The effect of Fe-Zn mole ratio (2:1) bimetallic nanoparticles supported by hydroxyethyl cellulose/graphene oxide for high-efficiency removal of doxycycline.

In this research, Hydroxyethyl cellulose - graphene oxide HEC-GO and HEC-GO/Fe-Zn mole ratio (2:1) nanocomposite as adsorbents were fabricated by crosslinking ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) to study the thermodynamic, kinetic and isotherm of doxycycline antibiotic adsorption. The morphology and structure of the adsorbents were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (FE-SEM- EDX), and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The adsorption behavior of doxycycline (DOX) was studied with different parameters including doxycycline concentration, pH, the dose of adsorbent (HEC-GO and HEC-GO/Fe-Zn, mole ratio (2:1)), contact time, and temperature. The optimal conditions for the removal of DOX are pH = 3.0, contact time 100 min, and 20 min for HEC-GO and HEC-GO/Fe-Zn mole ratio (2:1). The removal percentage for HEC-GO and HEC-GO/Fe-Zn mole ratio (2:1) was 97% and 95.5%, respectively. Equilibrium adsorption isotherms such as the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin models were analyzed according to the experimental data. Also, four adsorption kinetics were investigated for removing DOX. The Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models provided the best fit for experimental data for HEC-GO and HEC-GO/Fe-Zn mole ratio (2:1). Thermodynamic data showed that negative values of Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) and the negative value of enthalpy (ΔH°) of the adsorption process for adsorbents. It means that DOX removal was a spontaneous and exothermic reaction.

An efficient deep eutectic magnetic nano gel for rapid ultrasound-assisted dispersive µ-solid phase extraction of residue of tetracyclines in food samples.

In the present study, a magnetic nano gel as the sorbent which is the combination of octatonic acid: cumarin as eutectic solvent and Fe3O4@SiO2 was introduced as the sorbent in ultrasound-assisted dispersive µ-solid phase extraction process coupled with high performance liquid chromatography with photo diode array detector for simultaneous separation and determination of tetracyclines residues in food samples. FT-IR, SEM, VSM were used for the characterization of the synthetized magnetic nano gel. Under obtained optimum conditions, the obtained linear ranges were 1.5-500 (µg L-1), 2.5-750 (µg L-1), 2-750 (µg L-1), and 2.5-500 (µg L-1) for tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, and doxycycline, respectively. Moreover, the below level of quantification (BLQ) (based on S/N = 3) of 0.47 µg L-1, 0.11 µg L-1, 0.85 µg L-1, 0.66 µg L-1, 0.81 µg L-1 and the limit of quantification (based on S/N = 10) of 1.61, 2.74, 2.23 (µg L-1), and 2.66 were achieved for tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, and doxycycline, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day precision (%) of the procedure were less than 3.2 and 3.8, respectively. The recoveries over 95% confirmed high sufficiency of the proposed method for application in complex matrices such as honey, milk, and egg. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-023-05798-w.

GC-MS determination of the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in bread and potato Tahdig prepared with the common edible oil.

The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content of the Tahdig of the breads and potatoes prepared with edible oil was determined by GC-MS. The Tahdigs of bread and potato were baked under the same condition (volume of any oil 40 cc, temperature 180 °C, time 30 min). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon determination was performed by an Agilent 6890 N Gas chromatography with mass selective detector, equipped with a capillary column. The highest contents of PAHs in Tahdig of bread and Tahdig of potato were observed in canola with 550 ± 3.9 ng/kg and sesame with 408.3 ± 41 ng/kg. The mean of PAH content was significantly higher in the Tahdig of bread compared to the Tahdig of potato (p < 0.05). Among the 16 PAHs examined by GC/MS, 10 PAHs were detected. The amount of high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs were significantly more than low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs (p < 0.05). Benzo [b]fluoranthene and benz[a]anthracene concentrations were significantly more than the other detected compounds (p < 0.05). Due to high PAH contamination of both Tahdig groups, the consumption of Tahdig (any type) was not recommended.

Ultrasonication-facilitated synthesis of functionalized graphene oxide for ultrasound-assisted magnetic dispersive solid-phase extraction of amoxicillin, ampicillin, and penicillin G.

