Quantitative ultrasound for non-invasive evaluation of subclinical rejection in renal transplantation.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the predictive efficacy of shear-wave elastography, superb microvascular imaging (SMI), and CEUS for allograft rejection in kidney transplants without graft dysfunction. METHODS: From January 2021 to November 2021, 72 consecutive patients who underwent both allograft biopsy and ultrasound were evaluated. Blood test results were obtained within a week of the ultrasound examinations, which were performed before the protocol biopsy. Resistive index (RI), tissue viscoelasticity, vascular index, and quantitative CEUS parameters were measured. Patients were divided based on biopsy results into the rejection and non-rejection groups. RESULTS: Among the 72 patients, 21 patients had pathological characteristics of acute rejection. RI of allograft was significantly higher in the rejection group (p = 0.007), compared to the non-rejection group. There were no significant between-group differences in vascular indices of SMI, mean elasticity, and mean viscosity. Meanwhile, among the parameters obtained by the time-intensity curve on CEUS, the cortical and medullary ratios of average contrast signal intensity, peak enhancement, wash-in area AUC, wash-in perfusion index, wash-out AUC, and wash-in and wash-out AUC were significantly different between the two groups (p < 0.05). In the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for predicting allograft rejection, the AUC was 0.853 for the combination of six CEUS parameters, RI, and blood urea nitrogen. CONCLUSIONS: Among non-invasive quantitative ultrasound measurements, CEUS parameters are the most useful for diagnosing subclinical allograft rejection. Furthermore, the combination of CEUS parameters, RI, and blood urea nitrogen may be helpful for the early detection of renal allograft rejection. KEY POINTS: • Among non-invasive quantitative ultrasound measurements, CEUS parameters are the most useful for the diagnosis of subclinical allograft rejection. • On CEUS, the C/M ratios of MeanLin, PE, WiAUC, WiPI, WoAUC, and WiWoAUC are significantly lower in the rejection group; the combination of these showed reliable predictive performance for rejection. • The combination of CEUS parameters, RI, and BUN has a high predictive capability for subclinical allograft rejection.

Contrast Agent Selection to Prevent Recurrent Severe Hypersensitivity Reaction to Iodinated Contrast Media Based on Nationwide Database.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence of severe iodinated contrast media (ICM)-related hypersensitivity reaction (HSR) and to find the optimal alternative ICM to reduce the risk of severe HSR recurrence. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 23,383,183 cases of ICM administration between January 2015 and December 2019 from the nationwide health insurance database. We classified ICMs based on generic profiles and the presence of N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl) carbamoyl side chains. The incidence of severe and recurrent severe HSRs was calculated, and χ2 tests were performed to compare the prevalence of severe HSR according to ICM groups. In addition, logistic regression analyses were used to assess differences between ICM groups. RESULTS: The incidence of severe HSRs was 1.92% (450,067 of 23,282,183). Among 1,875,245 individuals who received ICM twice on different days, severe HSR occurred in 40,850 individuals, and severe HSR recurred in 3319 individuals (8.12%). The risk of recurrence significantly decreased when the ICM changed (9.24% vs 7.08%, P < 0.001), especially when the ICM changed to one with a different side chain (6.74%, P < 0.001). In addition, compared with the reuse of the culprit agent, using combinations of iobitridol/iohexol (odds ratio [OR], 0.696; P = 0.04), iohexol/iopamidol (OR, 0.757; P = 0.007), iopamidol/iohexol (OR, 0.447; P < 0.001), and ioversol/iohexol (OR, 0.683; P = 0.04) reduced the risk of recurrence of severe HSR. CONCLUSIONS: Changing the culprit ICM to that with a different side chain can reduce severe HSR recurrence. The optimal choice of an alternative ICM depends on the causative agent.

Magnetic resonance elastography for evaluation of renal parenchyma in chronic kidney disease: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to prospectively evaluate the difference in renal parenchymal stiffness, measured using MR elastography, between patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and healthy volunteers. In addition, differences in stiffness values were assessed among the five stages of CKD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five healthy volunteers and 25 patients with CKD (five patients in each stage) were enrolled in the study. Each patient was positioned prone in a 3-T MR scanner and imaged with an abdominal 64-channel surface coil. Calculated tissue stiffness values were compared with the corresponding stage of CKD. RESULTS: The mean stiffnesses in normal healthy volunteers and patients with CKD (regardless of stage) were 4.35 kPa and 5.10 kPa, respectively (p = 0.027). The mean stiffness in patients with CKD significantly increased with the CKD stage (p = 0.013), although it decreased in stage 5 CKD. CONCLUSION: Renal tissue stiffness measured using MR elastography can be used to distinguish between patients with CKD and healthy individuals; moreover, it can be useful in predicting the stage of CKD.

