Foot callus thickness does not trade off protection for tactile sensitivity during walking.

Until relatively recently, humans, similar to other animals, were habitually barefoot. Therefore, the soles of our feet were the only direct contact between the body and the ground when walking. There is indirect evidence that footwear such as sandals and moccasins were first invented within the past 40 thousand years1, the oldest recovered footwear dates to eight thousand years ago2 and inexpensive shoes with cushioned heels were not developed until the Industrial Revolution3. Because calluses-thickened and hardened areas of the epidermal layer of the skin-are the evolutionary solution to protecting the foot, we wondered whether they differ from shoes in maintaining tactile sensitivity during walking, especially at initial foot contact, to improve safety on surfaces that can be slippery, abrasive or otherwise injurious or uncomfortable. Here we show that, as expected, people from Kenya and the United States who frequently walk barefoot have thicker and harder calluses than those who typically use footwear. However, in contrast to shoes, callus thickness does not trade-off protection, measured as hardness and stiffness, for the ability to perceive tactile stimuli at frequencies experienced during walking. Additionally, unlike cushioned footwear, callus thickness does not affect how hard the feet strike the ground during walking, as indicated by impact forces. Along with providing protection and comfort at the cost of tactile sensitivity, cushioned footwear also lowers rates of loading at impact but increases force impulses, with unknown effects on the skeleton that merit future study.

Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament is linked to heterotopic ossification of the ankle/foot tendons.

INTRODUCTION: Systemic osteogenesis has been speculated to be involved in the pathogenesis of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). Our purpose was to compare the radiologic prevalence and severity of heterotopic ossification in foot tendons of Japanese patients with OPLL and to determine their association with systemic heterotopic ossification. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical and radiographic data of 114 patients with OPLL were collected from 2020 to 2022. Control data were extracted from a medical database of 362 patients with ankle radiographs. Achilles and plantar tendon ossification were classified as grades 0-4, and the presence of osteophytes at five sites in the foot/ankle joint was assessed by radiography. Factors associated with the presence and severity of each ossification were evaluated by multivariable logistic regression and linear regression analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of Achilles and plantar tendon ossification (grade ≥ 2) was 4.0-5.5 times higher in patients with OPLL (40-56%) than in the controls (10-11%). The presence of Achilles tendon ossification was associated with OPLL, age, and coexisting plantar tendon ossification, and was most strongly associated with OPLL (standardized regression coefficient, 0.79; 95% confidence interval, 1.34-2.38). The severity of Achilles and plantar tendon ossification was associated with the severity of ossification of the entire spinal ligament. CONCLUSIONS: The strong association of foot tendon ossification with OPLL suggests that patients with OPLL have a systemic osteogenesis background. These findings will provide a basis for exploring new treatment strategies for OPLL, including control of metabolic abnormalities.

Bilateral tuberculous dactylitis of both hand and feet in a female toddler: a case report on a rare presentation of skeletal tuberculosis in children.

BACKGROUND: Even though tuberculosis is a common disease among children in developing countries, tuberculous dactylitis is an uncommon form of Skeletal tuberculosis specially with involvement of both the hands and feet. CASE PRESENTATION: A one-and-a-half-year-old previously healthy female Ethiopian toddler presented to our pediatric outpatient clinic with a history of two-month duration of painful multiple swellings over both her hands and feet. The swelling involved the proximal phalanx of the left index finger, dorsum of the right hand, and dorsum of both feet over the first metatarsal bone. Physical examination, radiologic findings, and histopathology suggested tuberculous dactylitis. The patient was treated with anti-tuberculosis drugs for one year and she showed clinical and radiologic improvement and recovery. CONCLUSION: Tubercular dactylitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of children from endemic areas presenting with bone and joint pain or swelling. Our experience of a twelve-month course of antitubercular treatment, which is in line with WHO recommendations, for skeletal tuberculosis, showed excellent outcomes.

Cellular Schwannoma Mimicking a Nodular Melanoma on the Sole of the Foot, an Avoidable Diagnostic Pitfall.

