Pathogenic germline variants in patients with endometrial cancer of diverse ancestry.

BACKGROUND: Racial disparities in outcomes exist in endometrial cancer (EC). The contribution of ancestry-based variations in germline pathogenic variants (gPVs) is unknown. METHODS: Germline assessment of ≥76 cancer predisposition genes was performed in patients with EC undergoing tumor-normal Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Integrated Mutation Profiling of Actionable Cancer Targets sequencing from January 1, 2015 through June 30, 2021. Self-reported race/ethnicity and Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry data classified patients into groups. Genetic ancestry was inferred from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Integrated Mutation Profiling of Actionable Cancer Targets. Rates of gPV and genetic counseling were compared by ancestry. RESULTS: Among 1625 patients with EC, 216 (13%) had gPVs; 15 had >1 gPV. Rates of gPV varied by self-reported ancestry (Ashkenazi Jewish, 40/202 [20%]; Asian, 15/124 [12%]; Black/African American (AA), 12/171 [7.0%]; Hispanic, 15/124 [12%]; non-Hispanic (NH) White, 129/927 [14%]; missing, 5/77 [6.5%]; p = .009], with similar findings by genetic ancestry (p < .001). We observed a lower likelihood of gPVs in patients of Black/AA (odds ratio [OR], 0.44; 95% CI, 0.22-0.81) and African (AFR) ancestry (OR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.18-0.85) and a higher likelihood in patients of Ashkenazi Jewish genetic ancestry (OR, 1.62; 95% CI; 1.11-2.34) compared with patients of non-Hispanic White/European ancestry, even after adjustment for age and molecular subtype. Somatic landscape influenced gPVs with lower rates of microsatellite instability-high tumors in patients of Black/AA and AFR ancestry. Among those with newly identified gPVs (n = 114), 102 (89%) were seen for genetic counseling, with lowest rates among Black/AA (75%) and AFR patients (67%). CONCLUSIONS: In those with EC, gPV and genetic counseling varied by ancestry, with lowest rates among Black/AA and AFR patients, potentially contributing to disparities in outcomes given implications for treatment and cancer prevention. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Black women with endometrial cancer do worse than White women, and there are many reasons for this disparity. Certain genetic changes from birth (mutations) can increase the risk of cancer, and it is unknown if rates of these changes are different between different ancestry groups. Genetic mutations in 1625 diverse women with endometrial cancer were studied and the lowest rates of mutations and genetic counseling were found in Black and African ancestry women. This could affect their treatment options as well as their families and may make disparities worse.

Molecular image-guided surgery in gynaecological cancer: where do we stand?

PURPOSE: The aim of this review is to give an overview of the current status of molecular image-guided surgery in gynaecological malignancies, from both clinical and technological points of view. METHODS: A narrative approach was taken to describe the relevant literature, focusing on clinical applications of molecular image-guided surgery in gynaecology, preoperative imaging as surgical roadmap, and intraoperative devices. RESULTS: The most common clinical application in gynaecology is sentinel node biopsy (SNB). Other promising approaches are receptor-target modalities and occult lesion localisation. Preoperative SPECT/CT and PET/CT permit a roadmap for adequate surgical planning. Intraoperative detection modalities span from 1D probes to 2D portable cameras and 3D freehand imaging. CONCLUSION: After successful application of radio-guided SNB and SPECT, innovation is leaning towards hybrid modalities, such as hybrid tracer and fusion of imaging approaches including SPECT/CT and PET/CT. Robotic surgery, as well as augmented reality and virtual reality techniques, is leading to application of these innovative technologies to the clinical setting, guiding surgeons towards a precise, personalised, and minimally invasive approach.

ChatGPT compared to national guidelines for management of ovarian cancer: Did ChatGPT get it right? - A Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Team Ovary study.

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the performance of a chatbot compared to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Guidelines for the management of ovarian cancer. METHODS: Using NCCN Guidelines, we generated 10 questions and answers regarding management of ovarian cancer at a single point in time. Questions were thematically divided into risk factors, surgical management, medical management, and surveillance. We asked ChatGPT (GPT-4) to provide responses without prompting (unprompted GPT) and with prompt engineering (prompted GPT). Responses were blinded and evaluated for accuracy and completeness by 5 gynecologic oncologists. A score of 0 was defined as inaccurate, 1 as accurate and incomplete, and 2 as accurate and complete. Evaluations were compared among NCCN, unprompted GPT, and prompted GPT answers. RESULTS: Overall, 48% of responses from NCCN, 64% from unprompted GPT, and 66% from prompted GPT were accurate and complete. The percentage of accurate but incomplete responses was higher for NCCN vs GPT-4. The percentage of accurate and complete scores for questions regarding risk factors, surgical management, and surveillance was higher for GPT-4 vs NCCN; however, for questions regarding medical management, the percentage was lower for GPT-4 vs NCCN. Overall, 14% of responses from unprompted GPT, 12% from prompted GPT, and 10% from NCCN were inaccurate. CONCLUSIONS: GPT-4 provided accurate and complete responses at a single point in time to a limited set of questions regarding ovarian cancer, with best performance in areas of risk factors, surgical management, and surveillance. Occasional inaccuracies, however, should limit unsupervised use of chatbots at this time.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the Bartholin's gland is underpinned by MYB- and MYBL1- rearrangements.