A simplistic approach is presented for the synthesis of ultrasonically fabricated graphene oxide functionalized with polyaniline and N-[3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine. The synthesized nanocomposite was then employed for the facile, green, ultrasound-assisted, magnetic dispersive solid-phase extraction of amoxicillin, ampicillin, and penicillin G in milk samples and infant formula prior to high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet determination. The designed nanocomposites were comprehensively characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In order to achieve the best extraction efficiencies, the influential parameters including pH, amount of magnetic sorbent, type and volume of elution solvent, extraction time, sample volume, and desorption time were assessed. At the optimum conditions, linear ranges of 2.5-1000 (µg L-1) for ampicillin and penicillin G and a linear range of 2.5-750 (µg L-1) were obtained for amoxicillin at optimum conditions. Moreover, the limits of detection (S/N = 3) of 0.5, 0.8, and 0.9 (µg L-1) were obtained for amoxicillin, ampicillin, and penicillin G, respectively. The precision (relative standard deviations (%)) values of 3.1, 2.6, and 2.5 at the concentration of 50 µg L-1 for seven replicates were obtained for ampicillin, amoxicillin, and penicillin G, respectively. The efficiencies of ≤ 96% and relative standard deviations of less than 3.1% were also obtained thereby confirming the high potential of the synthesized nanocomposites for simultaneous preconcentration and separation of the ß-lactam antibiotics in complex matrixes. Graphical Abstract.

Green ultrasound assisted magnetic nanofluid-based liquid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for determination of permethrin, deltamethrin, and cypermethrin residues.

Ultrasound-assisted magnetic nanofluid-based liquid-phase microextraction was coupled to GC-MS in a method for simultaneous determination of the pyrethroid insecticides permethrin, deltamethrin, and cypermethrin. A highly efficient extraction solvent called "magnetic nanofluid (MNF)" is introduced for preconcentration of pyrethroids. The MNF consists of magnetic multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MMWCNTs) and deep eutectic solvent. Following microextraction, the MNF was detached by an external magnet from the medium without the need for centrifugation. 2-Pyridinecarboxamide, choline chloride, and anhydrous ferric chloride were used for the synthesis of the deep eutectic solvent. The effects of pH value, volume of MNF, sonication time, sample volume, and ionic strength, type and amount of back extraction solvent were investigated. Under optimum conditions of MNF volume of 50 µL, time of 5 min, 100 µL acetone as back extraction solvent, NaCl concentration of 1 mol.L-1 and sample volume of 30 mL, the detection limits are 2.8, 2.7 and 2.0 ng·mL-1 for permethrin, deltamethrin and cypermethrin, respectively. The linear response ranges are between 0.01 and 250 ng·mL-1, and relative standard deviations (for n = 7) are 3.5, 3.2 and 2.8%. The method was successfully applied to the determination of trace levels of permethrin, deltamethrin and cypermethrin in (spiked) milk samples. Graphical abstract Schematic representation of ultrasound assisted magnetic nanofluid-based liquid phase microextraction separation/preconcentration of permethrin, deltametrin, and cypermethrin residues in milk using GC-MS.

Bioactive food derived peptides: a review on correlation between structure of bioactive peptides and their functional properties.

The presence of bioactive peptides has already been reported in many foods such as milk, fermented products, plant and marine proteins. Bioactive peptides are sequences between 2 and 20 amino acids that can inhibit chronic diseases by modulating and improving physiological functions, so these peptides contribute in holding the consumer health. Also, bioactive peptides can affect pro-health or functional properties of food products. Fractionation of the protein hydrolysate revealed a direct relationship between their structure and functional activity. So, this review focuses on different factors effecting on bioactive peptide structures, biological and functional properties such as antihypertensive, antioxidative, hypocholesterolemic, water-holding capacity, foaming capacity, emulsifying properties and solubility. Also, this review looks at the identified bioactive peptides from food protein sources as potential ingredients of health promoting functional foods.

Silica-based magnetic hybrid nanocomposite for the extraction and preconcentration of some organophosphorus pesticides before gas chromatography.

The precise control of pesticide residues in foodstuffs depends significantly on the clean extraction of analytes using specifically designed separation methods. In this study, a one-pot sol-gel process was used for the preparation of a magnetic hybrid silica gel tetraethylortho silicate-cyanopropyltriethoxy silane nanocomposite. The prepared material was characterized using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, single-point specific surface area, and scanning electron microcopy. The synthesized magnetic hybrid material was used as a solid phase extraction sorbent for the extraction and preconcentration of some organophosphorus pesticides before gas chromatography with a microelectron capture detector. The performance of the proposed magnetic solid-phase extraction technique was validated by linearity (0.05-2 ng/mL), correlation coefficients (r2  = 0.9993-0.9997), limit of detection (0.02-0.06 ng/mL, S/N = 3, n = 3), and intraday (RSD = 1.5-8.7%, n = 3) and interday precision (RSD = 5.5-9.3%, n = 12), while the recovery in real samples and equilibrium adsorption capacity was 72.02-103.84% and 8-20 mg/g, respectively. The magnetic solid-phase extraction based on the hybrid nanocomposite revealed a high enrichment factor, an appropriate dynamic range, and great absorptive ability toward the selected organophosphorus pesticides spiked in real water samples.