ABSTRACT: We report a rare case of cellular schwannoma (CS) manifesting as an ulcerated nodular lesion, mimicking spindle cell melanoma on the sole of the foot. CS, a benign variant of schwannoma, typically occurs in deep soft tissues but can rarely present cutaneously. The diagnosis of CS heavily relies on histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining for specific markers such as SOX10 and S100. In this case, initial clinical suspicion of nodular melanoma was confirmed on biopsy, which revealed a spindle cell neoplasm positive for SOX10 and negative for melanocytic markers. Misdiagnosis of nodular melanoma was averted through complete excision. CS diagnosis demands careful consideration due to its resemblance to other spindle cell neoplasms, especially melanoma. Meticulous histopathological evaluation and immunostaining are important to differentiate CS from similar lesions, ensuring accurate diagnosis and appropriate management. This report contributes valuable insights into the diagnostic challenges and management of CS, particularly in unusual cutaneous presentations.

Applications of Finite Element Modeling in Biomechanical Analysis of Foot Arch Deformation: A Scoping Review.

Excessive foot arch deformation is associated with plantar tissue overload and ligamentous injury pathologies. Finite element (FE) analysis, as an effective tool for modeling and simulation, has been utilized clinically for providing insights into arch biomechanics. This systematic scoping review aimed to summarize the current state of computational modeling techniques utilized in arch biomechanics from 2000 onwards and outline the main challenges confronting the further development of accurate models in clinical conditions. English-language searches of the electronic databases were conducted in the Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus until July 2022. Articles that investigated arch deformation mechanisms by FE modeling were included. The methodological quality was assessed utilizing the Methodological Quality Assessment of Subject-Specific Finite Element Analysis Used in Computational Orthopedics (MQSSFE). Seventeen articles were identified in this systematic scoping review, mostly focusing on constructing models for specific pathological conditions, such as progressive collapsing foot deformity, valgus foot, and posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. However, given the complexity of the arch problem, geometrical simplifications regarding the balance between accurate detail and computational cost and assumptions made in defining modeling parameters (material properties and loading and boundary conditions) may bring challenges to the accuracy and generalizability of models applied to clinical settings. Overall, advances in computational modeling techniques have contributed to reliable foot deformation simulation and analysis in modern personalized medicine.

Calcifying fibrous tumor: a rare case in the foot.

Calcifying fibrous tumor is a rare fibroblastic tumor with distinctive histological presentation that shows benign characteristics. To our knowledge, there are no prior reports that have documented imaging findings of calcifying fibrous tumor in the distal lower extremity. We report the case of a 25-year-old man who presented with a mass in the medial aspect of the right foot that was first noted 4 years earlier. Medical attention was sought due to perceived increase in size as well as increasing pain in the right foot. The patient had no limitations in activity but reported worsening discomfort while walking. An anteroposterior radiograph obtained at first presentation demonstrated a large calcified soft mass in the medial aspect of the foot. Contrast-enhanced MRI showed a mildly enhancing 6.5 cm × 2.5 cm × 8.5 cm mass, hypointense on T1- and T2-weighted images, infiltrating the adjacent abductor hallucis and flexor digitorum brevis muscles. Histopathology demonstrated multiple irregular fragments of white-tan firm tissue with a gritty cut surface, positive for CD34 on immunohistochemistry and consistent with calcifying fibrous tumor. Although rare in the extremities, this diagnosis should be considered in patients with a calcifying soft tissue mass. Low signal intensity with low-grade enhancement on MRI as well as stable disease course could prompt a diagnosis of calcifying fibrous tumor even in previously unmanifested locations.

Initial Experience With Subchondral Stabilization for Grade II Stress Fractures of the Midfoot and Forefoot.

Stress fractures of the foot are often preceded by magnetic resonance imaging evidence of bone marrow edema. While new evidence suggests intraosseous injection of calcium phosphate ("subchondral stabilization") can alleviate symptoms associated with bone marrow edema, no data yet exist regarding its use in developing mid- and forefoot stress fractures. Fifty-four patients who underwent subchondral stabilization of various midfoot/forefoot bones in our practice were observed over a 5-year period. All patients were unresponsive to standard nonoperative measures for at least 6 weeks, and all had clinical exams and advanced imaging consistent with a Kaeding-Miller Grade II stress fracture. Forty patients were included with a mean age of 54.3 ± 14.9 years and mean follow-up of 14.1 ± 6.9 months. Patients saw a significant decrease in visual analog scale (VAS) pain as early as 1 month postoperatively (p < .05). Mean postoperative VAS at 12 months was 2.11 ± 2.50, and mean reduction in VAS pain from preoperative to 12 months postoperative was -5.00 (95% CI -3.44 to -6.56, p < .05). Fourteen patients (34%, 14/41) were entirely pain free at 12 months. Higher preoperative VAS pain scores (unadjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.13 [95% CI 1.20-3.77], p = .010) and treatment of more than 1 bone (unadjusted OR 6.23 [95% CI 1.39-27.8], p = .017) were associated with a greater likelihood of not achieving a pain free status at 12 months. Our initial experience with subchondral stabilization suggests the procedure may be safe and effective for use in many Kaeding-Miller Grade II stress fractures of the mid- and forefoot.