Varices on computed tomography are surrogate of clinically significant portal hypertension and can predict survival in compensated cirrhosis patients.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: To investigate prognostic value of varices on computed tomography (CT) and redefine surrogate criteria for clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH). METHODS: We retrospectively enrolled 241 patients with compensated cirrhosis who underwent hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) measurement from 2008 to 2013. Using CT and upper endoscopy findings obtained within 3 months from HVPG measurement, patients were classified into three groups: presence of standard surrogate for CSPH, defined as presence of varices on upper endoscopy and/or splenomegaly associated with thrombocytopenia (Group 1, n = 139); varices on CT without standard surrogate for CSPH (Group 2, n = 41); and free from both (Group 3, n = 61). HVPG value and overall survival (OS) rates were compared among three patient groups. Revised surrogate for CSPH was defined as presence of standard surrogate and/or presence of varices on CT (i.e. both Group 1 and Group 2). RESULTS: Mean HVPG value in Group 2 was significantly higher than that in Group 3 (10.3 mmHg vs 6.5 mmHg, P < 0.001), but significantly lower than that in Group 1 (10.3 mmHg vs 13.1 mmHg, P < 0.001). Seven-year OS rates in Group 2 was similar to those in Group 1 (57.0% vs 62.7%, P = 0.591), but significantly poorer than those in Group 3 (57.0% vs 84.0%, P = 0.015). The presence of revised surrogate for CSPH was a significant predictive factor for OS (P = 0.025, Hazard ratio = 2.71 [1.14-6.45]) on multivariate analysis whereas standard surrogate for CSPH was not (P = 0.849). CONCLUSION: The presence of varices on CT was a significant sign for CSPH, predicting poor OS outcome in patients with compensated cirrhosis.

Pre-navigation balloon technique: Distal emboli protection during stent retriever thrombectomy.

OBJECTIVE: During stent retriever thrombectomy, a balloon guide catheter reduces distal emboli and consequently improves clinical outcomes. Because balloons are usually used before stent retrieval, these can affect the thrombus including the distal emboli while performing microcatheter navigation. This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness and safety of the pre-navigation balloon technique during microcatheter and microwire navigation. METHODS: Patients who underwent stent retriever thrombectomy secondary to an anterior circulation large-artery occlusion were retrospectively evaluated. The pre-navigation balloon technique was used, and the number of retrievals, procedure time, final recanalization, presence of distal emboli, first-pass effect (FPE), symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage including procedure-related complications, and clinical outcomes at 3 months were evaluated. RESULTS: In total 123 patients were analyzed, and occurrence of distal emboli was lesser in the pre-navigation balloon than in the non-preballoon group (4.4% vs. 11.5%, p = 0.02). No statistical difference was found in successful recanalization, mortality, and procedure-related complications. Moreover, the pre-navigation balloon group had a higher FPE than the non-balloon group (37.8% vs. 20.5%, p = 0.004). Although no statistical difference was found in the pre-navigation balloon group, a trend toward a higher rate of good clinical outcomes was observed (mRS 0-2 at 3 months, 55.6% vs. 48.7%, p = 0.09). For ICA occlusion(n = 35), significant effects were seen in decreasing distal embolism (0(0%) vs 3(16%), p = 0.01), increasing FPE (8(50%) vs 6(32%), p = 0.003), and improving clinical outcomes (mRS 0-2 at 3 months, 9(56%) vs 7(37%), p = 0.03) in the pre-navigation balloon group. In the multivariate analysis, lesser distal embolism (0.91 [0.80-1.00], p = 0.02), higher successful recanalization (3.52 [1.11-7.03], p = 0.016), and higher FPE (3.17 [1.83-7.37], p = 0.001) secondary to the procedure was a predictor of favorable clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The pre-navigation balloon technique significantly reduced occurrence of distal embolism and increased the FPE.