OBJECTIVE: Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) of the Bartholin's gland (AdCC-BG) is a very rare gynecologic vulvar malignancy. AdCC-BGs are slow-growing but locally aggressive and are associated with high recurrence rates. Here we sought to characterize the molecular underpinning of AdCC-BGs. METHODS: AdCC-BGs (n = 6) were subjected to a combination of RNA-sequencing, targeted DNA-sequencing, reverse-transcription PCR, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and MYB immunohistochemistry (IHC). Clinicopathologic variables, somatic mutations, copy number alterations and chimeric transcripts were assessed. RESULTS: All six AdCC-BGs were biphasic, composed of ductal and myoepithelial cells. Akin to salivary gland and breast AdCCs, three AdCC-BGs had the MYB::NFIB fusion gene with varying breakpoints, all of which were associated with MYB overexpression by IHC. Two AdCC-BGs were underpinned by MYBL1 fusion genes with different gene partners, including MYBL1::RAD51B and MYBL1::EWSR1 gene fusions, and showed MYB protein expression. Although the final AdCC-BG studied had MYB protein overexpression, no gene fusion was identified. AdCC-BGs harbored few additional somatic genetic alterations, and only few mutations in cancer-related genes were identified, including GNAQ, GNAS, KDM6A, AKT1 and BCL2, none of which were recurrent. Two AdCC-BGs, both with a MYB::NFIB fusion gene, developed metastatic disease. CONCLUSIONS: AdCC-BGs constitute a convergent phenotype, whereby activation of MYB or MYBL1 can be driven by the MYB::NFIB fusion gene or MYBL1 rearrangements. Our observations further support the notion that AdCCs, irrespective of organ site, constitute a genotypic-phenotypic correlation. Assessment of MYB or MYBL1 rearrangements may be used as an ancillary marker for the diagnosis of AdCC-BGs.

Mesonephric and mesonephric-like adenocarcinomas of gynecologic origin: A single-center experience with molecular characterization, treatment, and oncologic outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: Mesonephric (MA) and mesonephric-like (MLA) adenocarcinomas are rare cancers, and data on clinical behavior and response to therapy are limited. We sought to report molecular features, treatment, and outcomes of MA/MLA from a single institution. METHODS: Patients with MA (cervix) or MLA (uterus, ovary, other) treated at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK) from 1/2008-12/2021 underwent pathologic re-review. For patients with initial treatment at MSK, progression-free survival (PFS1) was calculated as time from initial surgery to progression or death; second PFS (PFS2) was calculated as time from start of treatment for recurrence to subsequent progression or death. Overall survival (OS) was calculated for all patients. Images were retrospectively reviewed to determine treatment response. Somatic genetic alterations were assessed by clinical tumor-normal sequencing (MSK-Integrated Mutation Profiling of Actionable Cancer Targets [MSK-IMPACT]). RESULTS: Of 81 patients with confirmed gynecologic MA/MLA, 36 received initial treatment at MSK. Sites of origin included cervix (n = 9, 11%), uterus (n = 42, 52%), ovary (n = 28, 35%), and other (n = 2, 2%). Of the 36 patients who received initial treatment at MSK, 20 (56%) recurred; median PFS1 was 33 months (95% CI: 17-not evaluable), median PFS2 was 8.3 months (95% CI: 6.9-14), and median OS was 87 months (95% CI: 58.2-not evaluable). Twenty-six of the 36 patients underwent MSK-IMPACT testing, and 25 (96%) harbored MAPK pathway alterations. CONCLUSION: Most patients diagnosed with early-stage disease ultimately recurred. Somatic MAPK signaling pathway mutations appear to be highly prevalent in MA/MLA, and therapeutics that target this pathway are worthy of further study.