Intravascular Endothelial Hyperplasia of the Foot.

Intravascular endothelial hyperplasia is a benign soft tissue mass rarely reported in the foot. Advanced imaging and confirming a benign diagnosis are critical for any soft tissue mass. This paper identifies 2 patients that developed intravascular endothelial hyperplasia tumors which required surgical excision. A 17-year-old male patient presented to clinic complaining of a painful bump to the arch of his right foot which he related to an injury 9 months prior. Magnetic resonance imaging of the right foot revealed a mass within the plantar subcutaneous fat that was serpiginous in nature similar to adjacent branching vessels favoring a low-flow vascular malformation. A 38-year-old female with Multiple Sclerosis presented with complaints of persistent symptoms of pain to the 1st interspace, difficult ambulation and neuritis. Ultrasound and MRI observed solid, multilobulated mass, with internal vascular malformation, MRI describing intrinsic involvement along the abductor musculature and flexor tendons. Both lesions were surgically excised and sent for pathology. Pathology report indicated a diagnosis of intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia or Masson's tumor in both cases. Pathology diagnosis of intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia is generally good with wide resection leading to low recurrence rates. Both patients in the current study have progressed postoperatively with resolution of symptoms and without recurrence.

Plantar shear stress in the diabetic foot: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIMS: Diabetic foot ulceration (DFU) is a multifactorial process involving undetected, repetitive trauma resulting in inflammation and tissue breakdown. Shear stress forms a major part of plantar load, the aim of this review is to determine whether elevated shear stress results in ulceration. METHODS: A systematic review of the Ovid Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL and Cochrane library databases was performed. Studies involving patients with diabetes who underwent plantar shear stress assessment were included. The primary outcome was plantar shear stress in patients with diabetes who had a current/previous DFU compared with those with no prior ulceration. Meta-analysis was performed comparing shear stress between those with a current or previous DFU and those without, and those with diabetes and healthy controls. RESULTS: The search strategy identified 1461 potentially relevant articles, 16 studies met the inclusion criteria, involving a total of 597 patients. Comparing shear stress between the current/previous DFU group and those without: Standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.62 (95% CI -0.01 to 1.25), in favour of greater shear stress within the DFU group, p = 0.05. Comparing shear stress between people with diabetes and healthy controls: 0.36 (95% CI -0.31 to 1.03), in favour of greater shear stress within the diabetes group, p = 0.29. CONCLUSION: This review suggests that that patients with diabetes and a history of ulceration exhibit greater shear stress than their ulcer-free counterparts. This strengthens the premise that development of systems to measure shear stress may be helpful in DFU prediction and prevention.

Presurgical Perspective and Postsurgical Evaluation of Morton's Neuroma and Other Nerve Lesions.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a robust method used for both preoperative and postoperative evaluation of Morton's neuroma and other neural lesions. MRI is used to confirm the diagnosis and for precise localization, estimation of outcome, and differential diagnoses. The differential diagnoses include mechanically induced plantar plate ruptures with associated Morton's neuroma-like tumors in the intermetatarsal/interdigital spaces; mechanical fibrosis cushion formations and pseudo bursae in the plantar foot adipose tissue; rheumatologic affections, such as rheumatoid nodules, gouty nodules, and intermetatarsal bursitis; and lastly the tenosynovial giant cell tumor (formerly called pigmented villonodular synovitis). In the postoperative evaluation after resection of Morton's neuroma, the same differential diagnoses must be considered as in the preoperative evaluation. Similarly, a high prevalence (up to 25%) of asymptomatic Morton's neuroma-like findings in the intermetatarsal and interdigital spaces should be kept in mind when interpreting postoperative recurrent forefoot pain after Morton's neuroma resection.

Clinical characteristics and differences of 802 acral tumours, categorized by anatomical sites.

