Upgraded Three-Wavelength Lidar for Real-Time Observations of Volcanic Aerosol Optical and Microphysical Properties at Etna (Italy): Calibration Procedures and Measurement Tests.

An innovative mobile lidar device, developed to monitor volcanic plumes during explosive eruptions at Mt. Etna (Italy) and to analyse the optical properties of volcanic particles, was upgraded in October 2023 with the aim of improving volcanic plume retrievals. The new configuration of the lidar allows it to obtain new data on both the optical and the microphysical properties of the atmospheric aerosol. In fact, after the upgrade, the lidar is able to measure three backscattering coefficients, two extinction coefficients and two depolarisation ratios in a configuration defined as "state-of-the-art lidar", where properties such as particle size distribution and the refractive index can be derived. During the lidar implementation, we were able to test the system's performance through specific calibration measurements. A comparison in an aerosol-free region (7.2-12 km) between lidar signals at 1064 nm, 532 nm and 355 nm and the corresponding pure molecular profiles showed a relative difference of <1% between them for all the wavelengths, highlighting the good dynamic of the signals. The overlap correction allowed us to reduce the underestimation of the backscattering coefficient from 50% to 10% below 450 m and 750 m at both 355 and 532 nm, respectively. The correct alignment between the laser beam and the receiver optical chain was tested using the signal received from the different quadrants of the telescope, and the relative differences between the four directions were comparable to zero, within the margin of error. Finally, the first measurement results are shown and compared with results obtained by other instruments, with the aim of proving the ability of the upgraded system to more precisely characterise aerosol optical and microphysical properties.

Global positioning system survey data for active seismic and volcanic areas of eastern Sicily, 1994 to 2013.

This work presents and describes a 20-year long database of GPS data collected by geodetic surveys over the seismically and volcanically active eastern Sicily, for a total of more than 6300 measurements. Raw data were initially collected from the various archives at the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania-Osservatorio Etneo and organized in a single repository. Here, quality and completeness checks were performed, while all necessary supplementary information were searched, collected, validated and organized together with the relevant data. Once all data and information collections were completed, raw binary data were converted into the universal ASCII RINEX format; all data are provided in this format with the necessary information for precise processing. In order to make the data archive readily consultable, we developed software allowing the user to easily search and obtain the needed data by simple alphanumeric and geographic queries.