Regionalizing ovarian cancer cytoreduction to high-volume centers and the impact on patient travel in New York State.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the theoretical impact of regionalizing cytoreductive surgery for ovarian cancer (OC) to high-volume facilities on patient travel. METHODS: We retrospectively identified patients with OC who underwent cytoreduction between 1/1/2004-12/31/2018 from the New York State Cancer Registry and Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System. Hospitals were stratified by low-volume (<21 cytoreductive surgical procedures for OC annually) and high-volume centers (≥21 procedures annually). A simulation was performed; outcomes of interest were driving distance and time between the centroid of the patient's residence zip code and the treating facility zip code. RESULTS: Overall, 60,493 patients met inclusion criteria. Between 2004 and 2018, 210 facilities were performing cytoreductive surgery for OC in New York; 159 facilities (75.7%) met low-volume and 51 (24.3%) met high-volume criteria. Overall, 10,514 patients (17.4%) were treated at low-volume and 49,979 (82.6%) at high-volume facilities. In 2004, 78.2% of patients were treated at high-volume facilities, which increased to 84.6% in 2018 (P < .0001). Median travel distance and time for patients treated at high-volume centers was 12.2 miles (IQR, 5.6-25.5) and 23.0 min (IQR, 15.2-37.0), and 8.2 miles (IQR, 3.7-15.9) and 16.8 min (IQR, 12.4-26.0) for patients treated at low-volume centers. If cytoreductive surgery was centralized to high-volume centers, median distance and time traveled for patients originally treated at low-volume centers would be 11.2 miles (IQR, 3.8-32.3; P < .001) and 20.2 min (IQR, 13.6-43.0; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Centralizing cytoreductive surgery for OC to high-volume centers in New York would increase patient travel burden by negligible amounts of distance and time for most patients.

Mainstreaming in parallel with ovarian cancer tumor testing to improve genetic testing uptake.

OBJECTIVES: Although genetic testing (GT) is universally recommended for patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), rates are low (34%). In 1/2019, we implemented mainstreaming-GT in parallel with tumor testing via MSK-IMPACT within oncology clinics. We sought to determine GT rates pre/post-mainstreaming and patient characteristics associated with GT. METHODS: Patients with newly diagnosed EOC seen at our institution from 7/1/2015-3/31/2022 were included. Clinical data were abstracted including social determinants of health (SDOH) variables, race/ethnicity, marital status, insurance, language, comorbidities, employment, and Yost index, a measure of socioeconomic status. GT rates were calculated overall and pre-/post-mainstreaming (1/2019). Logistic regression models were fit to identify variables associated with GT. RESULTS: Of 1742 patients with EOC, 1591 (91%) underwent GT. Rates of GT increased from 87% to 95% after mainstreaming (p < 0.001). Among 151 patients not undergoing GT, major reasons were lack of provider recommendation (n = 76, 50%) and logistical issues (n = 38, 25%) with few declining (n = 14, 9%) or having medical complications preventing GT (n = 7, 4.6%). High-grade serous histology, advanced stage (III/IV), and having a spouse/partner were associated with increased GT uptake (p < 0.01). Among SDOH variables, there were no differences by insurance, Yost score, language, comorbidities, employment, or race/ethnicity. In multivariable models, likelihood of GT increased with mainstreaming, even after adjustment for histology, stage, and marital status (OR 3.77; 95% CI: 2.56-5.66). CONCLUSIONS: Mainstreaming increased the likelihood of GT in patients with EOC. We found lower testing rates in patients without partners/spouses, non-high-grade serous histology, and early-stage disease, representing potential areas for future interventions.

International expert consensus on the surgical anatomic classification of radical hysterectomies.

BACKGROUND: The anatomic descriptions and extents of radical hysterectomy often vary across the literature and operative reports worldwide. The same nomenclature is often used to describe varying procedures, and different nomenclature is often used to describe the same procedure despite the availability of guideline and classification systems. This makes it difficult to interpret retrospective surgical reports, analyze surgical databases, understand technique descriptions, and interpret the findings of surgical studies. OBJECTIVE: In collaboration with international experts in gynecologic oncology, the purpose of this study was to establish a consensus in defining and interpreting the 2017 updated Querleu-Morrow classification of radical hysterectomies. STUDY DESIGN: The anatomic templates of type A, B, and C radical hysterectomy were documented through a set of 13 images taken at the time of cadaver dissection. An online survey related to radical hysterectomy nomenclature and definitions or descriptions of the associated procedures was circulated among international experts in radical hysterectomy. A 3-step modified Delphi method was used to establish consensus. Image legends were amended according to the experts' responses and then redistributed as part of a second round of the survey. Consensus was defined by a yes response to a question concerning a specific image. Anyone who responded no to a question was welcome to comment and provide justification. A final set of images and legends were compiled to anatomically illustrate and define or describe a lateral, ventral, and dorsal excision of the tissues surrounding the cervix. RESULTS: In total, there were 13 questions to review, and 29 experts completed the whole process. Final consensus exceeded 90% for all questions except 1 (86%). Questions with relatively lower consensus rates concerned the definitions of types A and B2 radical hysterectomy, which were the main innovations of the 2017 updated version of the 2008 Querleu-Morrow classification. Questions with the highest consensus rates concerned the definitions of types B1 and C, which are the most frequently performed radical hysterectomies. CONCLUSION: The 2017 version of the Querleu-Morrow classification proved to be a robust tool for defining and describing the extent of radical hysterectomies with a high level of consensus among international experts in gynecologic oncology. Knowledge and implementation of the exact definitions of hysterectomy radicality are imperative in clinical practice and clinical research.