Integrated photografted molecularly imprinted polymers with a cellulose acetate membrane for the extraction of melamine from dry milk before HPLC analysis.

In this study, a new separation technique based on membrane extraction is described for the determination of melamine in dry milk. The water-compatible cellulose acetate membrane, which is photografted by melamine imprinted nanospheres, was prepared by placing the membrane into the polymerization solution containing methacrylic acid as a functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as cross-linker, acetonitrile as porogen, and melamine as the template molecule. The characterization of the polymeric membrane was performed by Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. This integrated composite membrane was used as a solid-phase extraction medium for the extraction of melamine from dry milk samples. Various parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of the membrane were evaluated. The results showed higher binding capacity for melamine imprinted membranes in comparison with the nonimprinted membranes. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that the extraction of melamine from dry milk by the photografted cellulose acetate membrane had a linear calibration curve in the range of 0.02-11.80 µg/mL with an excellent precision of 2.73%. The limit of detection and quantification of melamine was 0.007 and 0.020 µg/mL, respectively. The recoveries of melamine were in the range of 88.7-94.8%.

A new strategy for surface modification of polysulfone membrane by in situ imprinted sol-gel method for the selective separation and screening of L-Tyrosine as a lung cancer biomarker.

In this work, a novel method based on in situ molecularly imprinted sol-gel for the surface modification of a polysulfone membrane (PSM) was developed. A modified molecularly imprinted sol-gel polysulfone membrane (MSM) was placed in a homemade plastic tube and coupled on-line with LC/MS/MS for the selective extraction and screening of l-Tyrosine (Tyr) as a tentative lung cancer biomarker in human plasma samples. The existence of molecularly imprinted sol-gel layers on both sides of a PSM was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). To evaluate the role of precursor in the extraction performance, repeatability, and selectivity of developed method, three precursors, 3-(propylmethacrylate) trimethoxysilane (P1), 3-(triethoxysilyl)-propylamine (P2), tetraethyl orthosilicate (P3), individually and together were used for treatment of PSM. Our investigation showed that a single precursor's route is more repeatable, straightforward, precise, accurate, and selective for the extraction of Tyr in plasma samples. Moreover, to achieve the best conditions and extraction efficiency, the effect of influential parameters, including the conditioning, washing, and elution of solvents, sample flow rate, loading time, desorption time, loading sample volume, salt effect, pH, and adsorption capacity for the most efficiently prepared membranes were truly investigated. The non-molecularly imprinted sol-gel polysulfone membrane (NSM) was prepared as a blank via the same process but in the absence of the Tyr. The LOD (S/N = 3/1) was 0.1 nmol L(-1) and the LOQ (S/N = 10/1) was 0.34 nmol L(-1) for Tyr in the plasma samples. The linearity for the Tyr was in the range of 0.34-2000 nmol L(-1) in the plasma samples. The coefficients of determination values were ≥0.998 for all runs. The extraction recovery was between 80%-85% for Tyr in the plasma samples. In addition, MSM could be used for up to 50 extractions without a significant change in recovery percentage.

Fabrication of a novel electrospun molecularly imprinted nanomembrane coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography for the selective separation and determination of acesulfame.

A novel in situ molecularly imprinted sol-gel nanomembrane using nylon 6 as backbone was prepared by the electrospinning technique and coupled on-line with high-performance liquid chromatography. The prepared electrospun membrane exhibited extensive selectivity toward acesulfame in the presence of some selected sweeteners in a beverage sample, while the porosity and mechanical stability remained. The prepared electrospun membrane could be applied for 35 consequence extractions without a significant change in extraction recovery, swelling, and flooding. To achieve the best condition and efficiency for on-line extraction, the effect of influential parameters was investigated. The limit of detection (signal/noise = 3:1) and limit of quantification (signal/noise = 10:1) were 0.6 and 2.0 ng/mL for acesulfame in the beverage samples, respectively. The linearity for the acesulfame was in the range of 2.0-250 ng/mL in beverage samples. The coefficients of determination values were ≥0.997 for all runs. The extraction recoveries of acesulfame in the beverage samples were between 80 and 85%.