BACKGROUND: Acral skin tumours are common, but information in the literature regarding their incidence is scarce. AIM: To investigate the clinical characteristics and differences in incidence of benign and malignant acral tumours by anatomical site. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of 802 patients with acral skin tumours confirmed by skin biopsy between January 2010 and December 2019. Age, sex, duration, symptoms and sites were obtained from medical records and photographs. RESULTS: The mean age of onset was 43.8 years, the male/female ratio was 1 : 1.41, and the mean duration was 68.8 months. Most tumours were asymptomatic (66.7%). In total, 802 acral tumours were identified: 512 (63.8%) were benign and 290 (36.2%) were malignant. The most common benign tumours were benign melanocytic lesions (n = 239), and the most common malignant tumours were melanoma (n = 234). The most common site was the sole (n = 408). Benign melanocytic lesions, melanoma and epidermal cysts were more frequent on the foot, whereas pyogenic granuloma, glomus tumours, haemangiomas and mucous cysts were more frequent on the hand. Glomus tumours, fibromas, mucous cysts and osteomas were more frequent on the nail portion, and benign melanocytic lesions and epidermal cysts were more frequent on the non-nail portion. CONCLUSION: This study reports the incidence of various benign and malignant acral tumours according to site, and we believe the results will be helpful in making a clinical diagnosis.

Management of diabetic ulcers of the dorsum of the foot and distal leg ulcers.

OBJECTIVE: Diabetic foot ulceration of toes, forefoot and heel have been extensively studied; however, the dorsum of the foot and the distal leg have rarely been addressed. The objective of this study was to assess diabetic ulcers of the dorsum of the foot and of the distal leg (DUDFDLs) as primary sites, or extended lesions from other foot locations, with regard to possible causes, management and outcomes. METHOD: This was a retrospective study conducted in Jabir Abu Eliz Diabetic Centre (JADC) in Khartoum from January 2018 to August 2019. All patients with a primary DUDFDL, or one extending from a plantar or heel ulcer, were included. RESULTS: A cohort of 102 patients with DUDFDLs were studied; 74 (72.5%) were male and 28 (27.5%) were female, with a male-to-female ratio of 2.6:1, and a mean age of 57±12 years. The ulcer was a primary DUDFDL in 38 patients and a secondary ulcer in 64 patients. The outcome in 38 patients with primary DUDFDL was healing without amputation in 26 cases (68.4%), amputation of toes in 12 cases (31.6%), and no major amputation or death. Of the 64 patients presenting with secondary DUDFDL extending from the plantar surface, there was extension to the dorsum of the foot through the forefoot ulcer in 54 patients and through the ankle joint to the distal leg in 10 patients. For the plantar ulcers extending to the dorsum, five cases healed without amputation (9.3%), minor amputation was necessary in 29 cases (53.7%), major amputation in 14 cases (25.9%) and six patients died (11.1%). For the distal leg ulcers with extension through the ankle joint, five healed without amputation and five required minor amputation. CONCLUSION: Primary DUDFDLs had a favourable outcome. Dorsum extension of diabetic foot ulcer from the plantar aspect of the foot carries a high risk for major limb amputation and death.

Foot ulcer recurrence, plantar pressure and footwear adherence in people with diabetes and Charcot midfoot deformity: A cohort analysis.

AIMS: To investigate people with Charcot midfoot deformity with regard to plantar pressure, footwear adherence and plantar foot ulcer recurrence. METHODS: Twenty people with diabetes, Charcot midfoot deformity, plantar foot ulcer history and custom-made footwear were assessed with regard to barefoot and in-shoe plantar pressures during walking, footwear adherence (% of daily steps over 7-day period) and plantar foot ulcer recurrence over 18 months. In a cohort design, they were compared to 118 people without Charcot foot (non-Charcot foot group) with custom-made footwear and similar ulcer risk factors. RESULTS: Median (interquartile range) barefoot midfoot peak pressures were significantly higher in the Charcot foot group than in the non-Charcot foot group [756 (260-1267) vs 146 (100-208) kPa; P<0.001]. In-shoe midfoot peak pressures were not significantly higher in the Charcot foot group [median (interquartile range) 152 (104-201) vs 119 (94-160) kPa] and significantly lower for all other foot regions. Participants in the Charcot foot group were significantly more adherent, especially at home, than participants in the non-Charcot foot group [median (interquartile range) 94.4 (85.4-95.0)% vs. 64.3 (25.4-85.7)%; P=0.001]. Ulcers recurred in 40% of the Charcot foot group and in 47% of the non-Charcot foot group (P=0.63); midfoot ulcers recurred significantly more in the Charcot foot group (4/8) than in the non-Charcot foot group (1/55; P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Effective offloading and very high footwear adherence were found in people with diabetes and Charcot midfoot deformity. While this may help protect against plantar foot ulcer recurrence, a large proportion of such people still experience ulcer recurrence. Further improvements in adherence and custom-made footwear design may be required to improve clinical outcome.