Vulvar Cancer, Version 3.2024, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology.

Vulvar cancer is annually diagnosed in an estimated 6,470 individuals and the vast majority are histologically squamous cell carcinomas. Vulvar cancer accounts for 5% to 8% of gynecologic malignancies. Known risk factors for vulvar cancer include increasing age, infection with human papillomavirus, cigarette smoking, inflammatory conditions affecting the vulva, and immunodeficiency. Most vulvar neoplasias are diagnosed at early stages. Rarer histologies exist and include melanoma, extramammary Paget's disease, Bartholin gland adenocarcinoma, verrucous carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and sarcoma. This manuscript discusses recommendations outlined in the NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) for treatments, surveillance, systemic therapy options, and gynecologic survivorship.

Novel Androgen Receptor Splice Variant 7 in Gynecologic Tumors.

Androgen receptor splicing variant 7 (AR-V7) is a truncated variant of the AR mRNA that may be a predictive biomarker for AR-targeted therapy. AR-V7 has been described in prostate, breast, salivary duct, and hepatocellular carcinomas as well as mammary and extra-mammary Paget disease. We report 2 gynecologic cancers occurring in the lower uterine segment and ovary and both harboring AR-V7 by targeted RNA sequencing. The uterine tumor was an undifferentiated carcinoma consisting of epithelioid cells and focally spindled cells arranged in sheets, nests, and cords associated with brisk mitotic activity and tumor necrosis. The ovarian tumor consisted of glands with cribriform and solid architecture and uniform cytologic atypia. ER and PR were positive in the ovarian tumor and negative in the uterine tumor. Both were positive for AR and negative for HER2, GATA3, and NKX3.1. DNA methylation profiling showed epigenetic similarity of the AR-V7-positive gynecologic cancers to AR-V7-positive breast cancers rather than to prostate cancers. AR-V7 may underpin rare gynecologic carcinomas with undifferentiated histology or cribriform growth reminiscent of prostatic adenocarcinoma and breast invasive ductal carcinoma.

Establishing guidelines for sentinel lymph node ultrastaging in endometrial cancer.

BACKGROUND: Many sentinel lymph node (SLN) ultrastaging protocols for endometrial cancer exist, but there is no consensus method. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to develop guidelines for size criteria in SLN evaluation for endometrial cancer, to determine whether a single cytokeratin AE1:AE3 immunohistochemical slide provides sufficient data for diagnosis, and to compare cost efficiency between current and limited ultrastaging protocols at a large tertiary care institution. METHODS: Our current SLN ultrastaging protocol consists of cutting two adjacent paraffin block sections at two levels (L1 and L2), 50 µm apart, with two slides at each level stained with hematoxylin and eosin and cytokeratin AE1:AE3 immunohistochemistry. We retrospectively reviewed digitized L1 and L2 slides of all positive ultrastaged SLNs from patients treated for endometrial cancer between January 2013 and January 2020. SLN diagnosis was defined by measuring the largest cluster of contiguous tumor cells in a single cross section: macrometastasis (>2.0 mm), micrometastasis (>0.2 to ≤2.0 mm or >200 cells), or isolated tumor cells (≤0.2 mm or ≤200 cells). Concordance between L1 and L2 results was evaluated. Cost efficiency between current (two immunohistochemical slides per block) and proposed limited (one immunohistochemical slide per block) protocols was compared. RESULTS: Digitized slides of 147 positive SLNs from 109 patients were reviewed; 4.1% of SLNs were reclassified based on refined size criteria. Complete concordance between L1 and L2 interpretations was seen in 91.8% of SLNs. A false-negative rate of 0%-0.9% in detecting micrometastasis and macrometastasis using a limited protocol was observed. Estimated charge-level savings of a limited protocol were 50% per patient. CONCLUSION: High diagnostic accuracy in SLN interpretation may be achieved using a limited ultrastaging protocol of one immunohistochemical slide per block and linear measurement of the largest cluster of contiguous tumor cells. Implementation of the proposed limited ultrastaging protocol may result in laboratory cost savings with minimal impact on health outcomes.

