, and their mass spectrum cleavage pathways were summarised and determined. Finally, the methanol extract of I. serra was studied using SWATH and identified by extracted ion chromatography (XIC). RESULTS: Compared to the traditional information-dependent acquisition (IDA) method, SWATH significantly improved the hit rate of ent-kaurane diterpenoids. With support from UHPLC separation and specific detection by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), 48 ent-kaurane diterpenoids were successfully characterised and classified as ent-kaurane diterpenoids from a complex matrix. CONCLUSIONS: These combined qualitative methods were used to provide a potential approach for the characterisation of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and its preparations. Meanwhile, the SWATH provided a novel and reliable method for the structural characterisation of ent-kaurane diterpenoids from other complicated TCMs.

Seasonal Variability of Volatilome from Dictyota dichotoma.

Dictyotaceae, the large family of brown algae with the genus Dictyota as the richest one among them, produce a significant number of secondary metabolites, like diterpenes. The aim of this study was to investigate the variations in the composition of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of the brown alga Dictyota dichotoma collected from the Adriatic Sea. For the first time, both seasonal changes and the impact of air drying were examined. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) on two fibres with different polarities and hydrodistillation (HD), followed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, was performed on both fresh (FrDd) and air-dried (DrDd) D. dichotoma. The major compounds of HS-FrDd were pentadecane and oct-1-en-3-ol. The percentage of pentadecane in HS-DrDd was increased up to 7.8 times in comparison with HS-FrDd. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified differences between the variability of data among fresh and dried samples over months and clearly dissociated the fresh May samples from the others in the HS-SPME results. The most abundant group of VOCs in HD were terpenes, with diterpenes isopachydictyol A and cembra-4,7,11,15-tetraen-3-ol as the major compounds. Diterpene pachydictyol A was also found and among sesquiterpenes and gleenol was the most abundant. Based on the dominant compound analyses, the PCA showed distinct separation of the fresh and dried samples, indicating similarities between the samples and allowing the establishment of typical VOCs significant for the chemotaxonomy of D. dichotoma.

Recent Updates on the Functional Impact of Kahweol and Cafestol on Cancer.

Kahweol and cafestol are two diterpenes extracted from Coffea arabica beans that have distinct biological activities. Recent research describes their potential activities, which include anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer properties, among others. The two diterpenes have been shown to have anticancer effects in various in vitro and in vivo cancer models. This review aims to shed light on the recent developments regarding the potential effects of kahweol and cafestol on various cancers. A systematic literature search through Google Scholar and PubMed was performed between February and May 2022 to collect updates about the potential effects of cafestol and kahweol on different cancers in in vitro and in vivo models. The search terms "Kahweol and Cancer" and "Cafestol and Cancer" were used in this literature review as keywords; the findings demonstrated that kahweol and cafestol exhibit diverse effects on different cancers in in vitro and in vivo models, showing pro-apoptotic, cytotoxic, anti-proliferative, and anti-migratory properties. In conclusion, the diterpenes kahweol and cafestol display significant anticancer effects, while remarkably unaffecting normal cells. Our results show that both kahweol and cafestol exert their actions on various cancers via inducing apoptosis and inhibiting cell growth. Additionally, kahweol acts by inhibiting cell migration.

Qualitative Analysis Related to Palynological Characterization and Biological Evaluation of Propolis from Prespa National Park (Greece).

Propolis samples from a geographical part of northwest Greece (Prespa National Park, PNP), which is characterized as a plant endemism center and biodiversity hotspot, were characterized through pollen analysis, chemically analyzed, and biologically evaluated. The majority of the studied propolis showed typical chemical constituents (phenolic acids, flavonoids, and chalcones) of European type, while a sample of Mediterranean-type propolis (rich in diterpenes) was also identified. The palynological characterization was implemented to determine the botanical origin and to explain the chemical composition. The total phenolic content and the DPPH assay showed that the European-type propolis samples possessed strong antioxidant activity (86-91% inhibition at 200 µg/mL). Moreover, promising antibacterial activity of the extracts (MIC values 0.56-1.95 mg/mL) and moderate antifungal activity (MIC values 1.13-2.40 mg/mL) were noticed, while the sample with the highest activity had a significant content in terpenes (Mediterranean type). Propolis samples from the PNP area represent a rich source of antibacterial and antioxidant compounds and confirm the fact that propolis is a significant natural product with potential use for improving human health and stimulating the body's defense. Finally, it is noteworthy that a significant chemical diversity was demonstrated, even in samples from a limited geographical area as this of PNP.

Assessment of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Selected Greek Propolis Samples (North East Aegean Region Islands).