Long-term outcome of persons with diabetic and non-diabetic neuro-osteoarthropathy after foot correction using external fixation.

AIM: Diabetic neuro-osteoarthropathy (Charcot foot) is a serious form of diabetic foot syndrome, often leading to severe deformity of the foot and subsequently to ulcers and osteomyelitis. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the success rate and long-term outcomes for a Charcot foot operation using external fixation in 115 individuals who underwent surgery between July 2008 and December 2012. METHODS: Some 115 consecutive persons, 78 (68%) men and 37 (32%) women, were enrolled in this study. The eligibility criterion for this retrospective study was reconstructive foot surgery using a Hoffmann II external fixator in diabetic and non-diabetic neuro-osteoarthropathy. The main examination parameters in the follow-up were walking ability, amputation and mortality. Average follow-up was 5.7 (± 3.2) years. RESULTS: Ninety-seven per cent of people were able to walk after the operation with bespoke shoes or an orthosis. At follow-up, 77% were able to walk and 51% were fully mobile even outside the home. Subsequent amputations were performed in 29 individuals (26%), with 17 (15%) minor and 12 (11%) major amputations. Forty-seven individuals died before follow-up, the majority (53%) from cardiovascular events. Average survival time post surgery was 4.5 (± 2.9) years. CONCLUSION: Reconstruction surgery using external fixation is a very useful method for maintaining walking ability in the case of conservatively non-treatable diabetic and non-diabetic neuro-osteoarthropathy. Individuals with severe Charcot foot disease had a low rate of major amputations. Osteomyelitis was the main reason for major amputations.

Papillomas and probable in situ carcinoma in association with a novel papillomavirus in a red-billed gull (Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae scopulinus).

Numerous raised plaques were observed on the feet of a red-billed gull (Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae scopulinus) that had been found dead. The plaques consisted of thickened epidermis with cell changes indicative of papillomavirus (PV) infection prominent within affected areas. Evidence suggesting progression to neoplasia was visible in one lesion. A DNA sequence that was most similar, but only 68.3% identical, to duck PV type 3 was amplified from the papillomas, suggesting a novel PV type. Lesions containing PV DNA have only previously been reported in three avian species. This is the first evidence that PVs could cause neoplasia in birds.

Effects of human variation on foot and ankle pain in rural Madagascar.

OBJECTIVES: Foot and ankle dysfunction in barefoot/minimally shod populations remains understudied. Although factors affecting musculoskeletal pain in Western populations are well-studied, little is known about how types of work, gender, and body shape influence bone and joint health in non-Western and minimally shod communities. This study examines the effect of human variation on locomotor disability in an agrarian community in Madagascar. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Foot measurements were collected along with height, weight, age, and self-report data on daily activity and foot and ankle pain from 41 male and 48 female adults. A short form revised foot function index (FFI-R), that measures functional disability related to foot pain, was calculated. Raw and normalized foot measurements were compared by gender and used in a multiple linear regression model to determine predictors of FFI-R. RESULTS: Compared to men, women reported higher FFI-R scores (p = 0.014), spent more time on their feet (p = 0.019), and had higher BMIs (p = 0.0001). For their weight, women had significantly smaller and narrower feet than men. Bimalleolar breadth (p = 0.0005) and foot length (p = 0.0223) standardized by height, time spent on feet (p = 0.0102), ankle circumference standardized by weight (p = 0.0316), and age (p = 0.0090) were significant predictors of FFI-R score. DISCUSSION: Our findings suggest that human variation in anatomical and behavioral patterns serve as significant explanations for increased foot and ankle pain in women in this non-Western rural population. Foot and ankle pain were prevalent at similar levels to those in industrialized populations, indicating that research should continue to examine its effect on similar barefoot/minimally shod communities.

No efficacy of biofield therapy in the treatment of warts of the hands and feet in adults: a randomized controlled trial.