Prognosis of isolated tumor cells and use of molecular classification in early stage endometrioid endometrial cancer.

OBJECTIVE: We assessed the prognosis and molecular subtypes of early stage endometrioid endometrial cancer with isolated tumor cells within sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) compared with node negative disease. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with stage IA, IB, or II endometrioid endometrial cancer and primary surgical management were identified from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2019. All SLNs underwent ultrastaging according to the institutional protocol. Patients with cytokeratin positive cells, micrometastases, and macrometastases were excluded. Clinical, pathology, and molecular subtype data were reviewed. RESULTS: Overall, 1214 patients with early stage endometrioid endometrial cancer met the inclusion criteria, of whom 1089 (90%) had node negative disease and 125 (10%) had isolated tumor cells. Compared with node negative disease, the presence of isolated tumor cells had a greater association with deep myometrial invasion, lymphovascular space invasion, receipt of adjuvant therapy, and adjuvant chemotherapy with or without radiation (p<0.01). There was no significant difference in survival rates between patients with isolated tumor cells and node negative disease (3 year progression free survival rate 94% vs 91%, respectively, p=0.21; 3 year overall survival rate 98% vs 96%, respectively, p=0.45). Progression free survival did not significantly differ among patients with isolated tumor cells who received no adjuvant therapy or chemotherapy with or without radiation (p=0.31). There was no difference in the distribution of molecular subtypes between patients with isolated tumor cells (n=28) and node negative disease (n=194; p=0.26). Three year overall survival rates differed significantly when stratifying the entire cohort by molecular subtype (p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with isolated tumor cells demonstrated less favorable uterine pathologic features and received more adjuvant treatment with similar survival compared with patients with nodenegative disease. Among the available data, molecular classification did not have a significant association with the presence of isolated tumor cells, although copy number-high status was a poor prognostic indicator in early stage endometrioid endometrial cancer.

Molecular and pathologic data to guide selection of patients with endometrioid endometrial cancer for ovarian preservation.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association of molecular and pathologic factors with concurrent or recurrent ovarian disease to guide ovarian preservation in endometrioid endometrial cancer. METHODS: Patients with endometrial cancer ≤50 years of age at diagnosis were grouped by elective oophorectomy versus ovarian preservation at staging (January 2010 to June 2021). Tumors were stratified by molecular sub-type and CTNNB1 mutational status with next generation sequencing and immunohistochemistry. Germline data identified patients with Lynch syndrome. Associations between molecular/pathologic features and concurrent ovarian disease in patients electing oophorectomy were compared with the Wilcoxon rank-sum and Fisher's exact tests. Associations with isolated ovarian recurrences in patients who chose ovarian preservation were examined using survival analyses. RESULTS: Among 317 patients with endometrial cancer who underwent bilateral oophorectomy, 27 (9%) had malignant ovarian tumors, of whom 11 (41%) had no gross ovarian involvement on intra-operative survey. For patients with sequencing, concurrent malignant ovarian tumors were diagnosed in 0/14 (0%) POLE, 2/48 (4%) copy number-low/no specific molecular profile, 10/22 (45%) microsatellite instability-high, and 3/6 (50%) copy number-high/TP53abnormal patients (p<0.001). Concurrent malignant ovarian tumors were present in 1/30 (3%) hotspot CTNNB1-mutated versus 10/60 (17%) wildtype/CTNNB1 non-hotspot mutated endometrial cancer patients (p=0.11) and 7/28 (25%) Lynch versus 7/74 (9%) non-Lynch syndrome patients (p=0.06). Concurrent malignant ovarian tumors were present in patients with higher grade endometrial cancer (5% grade 1 vs 20% grade 2 and 24% grade 3; p<0.001), present versus absent lymphovascular space invasion (20% vs 6%; p=0.004), positive versus negative pelvic washings (28% vs 7%; p=0.016), and ≥50% versus <50% myoinvasion (24% vs 7%; p=0.004). Of 103 patients who chose ovarian preservation, four had isolated ovarian recurrences (two had high-risk pathologic features and two had high-risk molecular features). CONCLUSIONS: The integration of molecular and pathologic data may improve risk stratification of pre-menopausal patients with endometrial cancer and enhance candidate selection for ovarian preservation.

