Unveiling the anti-corrosion properties of Zn-eggshell particle composite coatings on mild steel in seawater-simulated solution using starch as a modifier.

This study investigates the development and efficacy of Zn-eggshell particle (ESAp) coatings on mild steel, utilizing starch extract as a modifier to enhance anti-corrosion properties. Coatings with varying ESAp content (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8%) and a fixed addition of 2% starch were successfully applied via electrodeposition. The findings reveal that increasing the ESAp content results in thicker coatings, with the Zn-8% ESAp + 2% starch coating exhibiting the greatest thickness. SEM analysis confirmed the high quality of the coatings, showing no external surface defects. The Zn-8% ESAp + 2% starch-coated sample demonstrated a 46.45% increase in hardness (100.3 HB) and achieved superior corrosion protection efficiencies of 82.92% and 94.69% for Zn-8% ESAp and Zn-8% ESAp + 2% starch coatings, respectively. Electrochemical tests indicated that the coated samples shifted towards higher positive potential values, suggesting enhanced corrosion resistance. The results underscore the potential of using starch extract and waste eggshells to develop robust anti-corrosion coatings, with Zn-8% ESAp + 2% starch identified as the optimal formulation for superior protection and mechanical properties. Further research is recommended to explore the matrix-particle interactions and adhesion properties using advanced microscopic and electrochemical techniques.

Understanding the anti-corrosion characteristics of surface modification of h-BN and carbon nanotubes/magnesium composites in simulated seawater.

In order to address the issues of wettability and scattering between matrix and reinforcement and enhance corrosion resistance, the effects of incorporating hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) into magnesium-carbon nanotubes (Mg-0.5 wt% CNTs) nanocomposites were successfully investigated. An inventive coating with h-BN using a novel electroless chemical deposition technique and double stir casting were used. The composites were produced by varying weight percentages of h-BN (0, 2, 4, and 6). The corrosion testing, microstructural analysis, and physical testing of the samples were carried out. A corrosion resistance of 75.1% was obtained when the 4 weight percent of h-BN content was compared to Mg-0.5% wt% CNTs. Even though the relative density increased noticeably, this was due to the uniform dispersion of h-BN nanoparticles over the entire surface. Researchers have established that adding 4 wt% h-BN to the Mg-0.5 wt% CNT nanocomposite can improve the wettability between Mg and CNTs and enhance the corrosion resistance properties.

Hydroxyapatite synthesis and characterization from waste animal bones and natural sources for biomedical applications.

Hydroxyapatites (HAps) synthesized from waste animal bones have recently gained attention due to their outstanding properties. This is because there is a need to fabricate scaffolds with desirable mechanical strength, ability to withstand high temperatures, and insoluble in solvents such as water, acetone, ethanol, and isopropyl alcohol. This study is an extensive summary of many articles on the routes of synthesis/preparation of HAp, and the optimum processing parameter, and the biomedical application areas, such as: drug administration, dental implants, bone tissue engineering, orthopedic implant coatings, and tissue regeneration/wound healing. A broad catalog of the synthesis methods (and combination methods), temperature/time, shape/size, and the calcium-to-phosphorous (Ca/P) value of diverse waste animal bone sources were reported. The alkaline hydrolysis method is proposed to be suitable for synthesizing HAp from natural sources due to the technique's ability to produce intrinsic HAp. The method is also preferred to the calcination method owing to the phase transformation that takes place at high temperatures during calcinations. However, calcinations aid in removing impurities and germs during heating at high temperatures. When compared to calcination technique, alkaline hydrolysis method results in crystalline HAp; the higher degree of crystallinity is disadvantageous to HAp bioactivity. In addition, the standardization and removal of impurities and contaminants, thorough biocompatibility to ensure clinical safety of the HAp to the human body, and improvement of the mechanical strength and toughness to match specific requirements for the various biomedical applications are the important areas for future studies.

Unveiling green corrosion inhibitor of Aloe vera extracts for API 5L steel in seawater environment.