Propolis is a bee-produced substance rich in bioactive compounds, which has been utilized widely in folk medicine, in food supplement and cosmetology areas because of its biological properties, (antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, etc.). The subject of this study is associated with the chemical analysis and the biological evaluation of 16 propolis samples from the northeast Aegean region Greek islands, a well-recognized geographic area and the homeland of rich flora as a crossroads between Europe and Asia. Our study resulted in the detection of a significant percentage of diterpenes by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), while flavonoids were identified in low percentages among studied samples. Furthermore, the DPPH assay highlighted that eight of the samples (Lesvos and Lemnos origin) demonstrated a promising antioxidant profile, further verified by their total phenolic content (TPC). Additionally, the propolis samples most rich in diterpenes showed significant antibacterial and fungicidal properties against human pathogenic microorganisms, proving them to be a very interesting and promising crude material for further applications, concluding that floral diversity is the most responsible for the bioactivity of the propolis samples.

Differences in diterpenoid diversity reveal new evidence for separating the genus Coleus from Plectranthus.

Covering: up to 2019The large and medicinally important tropical plant genus Plectranthus (Lamiaceae) was recently split into three separate genera on the basis of molecular and morphological evidence; Plectranthus sensu stricto, Coleus and Equilabium. We found striking differences between the diterpenoids which strongly support this taxonomic split. Coleus is characterised by abietanes oxygenated at C-14 such as royleanones, spirocoleons and acylhydroquinones, which could be useful chemotaxonomic markers to distinguish this genus from Plectranthus s.s. In contrast, the abietanes in Plectranthus s.s. lack C-14 oxygenation, but are often acylated with unusual acids. Equilabium species do not seem to produce diterpenoids. The structures of the nearly 240 abietanes so far reported from Coleus and Plectranthus and their distribution are presented. The aim of this Highlight is to provide an overview of the differences in diterpenoid diversity between these newly defined genera, which are relevant to predict which previously understudied species could hold untapped potential for their medicinal and other economic uses, and to underpin future research on how these plants have evolved to synthesise distinct abietane types.

An integrative method based on UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS combined with metabolomics to authenticate Isodon rubescens.

Genuine regional drugs have played a vital role in clinical use for a long time. There are differences in traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) from different regions based on their chemical composition. Differences in chemical composition may lead to deviations in therapeutic effects. To our knowledge, to date, there are no effective methods for distinguishing genuine regional drugs based on the differences in their chemical composition. Therefore, establishing an analytical platform for distinguishing the compounds used in TCM from various geographical locations is essential. In this work, an integrated platform based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS combined with plant metabolomics approach was established for comprehensively distinguishing genuine regional drugs. Isodon rubescens (Hemsl.) Hara, a widely used herbal medicine of China, was chosen for this study and 24 samples from four geographical locations in China were collected. A total of 60 ent-kaurane diterpenoids were tentatively identified, and then the samples from four geographical origins were distinguished using PCA (principal component analysis) and PLS-DA (partial least squares discrimination analysis). Different compounds were identified among the samples collected from the four geographical locations, and 12 of them were regarded as marker compounds responsible for the distinction. Our study highlights the essence and predictive ability of metabolomics in detecting minute differences in the same varieties of TCM samples based on the levels and compositions of their metabolites. These results showed that the analysis using UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS combined with metabolomics could be applied to distinguish the geographical origins and varieties of TCM.

Aconitum Diterpenoid Alkaloid Profiling to Distinguish between the Official Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Fuzi and Adulterant Species Using LC-qToF-MS with Chemometrics.

The lateral roots of Aconitum carmichaelii, known in Chinese as fuzi, are officially recognized as a materia medica in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and used culinarily to prepare herbal soups. A strategy combining UPLC-qToF-MS analysis of A. carmichaelii and its intraspecies and interspecies chemometrics study was developed to examine the distribution of Aconitum marker metabolites. Four diterpenoid alkaloids were recognized to be important markers in fuzi, and another 15 markers were identified to differentiate A. carmichaelii from adulterant species. The detected fuzi markers, mesaconitine (47) and hypaconitine (51), are known to be the principal toxins in this herb, while fuziline (6) and benzoylmesaconine (25) are associated with its medicinal properties. Additional marker compounds have been detected in other Aconitum species that are useful for identifying adulteration. This study provides a useful resource for detecting traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) adulterants and assisting in the quality control of botanical products in TCM and beyond.

Simultaneous separation and determination of three diterpenoids in Euphorbia lathyris L. and its formulations by hydrophobic interaction electrokinetic chromatography.

In this study, a hydrophobic interaction electrokinetic chromatography method has been developed for simultaneous separation and determination of three diterpenoids in Euphorbia lathyris L.: Euphorbia factors L1 , L2 , and L3 . After optimization of separation conditions, the electrolyte solution was 5.0 mM ammonium acetate buffer containing 30 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate in a 60% v/v methanol (pH 6.86), 25 kV of electric field across the capillary was applied at 25°C, and the detection wavelength was at 280 nm. Under optimum conditions, good linearity was achieved with correlation coefficients from 0.9945 to 0.9995. The limits of detection were 2.5, 7.5, and 5.6 µg/mL, and the limits of quantitation were 8.8, 23.9, and 15.3 µg/mL, respectively. Excellent accuracy and precision were obtained. Recoveries of the analytes varied from 98.5 to 103.8%. The established method was novel, simple, and rapid, and it was validated and confirmed to be applicable for the determination of the active ingredients in a quality control analysis.