2009 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage IIIA endometrial cancer: oncologic outcomes based on involvement of adnexa, serosa, or both.

OBJECTIVE: To assess clinicopathologic features and survival outcomes of patients with endometrial carcinoma involving adnexal, full-thickness serosal, or combined involvement. METHODS: This international, multi-institutional, retrospective study examined patients with 2009 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage IIIA endometrial cancer and tumors involving the uterine serosa and/or adnexa, who were surgically staged between 2000 and 2019. Patients with sarcoma histology, concurrent endometrial/ovarian malignancy, neoadjuvant treatment, positive lymph nodes, or peritoneal disease were excluded. RESULTS: Of 185 patients identified, 139 had tumors with adnexal-only, 40 with serosal-only, and six with combined adnexal/serosal involvement. Median age at diagnosis was 60 years (range 23-89). Among tumors of endometrioid histology, 12 (48%) with serosal-only and 17 (19%) with adnexal-only involvement were FIGO grade 3 (p=0.007). Twenty-three tumors with serosal-only (64%) and 50 with adnexal-only (37%) involvement had lymphovascular invasion (p=0.004). Non-endometrioid histology was present in five tumors (83%) with combined adnexal/serosal, 15 (38%) with serosal-only, and 50 (36%) with adnexal-only involvement.Median follow-up was 77 months (range 0.6-254). Five-year progression-free survival and overall survival rates for all patients with stage IIIA disease were 73.8% (SE 3.5%) and 81.0% (SE 3.1%), respectively. For patients with adnexal-only, serosal-only, and combined adnexal/serosal involvement, 5-year progression-free survival rates were 80% (SE 3.8%), 61% (SE 8.3%), and 33% (SE 19.2%), respectively (p<0.01); 5-year overall survival rates were 85% (SE 3.3%), 70% (SE 7.8%), and 60% (SE 21.9%), respectively (p=0.09). On univariate analysis, tumors having serosal involvement with/without adnexal involvement, non-endometrioid histology, and lymphovascular invasion were significantly associated with progression. On multivariate analysis, tumors having serosal involvement with/without adnexal involvement remained significantly associated with recurrence (adjusted HR=2.2, 95% CI 1.2 to 4.3; p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with 2009 FIGO stage IIIA endometrial cancer have distinct survival outcomes depending upon adnexal and/or serosal involvement. Progression-free survival was worse for patients with serosal involvement after adjusting for histology, adjuvant treatment, and lymphovascular space invasion.

Oncologic outcomes based on lymphovascular space invasion in node-negative FIGO 2009 stage I endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma: a multicenter retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The 2023 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging system includes lymphovascular invasion quantification as a staging criterion for endometrioid endometrial carcinomas; no lymphovascular invasion and focal invasion (≤4 vessels involved) are grouped as one category, and substantial invasion as another. OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between lymphovascular invasion and oncologic outcomes. METHODS: We retrospectively identified patients with FIGO 2009 stage I endometrioid endometrial cancer treated surgically with total hysterectomy and lymph node assessment at two tertiary care centers between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2019. Lymphovascular space invasion was categorized as focal (<5 vessels involved), substantial (≥5 vessels involved), and no lymphovascular invasion using WHO criteria. RESULTS: Of 1555 patients included, 65 (4.2%) had substantial, 119 (7.7%) had focal, and 1371 (88.2%) had no lymphovascular invasion. Median age was 64 years (range 24-92). Thirty-five patients (53.8%) with substantial, 44 (37%) with focal, and 115 (8.4%) with no lymphovascular invasion had stage IB disease (p<0.001); 21 (32.3%) with substantial, 24 (20.2%) with focal, and 91 (6.6%) with no lymphovascular invasion had grade 3 disease (p<0.001). Thirty-six patients (55.4%) with substantial, 80 (67.2%) with focal, and 207 (15.1%) with no lymphovascular invasion received adjuvant treatment (p<0.001). Median follow-up was 61.5 months (range 0.8-133.9). Five-year progression-free survival rates were 68.7% (substantial), 70.5% (focal), and 90.7% (no invasion) (p<0.001). On multivariate analysis, any lymphovascular invasion was associated with increased risk of progression/death (adjusted HR (aHR)=1.84 (95% CI 1.73 to 1.96) for focal; 2.17 (95% CI 1.96 to 2.39) for substantial). Compared with focal, substantial lymphovascular invasion was associated with an aHR for disease progression of 1.18 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.39). CONCLUSIONS: Focal and substantial lymphovascular invasion were associated with increased risk of disease progression and do not appear to be prognostically distinct. Focal versus no lymphovascular invasion have different prognostic outcomes and should not be combined into one category.