Reducing contrast-agent volume and radiation dose in CT with 90-kVp tube voltage, high tube current modulation, and advanced iteration algorithm.

Increasing utilization of computed tomography (CT) has raised concerns regarding CT radiation dose and technology has been developed to achieve an appropriate balance between image quality, radiation dose, and the amount of contrast material. This study was planned to evaluate the image quality and radiation dose in pancreatic dynamic computed tomography (PDCT) with 90-kVp tube voltage and reduction of the standard amount of contrast agent, compared with 100-kVp PDCT of the research hospital's convention. Total of 51 patients with both CT protocols were included. The average Hounsfield units (HU) values of the abdominal organs and image noise were measured for objective image quality analysis. Two radiologists evaluated five categories of image qualities such as subjective image noise, visibility of small structure, beam hardening or streak artifact, lesion conspicuity and overall diagnostic performance for subjective image quality analysis. The total amount of contrast agent, radiation dose, and image noise decreased in the low-kVp group, by 24.4%, 31.7%, and 20.6%, respectively (p < 0.001). The intraobserver and interobserver agreements were moderate to substantial (k = 0.4-0.8). The contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and figure of merit of the almost organs except psoas muscle in the low-kVp group were significantly higher (p < 0.001). Except for lesion conspicuity, both reviewers judged that subjective image quality of the 90-kVp group was better (p < 0.001). With 90-kVp tube voltage, 25% reduced contrast agent volume with advanced iteration algorithm and high tube current modulation achieved radiation dose reduction of 31.7%, as well as better image quality and diagnostic confidence.

CT angiography of the renal arteries: comparison of lower-tube-voltage CTA with moderate-concentration iodinated contrast material and conventional CTA.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of our study was to investigate the feasibility of an 80-kVp protocol using a moderate-concentration contrast medium (CM) for CT angiography of the renal arteries by comparison with a conventional 120-kVp protocol using a high-concentration CM. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Attenuation values and signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) were determined in a phantom for the 120-kVp protocol with a high-concentration CM and the 80-kVp protocol with a moderate-concentration CM. In addition, 50 patients were prospectively enrolled in the study: 25 were scanned with 120 kVp and 200 effective mAs (mAs(eff)) after the administration of 110 mL of high-concentration CM (370 mg I/mL), and the other 25 were scanned with 80 kVp and 585 mAs(eff) after the administration of 110 mL of moderate-concentration CM (300 mg I/mL). Images of the two groups were compared in terms of arterial attenuation, SNR, contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and subjective degree of arterial enhancement and image quality. RESULTS: The mean attenuation of the main renal artery was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the 80-kVp group who received moderate-concentration CM (mean ± SD, 370.0 ± 65.0 HU) than in the 120-kVp group who received high-concentration CM (269.9 ± 27.8 HU) without significant differences in SNR and CNR values. The 80-kVp protocol had significantly higher quality scores for arterial enhancement, sharpness of the artery, and overall diagnostic quality compared with the 120-kVp protocol. The effective dose of the 80-kVp protocol (4.5 mSv) was 8.2% lower than that of the 120-kVp protocol (4.9 mSv). CONCLUSION: The use of 80 kVp with moderate-concentration CM could improve arterial enhancement and provide superior image quality with a smaller amount of iodine and a lower radiation dose.

Nomenclature and Lymphatic Drainage Patterns of Abdominal Lymph Nodes.

The lymphatic system provides a route for the spread of inflammation and malignancies. The identification of nodal stations and lymphatic pathways of tumor spread is important for tumor staging, choice of therapy, and the prediction of the prognosis of patients with malignant diseases. Because lymph node metastasis is common in primary intra-abdominal malignant tumors, its detection is essential for radiologists to understand the pattern of disease spread. Using schematic pictures and color-coded CT images, this pictorial essay describes the locations and nomenclature of the abdominal lymph nodes. Furthermore, the lymphatic drainage pathways of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tracts, liver, gallbladder, bile duct, and pancreas have been highlighted. In addition, lymph nodes belonging to the regional lymph nodes in malignant tumors arising from each organ are described, and certain cases are presented with images from patients.

Metabolic Stress Index Including Mitochondrial Biomarker for Noninvasive Diagnosis of Hepatic Steatosis.