Although biofield therapy is unexplained by scientific evidence, it has been practised for many years in numerous cultures for a variety of medical conditions. This study aimed to determine whether one session of biofield therapy with an experienced practitioner could treat warts on the hands and feet in adults. A single-blind, assessor-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial was performed between April 2016 and November 2018. The enrolled participants had at least one wart on the hand or foot that had been present for at least 90 days and they were not using any other therapy for the wart. The primary outcome of this trial was the disappearance of the original wart 3 weeks after session of proximal nontouch biofield therapy vs. a sham session. No original wart had disappeared 3 weeks after intervention (0/64), which made the study impossible to conclude on the primary objective. There were no significant differences between the two groups concerning wart disappearance 3 weeks (P = 0.49) or 6 weeks (P = 0.40) after the intervention. Reduction in wart size at Week 3 tended towards a better result for biofield therapy but this was not significant (P = 0.27). No related adverse effects were observed. The major limitation of this trial was the short follow-up time for measurement of clinical outcome, which did not allow verification of the hypothesis. However, this study shows that 3 weeks after a session of proximal nontouch biofield therapy is an insufficient length of time to assess biofield therapy in comparison with a sham session. Based on this study, biofield therapy cannot be recommended to treat warts within 3 weeks.

Kawasaki disease for the paediatric dermatologist: skin manifestations and new insights into the pathophysiology.

Early diagnosis of Kawasaki disease (KD) is critical to allow prompt initiation of treatment and avoid cardiac complications. All children with KD have fever accompanied by clinical signs, with four of the five classic criteria for complete KD being mucocutaneous, thus creating an important role for dermatologists. Moreover, dermatologists must be familiar with other dermatological findings that are not included in the American Heart Association classification criteria but can support the diagnosis, particularly in incomplete forms of the disease. We review the skin manifestations described for KD and perform an overview of pathophysiological advances and new treatments.

Relationships between type of hoof lesion and behavioral signs of lameness in Holstein cows housed in Canadian tiestall facilities.

Although foot pain can affect gait, the presence of a hoof lesion may or may not cause the cow to show visible changes in their gait. This can be dependent on the type and severity of the lesion; for example, the presence of a sole ulcer (SU) has been associated with increased gait scores, whereas digital dermatitis (DD) and sole hemorrhage (SH) have not. In tiestall facilities, gait scoring can be difficult to perform. An alternative method, known as stall lameness scoring (SLS), allows observers to assess cattle for lameness while they remain in their stall. Lameness is determined based on behavioral changes in weight bearing and foot positioning, which include: shifting weight, resting a foot, standing on the edge of the stall, and uneven weight bearing when stepping side to side. The aim of this study was to examine relationships between hoof lesions and these behavioral indicators. A total of 557 observations of SLS and corresponding hoof trimming records, collected during routine trimming events on 7 tiestall herds, were obtained. Trimming was performed by 2 trained hoof trimmers with good agreement on lesion identification, based on quizzes taken at the beginning and mid-way through the study. To ensure trimming had no effect on the behavioral indicators observed, SLS was always performed by a trained observer before trimming. Behavioral indicators focused on the hind limbs only; therefore, the analysis was confined to hind limb lesions using logistic regression to detect the presence of hoof lesion based on observations made during SLS. Seventy-five percent of observed cows had no SLS behavioral indicators, whereas, 11, 12, and 1% had 1, 2, and 3 behavioral indicators, respectively. At least one hind limb lesion was noted during trimming in 19% of cows, with the most common lesions being DD (7%), SU (6%), and SH (4%). A cow that was observed resting one foot and bearing weight unevenly when moving side to side had higher odds of having a hind limb hoof lesion than a cow not displaying these behaviors. When looking at specific hoof lesions, a cow observed resting one limb and bearing weight unevenly had higher odds of having a SU compared with those not displaying these behaviors. A cow observed shifting their weight from one foot to another had higher odds of having SH, and a cow observed bearing weight unevenly had higher odds of DD. Behavioral indicators in weight bearing and foot positioning can help identify cows in tiestalls with hind limb hoof lesions. Producers could routinely observe their cattle for these indicators to assist in the identification of cows that may require treatment. This could help reduce the duration of clinical lameness through earlier intervention.

To Be or Not to Be (A Morton's/Interdigital Neuroma): That Is the Question-A Case Series of Lateral Forefoot Pain Localized to the Proper Digital Nerve of the Fifth Toe.

ABSTRACT: We present 2 cases where the initial history and examination were similar to a Morton's/interdigital neuroma. In both cases, however, diagnostic ultrasound revealed symptomatic snapping of the proper digital nerve of the fifth toe. The anatomy of the proper digital nerve of the fifth toe may predispose it to a snapping phenomenon. Clinical awareness of this atypical cause of forefoot pain can help guide the diagnosis and treatment in those patients with persistent and refractory lateral forefoot pain and paresthesias.