A pre-operative scoring model to estimate the risk of blood transfusion over an ovarian cancer debulking surgery (BLOODS score): a Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Team Ovary study.

OBJECTIVES: To develop a pre-operative tool to estimate the risk of peri-operative packed red blood cell transfusion in primary debulking surgery. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed an institutional database to identify patients who underwent primary debulking surgery for ovarian cancer at a single center between January 1, 2001 and May 31, 2019. Receiver operating characteristic curve and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were calculated. Five-fold cross-validation was applied to the multivariate model. Significant variables were assigned a 'BLOODS' (BLood transfusion Over an Ovarian cancer Debulking Surgery) score of +1 if present. A total BLOODS score was calculated for each patient, and the odds of receiving a transfusion was determined for each score. RESULTS: Overall, 1566 patients met eligibility criteria; 800 (51%) underwent a peri-operative blood transfusion. Odds ratios (OR) were statistically significant for American Society of Anesthesiologists scores of 3 and 4 (OR 1.34, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.09 to 1.63), pre-operative levels of cancer antigen 125 (CA125) (OR 2.43, 95% CI 1.98 to 2.99), platelets (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.45 to 1.74), obesity (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.96), presence of carcinomatosis (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.93 to 3.11), bulky upper abdominal disease (OR 2.86, 95% CI 2.32 to 3.54), pre-operative serum albumin level (OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.40), and pre-operative hemoglobin level (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.61). The corrected AUC was 0.748 (95% CI 0.693 to 0.804). BLOODS scores of 0 and 5 corresponded to 11% and 73% odds, respectively, of receiving a peri-operative blood transfusion. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a universal pre-operative scoring system, the BLOODS score, to help identify patients with ovarian cancer who would benefit from surgical planning and blood-saving techniques. The BLOODS score was directly proportional to the American Society of Anesthesiologists score, presence of upper abdominal disease, carcinomatosis, CA125 level, and platelets level. We believe this model can help physicians with surgical planning and can benefit patient outcomes.

ARIA II: a randomized controlled trial of near-infrared Angiography during RectosIgmoid resection and Anastomosis in women with ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUND: Ovarian cancer with extensive metastatic disease involving pelvic structures often requires rectosigmoid resection for complete gross resection; however, it is associated with increased surgical morbidity. There are limited data, and none in ovarian cancer, on near-infrared assessment of perfusion in rectosigmoid resections with anastomosis. PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: To compare the rate of pelvic complications (pelvic abscesses, anastomotic leaks, and infections) within 30 days of surgery with and without near-infrared assessment of perfusion at time of rectosigmoid resection and re-anastomosis in patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery for ovarian cancer. STUDY HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesize the use of near-infrared technology (intravenous indocyanine green and endoscopic near-infrared fluorescence imaging), compared with standard intra-operative assessment, to evaluate anastomotic perfusion at time of rectosigmoid resection and re-anastomosis will result in lower rates of post-operative pelvic complications. TRIAL DESIGN: This is a planned multicenter randomized controlled trial. Patients who undergo rectosigmoid resection as part of their ovarian cytoreductive surgery will be randomized 1:1 to standard assessment of anastomosis with the surgeon's usual technique (control arm) or assessment with near-infrared angiography using indocyanine green and endoscopic fluorescence imaging (experimental arm). Randomization will occur after rectosigmoid resection has been completed and the surgeon declares their plan to create a diverting ostomy. Randomization will be stratified by plan for diverting ostomy. MAJOR INCLUSION/EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Main inclusion criteria include patients with primary or recurrent ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer who are scheduled for cytoreductive surgery with suspected need for low-anterior rectosigmoid resection. PRIMARY ENDPOINT: Rate of 30-day post-operative pelvic complications. SAMPLE SIZE: 310 (155 per arm) ESTIMATED DATES FOR COMPLETING ACCRUAL AND PRESENTING RESULTS: Q2 2027 and Q4 2027, respectively. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT04878094.