Background: Mitochondrial dysfunction with oxidative stress contributes to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) progression. We investigated the steatosis predictive efficacy of a novel non-invasive diagnostic panel using metabolic stress biomarkers. Methods: Altogether, 343 subjects who underwent magnetic resonance imaging-based liver examinations from a population-based general cohort, and 41 patients enrolled in a biopsy-evaluated NAFLD cohort, participated in the development and validation groups, respectively. Serologic stress biomarkers were quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Multivariate regression showed that waist-to-hip ratio, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21, FGF19, adiponectin-to-leptin ratio, insulin, albumin, triglyceride, total-cholesterol, and alanine-aminotransferase were independent predictors of steatosis (rank-ordered by Wald). The area under receiver-operator characteristics curve [AUROC (95%CI)] of the metabolic stress index for steatosis (MSI-S) was 0.886 (0.85-0.92) and 0.825 (0.69-0.96) in development and validation groups, respectively. MSI-S had higher diagnostic accuracy (78.1%-81.1%) than other steatosis indices. MSI-S notably differentiated steatosis severities, while other indices showed less discrimination. Conclusion: MSI-S, as a novel non-invasive index, based on mitochondrial stress biomarker FGF21 effectively predicted steatosis. Furthermore, MSI-S may increase the population that could be excluded from further evaluation, reducing unnecessary invasive investigations more effectively than other indices.

Association Between Low Muscle Mass and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Diagnosed Using Ultrasonography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Derived Proton Density Fat Fraction, and Comprehensive NAFLD Score in Korea.

OBJECTIVES: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasingly prevalent metabolic disease. Muscle is known to influence NAFLD development. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationships among low muscle mass, NAFLD, and hepatic fibrosis using various definitions of low muscle mass and NAFLD diagnostic methods, including magnetic resonance imaging-based proton density fat fraction (MRI-PDFF). METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 320 participants (107 males, 213 females) from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study on Atherosclerosis Risk of Rural Areas in the Korean General Population cohort. Muscle mass was assessed using whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and adjusted for the height squared, body weight, and body mass index (BMI). NAFLD was diagnosed using ultrasonography (US), MRI-PDFF, and the comprehensive NAFLD score (CNS). Hepatic fibrosis was assessed using magnetic resonance elastography. Multivariable logistic and linear regression analyses were performed to determine the aforementioned associations. RESULTS: According to US, 183 participants (57.2%) had NAFLD. Muscle mass adjusted for body weight was associated with NAFLD diagnosed using US (odds ratio [OR], 3.00; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.70 to 5.31), MRI-PDFF (OR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.13 to 3.53), and CNS (OR, 3.39; 95% CI, 1.73 to 6.65) and hepatic fibrosis (males: ß=-0.070, p<0.01; females: ß=-0.037, p<0.04). Muscle mass adjusted for BMI was associated with NAFLD diagnosed by US (OR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.02 to 2.86) and CNS (OR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.04 to 3.65), whereas muscle mass adjusted for height was not associated with NAFLD. CONCLUSIONS: Low muscle mass was associated with NAFLD and liver fibrosis; therefore, maintaining sufficient muscle mass is important to prevent NAFLD. A prospective study and additional consideration of muscle quality are needed to strengthen the findings regarding this association.

Effect of hepatic steatosis on native T1 mapping of 3T magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of T1 values for patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

PURPOSE: This study investigated whether T1 values in native T1 mapping of 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the liver were affected by the fatty component. METHODS: This prospective study involved 340 participants from a population-based cohort study between May 8, 2018 and August 8, 2019. Data obtained included: (1) hepatic stiffness according to magnetic resonance elastography (MRE); (2) T1 value according to T1 mapping; (3) fat fraction and iron concentration from multi-echo Dixon; and (4) clinical indices of hepatic steatosis including body mass index, waist circumference, history of diabetes, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and triglycerides. The correlations between T1 value and fat fraction, and between T1 value and liver stiffness were assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. The independent two-sample t-test was used to evaluate the differences in T1 values according to the presence or absence of hepatic steatosis, and the one-way analysis of variance was used to evaluate the difference in T1 value by grading of hepatic steatosis according to MRI-based proton density fat fraction (PDFF). In addition, univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to determine whether other variables influenced the T1 value. RESULTS: T1 value showed a positive correlation with the fat fraction obtained from PDFF (r = 0.615, P < 0.001) and with the liver stiffness obtained from MRE (r = 0.370, P < 0.001). Regardless of the evaluation method, the T1 value was significantly increased in subjects with hepatic steatosis (P < 0.001). When comparing hepatic steatosis grades based on MRI-PDFF, the mean T1 values were significantly different in all grades, and the T1 value tended to increase as the grade increased (P < 0.001, P for trend <0.001). On multiple linear regression analysis, the T1 value was influenced by MRI-PDFF, calculated liver iron concentration, liver stiffness, and serum aspartate aminotransferase level. CONCLUSION: The T1 value obtained by current T1 mapping of 3T MRI was affected by the liver fat component and several other factors such as liver stiffness, iron concentration, and inflammation.