This study evaluated Aloe vera extract as a green inhibitor to prevent corrosion in seawater environments. A. vera extract was produced by maceration with methanol-water at room temperature. Electrochemical techniques were used to evaluate the corrosion inhibitor effectiveness of the A. vera extract. The morphology of the corrosion products was analyzed by FE-SEM equipped with EDS and AFM. FT-IR and LCMS characterized the functional and structural groups in this extract. The electrochemical measurements show that A. vera extract could effectively reduce the corrosion of API 5L steel in seawater environments. Inhibition efficiency (IE) increases with increasing concentration. Optimal corrosion inhibition efficiency of around 83.75% (PDP) and 88.60% (EIS) was obtained by adding 300 mg L-1 of extract at 310 K. Furthermore, the higher the concentration of A. vera extract, the greater the activation energy (Ea), with the highest activation energy being 48.24 kJ mol-1 for the concentration of 300 mg L-1. Conversely, increasing the temperature and exposure duration reduces the corrosion inhibition efficiency (IE) values; the best exposure period was 30 min with 88.34% IE by a concentration of 300 mg L-1 at 300 K. This corrosion inhibition is achieved by the adsorption process of A. vera bioactive on metal surfaces with a mixed inhibitor through a physisorption-chemisorption mechanism. This finding was confirmed by the smoother surface morphology of the steel treated with A. vera extract than without. This unveiling investigation found that A. vera extract has the potential to be an environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor in the seawater environment.

Unveiling the corrosion inhibition efficacy and stability of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Anacardium occidentale leaf extract for mild steel in a simulated seawater solution.

Plant extracts used as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel usually degrade as the temperature increases above room temperature. In this study, we used Anacardium occidentale (cashew leaf) extract to synthesize silver nanoparticles for improving mild steel's inhibition stability under salinized conditions. Cashew leaves were used as a reducing agent to synthesise silver nanoparticles. The functional group of the silver nanoparticles was determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarisation were used to study the corrosion behaviour under simulated seawater by varying the silver nanoparticle concentration between 0.1 and 0.3 g L-1. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy were used to obtain information about the surface of the corroded sample. The green silver nanoparticles reduced the corrosion of mild steel up to 90.5% at 40 °C and 90% at 80 °C. At 80 °C, the AgNPs are biochemically and thermally stable, exhibiting a 90% inhibition efficiency. It was established that silver nanoparticles from cashew leaves can be used to improve the stability of mild steel in simulated seawater.

Unveiling the multifaceted incorporation of Musa acuminata peduncle juice as a bio-corrosion inhibitor of mild steel in seawater-simulated solution.

This work assessed the ability of Musa acuminata peduncle juice extract to sustainably inhibit mild steel under salinized conditions. The effort sought to ascertain the new active material's inhibitory efficacy for inhibiting metal corrosion in seawater. M. acuminata peduncle juice was extracted from the M. acuminata peduncle. The functional group of the M. acuminata pedal juice was determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The corrosion behavior was assessed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization by varying the M. acuminata peduncle juice at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 g L-1 for 300 K, 310 K, and 320 K, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy provided an image of the surface morphology of mild steel. Reduced corrosion current (icorr) was observed when M. acuminata pedal juice was present according to potentiodynamic polarization and studies. Moreover, adding M. acuminata peduncle juice increases resistance capacity transfer (Rct). The potentiodynamic polarization approach was used to obtain the optimum inhibitory efficiency (%IE) at 0.3 g L-1 doses with 88.0% efficiency at 300 K. The addition of M. acuminata peduncle juice results in a smoother, mild steel morphology than the surface without inhibitor additions. The molecules of active chemicals adhering to the steel surface were linked to increased corrosion inhibition. The study's findings demonstrated that M. acuminata peduncle juice is a promising biomaterial for mild steel corrosion inhibitors in a salty environment.

Overview of Electricity Transmission Conductors: Challenges and Remedies.

Electricity transmission is an essential intermediary linking power generation and distribution. Voltage drops or total blackouts have always characterized the transmission and distribution of electricity in the sub-Saharan Africa and some Asian dwellers. This has been attributed partly to faulty, defective or dilapidated transmission conductors/networks. The aim of this study is to identify the causes of those defects in the transmission conductors and proffer possible remedies to them. Studies have shown that the current production techniques of transmission conductors (TCs) generate defective products, and that the materials used have their own challenges too. This work, therefore, reviewed all the production techniques and materials used in the development of TCs. It was observed that pultrusion, extrusion, hot-rolling, and stir-casting were the techniques used in the production of transmission conductors. Defects such as shrinkage, pores, impurities, and warps were identified in those techniques and some recommendations to ameliorate the defects of those techniques were presented. Spark plasma sintering is recommended as the most promising solid- state production techniques that should be adopted in fabricating transmission conductors, though it is yet to be developed for producing long-span products. In addition, advanced TCs materials such as Al-CNTs, Al-Nb, Al-Ti, and Al-B2 were presented as better alternatives to the existing TCs materials. By producing TCs with the recommended techniques and materials, the electricity availability will be enhanced; and this will lead to sustainable industrial growth and economic stability in the third world countries and the entire world.