Consensus on surgical technique for sentinel lymph node dissection in cervical cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to establish a consensus on the surgical technique for sentinel lymph node (SLN) dissection in cervical cancer. METHODS: A 26 question survey was emailed to international expert gynecological oncology surgeons. A two-step modified Delphi method was used to establish consensus. After a first round of online survey, the questions were amended and a second round, along with semistructured interviews was performed. Consensus was defined using a 70% cut-off for agreement. RESULTS: Twenty-five of 38 (65.8%) experts responded to the first and second rounds of the online survey. Agreement ≥70% was reached for 13 (50.0%) questions in the first round and for 15 (57.7%) in the final round. Consensus agreement identified 15 recommended, three optional, and five not recommended steps. Experts agreed on the following recommended procedures: use of indocyanine green as a tracer; superficial (with or without deep) injection at 3 and 9 o'clock; injection at the margins of uninvolved mucosa avoiding vaginal fornices; grasping the cervix with forceps only in part of the cervix is free of tumor; use of a minimally invasive approach for SLN biopsy in the case of simple trachelectomy/conization; identification of the ureter, obliterated umbilical artery, and external iliac vessels before SLN excision; commencing the dissection at the level of the uterine artery and continuing laterally; and completing dissection in one hemi-pelvis before proceeding to the contralateral side. Consensus was also reached in recommending against injection at 6 and 12 o'clock, and injection directly into the tumor in cases of the tumor completely replacing the cervix; against removal of nodes through port without protective maneuvers; absence of an ultrastaging protocol; and against modifying tracer concentration at the time of re-injection after mapping failure. CONCLUSION: Recommended, optional, and not recommended steps of SLN dissection in cervical cancer have been identified based on consensus among international experts. These represent a surgical guide that may be used by surgeons in clinical trials and for quality assurance in routine practice.

DNA Methylation Signature of Synchronous Endometrioid Endometrial and Ovarian Carcinomas.

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) studies have demonstrated that co-occurring sporadic endometrioid endometrial carcinoma (EEC) and endometrioid ovarian carcinoma (EOC) are clonally related, suggesting that they originate from a single primary tumor. Despite clonality, synchronous EEC and EOC when diagnosed at early stage behave indolently, similar to isolated primary EEC or isolated primary EOC. In the present study, we compared the DNA methylation signatures of co-occurring EEC and EOC with those of isolated primary EEC and isolated primary EOC. We also performed targeted NGS to assess the clonal relatedness of 7 co-occurring EEC and EOC (4 synchronous EEC and EOC and 3 metastatic EEC based on pathologic criteria). NGS confirmed a clonal relationship in all co-occurring EEC and EOC. DNA methylation profiling showed distinct epigenetic signatures of isolated primary EEC and isolated primary EOC. Endometrial tumors from co-occurring EEC and EOC clustered with isolated primary EEC while their ovarian counterparts clustered with isolated primary EOC. Three co-occurring EEC and EOC cases with peritoneal lesions showed a closer epigenetic signature and copy number variation profile between the peritoneal lesion and EOC than EEC. In conclusion, synchronous sporadic EEC and EOC are clonally related but demonstrate a shift in DNA methylation signatures between ovarian and endometrial tumors as well as epigenetic overlap between ovarian and peritoneal tumors. Our results suggest that tumor microenvironment in the ovary may play a role in epigenetic modulation of metastatic EEC.

Impact of immune infiltration signatures on prognosis in endometrial carcinoma is dependent on the underlying molecular subtype.

OBJECTIVES: Increased numbers of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in endometrial cancer (EC) are associated with improved survival, but it is unclear how this prognostic significance relates to the underlying EC molecular subtype. In this explorative hypothesis-generating study, we sought to define the immune signatures associated with the molecular subtypes of EC (i.e., POLE-mutated, microsatellite unstable (MSI-high), copy number (CN)-low, and CN-high) and to determine their correlation with patient outcomes. METHODS: RNA-sequencing and molecular subtype data of 232 primary ECs were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Deconvolution of bulk gene expression data was performed using single sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA) and Cell type Identification By Estimating Relative Subsets Of known RNA Transcripts (CIBERSORT). The association of the resultant immune signatures with overall survival was determined across molecular subtypes. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences in enrichment were identified in 16/30 and 6/23 immune gene sets by ssGSEA and CIBERSORT, respectively. Signature of CD8+ cells in ECs of CN-high molecular subtype was associated with improved overall survival by ssGSEA (p = 0.0108), while CD8 signatures did not appear to be prognostic in MSI-high (p = 0.74) or CN-low EC molecular subtypes (p = 0.793). Of all molecular subtypes, CN-high ECs exhibited the lowest levels of CD8+ T cell infiltration. Consistent with antigen-induced T cell activation and exhaustion, enrichment for immunomodulatory receptors was predominantly observed in ECs of MSI-high and POLE-mutated molecular subtypes. CONCLUSIONS: Deconvolution of bulk gene expression data can be used to identify populations of immune infiltrated endometrial cancers with improved survival. These data support the existence of unique mechanisms of immune resistance within molecular subgroups of the disease.