Nontumorous arterioportal shunts in the liver: CT and MRI findings considering mechanisms and fate.

The intrahepatic non-tumorous arterioportal shunt (APS) is one of the important causes of transient hepatic enhancement differences (THED) on dynamic CT or MRI. Most small APSs are located in the peripheral portion of the liver. Because of the parenchymal distortion in the advanced cirrhotic liver, many small APSs tend to show an amorphous or nodular appearance, making them difficult to distinguish from hypervascular tumors. In addition to the use of dynamic CT or MRI, iso-attenuation densities or iso-intensities on pre-contrast and equilibrium phases, MRI using a liver-specific contrast agent can be useful to characterize the hypervascular pseudolesions. Because there is no difference in water diffusion in the hepatic parenchyma in the region of the APS, diffusion-weighted MRI also has great potential to distinguish non-tumorous shunts from true focal lesions. Larger (>2 cm) APSs of direct arterio-portal venous fistulas from extrinsic insults show typical subcapsular wedge-like THEDs that are only temporarily depicted several months after the traumatic event; most of these THEDs gradually decrease in size or vanish completely. By understanding the nature of non-tumorous APSs, radiologists will be able to provide a more accurate assessment of many THEDs during daily interpretations of CT or MR images of the liver.

The role of ultrasonography and FDG-PET in axillary lymph node staging of breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: The presence of axillary lymph node metastasis is the most important prognostic factor and an essential part of staging and prognosis of breast cancer. PURPOSE: To elucidate the usefulness and accuracy of ultrasonography (US), fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) scan, and combined analysis for axillary lymph node staging in breast cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 250 consecutive breast cancer patients who had undergone US, FDG-PET, and sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) before surgery from January 2005 to December 2006 were included in the study. If an axillary lymph node had a length to width ratio or=3 mm or compression of the hilum on US, focal hot uptake (maximal standardized uptake value, SUVmax >or=2.0) in the ipsilateral axilla on FDG-PET, it was considered to be a metastatic lymph node. In combined analysis of US and FDG-PET, the interpretation was considered positive if at least two of any of the criteria were met. Each imaging finding was compared with a pathologic report regarding the presence of axillary lymph node metastasis, the number of metastatic lymph nodes, and the T stage of the breast mass. RESULTS: Pathologically confirmed axillary lymph node metastasis was noted in 73 cases (29.2%). The mean number of metastatic lymph nodes in pathology was 3.1 +/- 3.2, and the size of breast cancer was 2.0 +/- 1.04 cm. In the detection of lymph node metastasis, the diagnostic accuracy of US was 78.8% and that of FDG-PET was 76.4%. On combined US and FDG-PET, accuracy was improved (91.6%). The number of metastatic lymph nodes on pathology was correlated with the positivity of US and FDG-PET (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Combined evaluation of US and FDG-PET was a sensitive and accurate method for axillary lymph node staging in breast cancer.

Ferucarbotran-enhanced T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging: differentiation of hepatic cavernous hemangiomas from malignant solid lesions.

BACKGROUND: To demonstrate the characteristic feature of hepatic cavernous hemangiomas on ferucarbotran-enhanced T2-weighted MR imaging as a new diagnostic finding. METHODS: In 201 hepatic lesions (61 hemangiomas, 61 cysts, 41 hepatocellular carcinomas, 31 metastatic carcinomas, and 7 cholangiocarcinomas), lesion-to-liver contrast on ferucarbotran-enhanced T2-weighted images was qualitatively compared with pre-contrast images by three independent readers using a four-grade scale (group 1, marked increase; group 2, mild increase; group 3, no change; group 4, decrease). The change in the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) for each lesion was quantitatively measured. RESULTS: Only hemangiomas showed a significant decrease in CNR; 10% and 90% of the hemangiomas were categorized as group 3 and 4 lesions, respectively. Besides the hemangiomas, there was no other lesion categorized into group 4 except for one cyst. When group 4 lesions were considered hemangiomas, the accuracy of identification was 96.4%. CONCLUSION: Hemangiomas show a significant decrease in lesion-to-liver contrast on T2-weighted images after ferucarbotran injection, which might be another typical diagnostic imaging finding of hemangiomas distinguished from solid malignant lesions.

Differentiation between gallbladder cancer with acute cholecystitis: Considerations for surgeons during emergency cholecystectomy, a cohort study.

PURPOSE: Gallbladder cancer (GBCA) is an uncommon malignancy with vague and non-specific symptoms. GBCA is sometimes diagnosed after emergency cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. We investigated the differential diagnosis between GBCA with acute cholecystitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirteen patients were diagnosed with GBCA after emergency cholecystectomy carried out for acute cholecystitis. A radiologist who was blinded to the final diagnoses retrospectively reviewed the computed tomography (CT) scans of the patients with GBCA and 25 patients with acute cholecystitis. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of these patients and compared the clinical characteristics and CT findings between patients with GBCA and those with acute cholecystitis. We also investigated the prognostic factors in patients with GBCA who underwent emergency cholecystectomy. RESULTS: Gallbladder (GB) stones were found more often in patients with acute cholecystitis (n = 17, 68%) than in patients with GBCA (n = 7, 53.8%) (p = 0.486). Patients with GBCA showed typical GB masses or focal enhanced wall thickening when compared to diffuse wall thickening in patients with acute cholecystitis. Some GBCA patients showed irregular mural thickening and GB enhancement. Differentiating carcinoma from acute cholecystitis might sometimes not possible, but the latter group of patients had significantly lower C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (p = 0.033) and less regional fat stranding (p = 0.047). Survival was significantly affected by aggressive tumor characteristics (lymphatic invasion [p = 0.025], depth of tumor invasion [p = 0.004]) or R0 resection (p = 0.013) rather than bile spillage (p = 0.112). CONCLUSIONS: Surgeons deciding on emergency cholecystectomy for elderly patients with acute cholecystitis must suspect GBCA in patients with a low CRP level, irregular mural thickening or enhancement of GB without regional fat stranding.

Diffusion-Weighted MRI of Malignant versus Benign Portal Vein Thrombosis.

OBJECTIVE: To validate the diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) for differentiation of benign from malignant portal vein thrombosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Institutional Review Board approved this retrospective study and waived informed consent. A total of 59 consecutive patients (52 men and 7 women, aged 40-85 years) with grossly defined portal vein thrombus (PVT) on hepatic MRI were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, liver cirrhosis was found in 45 patients, and hepatocellular carcinoma in 47 patients. DWI was performed using b values of 50 and 800 sec/mm(2) at 1.5-T unit. A thrombus was considered malignant if it enhanced on dynamic CT or MRI; otherwise, it was considered bland. There were 18 bland thrombi and 49 malignant thrombi in 59 patients, including 8 patients with simultaneous benign and malignant PVT. Mean apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) of benign and malignant PVTs were compared by using Mann-Whitney U test. Diagnostic accuracy was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS: The mean ADC ± standard deviation of bland and malignant PVT were 1.00 ± 0.39 × 10(-3) mm(2)/sec and 0.92 ± 0.25 × 10(-3) mm(2)/sec, respectively; without significant difference (p = 0.799). The area under ROC curve for ADC was 0.520. An ADC value of > 1.35 × 10(-3) mm(2)/sec predicted bland PVT with a specificity of 94.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 84.9-98.9%) and a sensitivity of 22.2% (95% CI: 6.4-47.6%), respectively. CONCLUSION: Due to the wide range and considerable overlap of the ADCs, DWI cannot differentiate the benign from malignant thrombi efficiently.

Prognostic value of gallbladder wall thickening in patients with acute hepatitis A.

PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical significance of gallbladder (GB) wall thickening frequently observed in patients with acute hepatitis A. METHODS: A total of 328 consecutive patients who were diagnosed with acute hepatitis A and underwent abdominal ultrasonography were enrolled retrospectively. Patients were divided into two groups: GB wall thickening (≥3 mm, group A) and no thickening (group B). Group A was subdivided into two subgroups (GB wall thickening of ≥10 mm, group A-1 and ≥3 mm to <10 mm, group A-2). The laboratory results related to liver function, hospitalization duration, and time to normalization of liver function were compared between the groups. RESULTS: A total of 230 patients showed GB wall thickening (group A). Besides gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and alkaline phosphatase, all laboratory results of group A were significantly higher than those of group B (P<0.05). Compared with group B, the hospitalization duration and the time to normalization of liver function were significantly longer in group A (P<0.05). Group A-1 included 146 patients and group A-2 included 84 patients. No significant differences in laboratory results, hospitalization duration, and time to normalization of liver function were found between the two subgroups. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, serum alanine transaminase, total bilirubin and albumin levels, and hospitalization duration were significantly associated with GB wall thickening in patients with hepatitis A. CONCLUSION: The presence of GB wall thickening in patients with acute hepatitis A suggests a poorer prognosis irrespective of the degree of GB wall thickening or the degree of liver enzyme elevation.

Diffusion-weighted imaging versus superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)-enhanced MRI: exclusive and combined values in the assessment of hepatic metastases.

PURPOSE: The purpose was to validate diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in the assessment of hepatic metastases compared with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For 21 consecutive patients with 160 metastases from extrahepatic malignancy and 25 benign focal lesions, two radiologists evaluated four separate review sessions (I, SPIO-enhanced T2-weighted images; II, precontrast DWI; III, SPIO-enhanced T2-weighted images and precontrast DWI; IV, SPIO-enhanced T2-weighted images plus precontrast and SPIO-enhanced DWI) and assigned confidence levels using a five-grade scale for each hepatic lesion. RESULTS: The A(z) values after receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for Reader 1 and Reader 2 were 0.80 and 0.75 on session I, 0.91 and 0.91 on session II, 0.97 and 0.96 on session III and 0.96 and 0.96 on session IV, respectively. The A(z) value of session II was significantly higher than that of session I (Reader 1, P=.004; Reader 2, P<.001), and that of session III was significantly higher than that of session I (P<.001 for each reader) or session II (Reader 1, P=.004; Reader 2, P=.003). Although there was no significant difference of A(z) value between session III and session IV (Reader 1, P=.231; Reader 2, P=.878), the sensitivity improved for session IV compared with that for session III (Reader 1, P=.031; Reader 2, P=.039). CONCLUSION: In the assessment of hepatic metastases, DWI can provide more accurate information than can SPIO-enhanced images. Diagnostic accuracy can be increased even more through the combination of both techniques.

Detection of small intrahepatic metastases of hepatocellular carcinomas using diffusion-weighted imaging: comparison with conventional dynamic MRI.

PURPOSE: The purpose of our study was to compare diffusion-weighted MR imaging (DWI) with conventional dynamic MRI in terms of the assessment of small intrahepatic metastases from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 24 patients with multifocal, small (≤2 cm) intrahepatic metastatic foci of advanced HCC, a total of 134 lesions (≤1 cm, n=81; >1 cm, n=53) were subjected to a comparative analysis of hepatic MRI including static and gadopentetate dimeglumine-enhanced dynamic imaging, and DWI using a single-shot spin-echo echo-planar MRI (b values=50, 400 and 800 s/mm(2)), by two independent reviewers. RESULTS: A larger number of the lesions were detected and diagnosed as intrahepatic metastases on DWI [Reviewer 1, 121 (90%); Reviewer 2, 117 (87%)] than on dynamic imaging [Reviewer 1, 107 (80%); Reviewer 2, 105 (78%)] (P<.05). For the 81 smaller lesions (≤1 cm), DWI was able to detect more lesions than dynamic imaging [Reviewer 1, 68 (84%) vs. 56 (69%), P=.008; Reviewer 2, 65 (80%) vs. 55 (68%), P=.031], but there was no statistically significant difference between the two image sets for larger (>1 cm) lesions. CONCLUSION: Due to its higher detection rate of subcentimeter lesions, DWI could be considered complementary to dynamic MRI in the diagnosis of intrahepatic metastases of HCCs.