Water-compatible molecularly imprinted polymer as a sorbent for the selective extraction and purification of adefovir from human serum and urine.

A molecularly imprinted polymer has been synthesized to specifically extract adefovir, an antiviral drug, from serum and urine by dispersive solid-phase extraction before high-performance liquid chromatography with UV analysis. The imprinted polymers were prepared by bulk polymerization by a noncovalent imprinting method that involved the use of adefovir (template molecule) and functional monomer (methacrylic acid) complex prior to polymerization, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as cross-linker, and chloroform as porogen. Molecular recognition properties, binding capacity, and selectivity of the molecularly imprinted polymers were evaluated and the results show that the obtained polymers have high specific retention and enrichment for adefovir in aqueous medium. The new imprinted polymer was utilized as a molecular sorbent for the separation of adefovir from human serum and urine. The serum and urine extraction of adefovir by the molecularly imprinted polymer followed by high-performance liquid chromatography showed a linear calibration curve in the range of 20-100 µg/L with excellent precisions (2.5 and 2.8% for 50 µg/L), respectively. The limit of detection and limit of quantization were determined in serum (7.62 and 15.1 µg/L), and urine (5.45 and 16 µg/L). The recoveries for serum and urine samples were found to be 88.2-93.5 and 84.3-90.2%, respectively.

Kinetic and isotherm modeling of Cd (II) adsorption by L-cysteine functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes as adsorbent.

In this study, multi-walled carbon nanotubes were functionalized by L-cysteine to show the kinetic and isotherm modeling of Cd (II) ions onto L-cysteine functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The adsorption behavior of Cd (II) ion was studied by varying parameters including dose of L-MWCNTs, contact time, and cadmium concentration. Equilibrium adsorption isotherms and kinetics were also investigated based on Cd (II) adsorption tests. The results showed that an increase in contact time and adsorbent dosage resulted in increase of the adsorption rate. The optimum condition of the Cd (II) removal process was found at pH=7.0, 15 mg/L L-MWCNTs dosage, 6 mg/L cadmium concentration, and contact time of 60 min. The removal percent was equal to 89.56 at optimum condition. Langmuir and Freundlich models were employed to analyze the experimental data. The data showed well fitting with the Langmuir model (R2=0.994) with q max of 43.47 mg/g. Analyzing the kinetic data by the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order equations revealed that the adsorption of cadmium using L-MWSNTs following the pseudo-second-order kinetic model with correlation coefficients (R2) equals to 0.998, 0.992, and 0.998 for 3, 6, and 9 mg/L Cd (II) concentrations, respectively. The experimental data fitted very well with the pseudo-second-order. Overall, treatment of polluted solution to Cd (II) by adsorption process using L-MWCNT can be considered as an effective technology.

Evaluation of physicochemical, textural, and microbial characteristics of probiotic soy cheese during storage: Generation and isolation of bioactive peptides.

The purpose of this study was to ascertain how probiotic culture affected the physicochemical, textural, and microbiological characteristics of probiotic soy cheese during storage. Moreover, the release of bioactive peptides during fermentation and storage was examined. Each cheese sample was made from one of the probiotic cultures of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lacticaseibacillus casei, and Bifidobacterium lactis. Peptide extracts were prepared from these samples and fractionated using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The sample containing L. acidophilus had the highest dry matter and hardness. The samples with L. acidophilus and B. lactis, respectively, had the highest concentrations of lactic acid and acetic acid. During storage the acidity, dry matter, lactic acid, acetic acid, and hardness of the samples increased but the pH, springiness, and cohesiveness reduced (P < 0.05). All samples had a probiotic count greater than 107 CFU/g at the end of the storage. Antibacterial and antioxidant properties were found in the peptide fractions that were extracted from the samples. T2F4 (the fourth fraction separated from L. casei sample) had the greatest functional properties. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the existence of peptide with a molecular mass of 5-10 kDa. Therefore, produced cheese is regarded as a suitable source of potentially bioactive peptides which can be utilized in food industry.

Stimulation of ACE inhibitory and improving α-amylase and α-glucosidase and antioxidant activities of semi-prepared and dry soup by incorporating with date kernel powder.

Date kernel as a functional food component has a special importance due to its rich nutritional profile, low price, and ease of access. For this, in this research, the sub-product was used for formulation of semi-prepared dry soup (SPDS); the effect of adding 0 (S1 = control), 2 (S2), and 4 (S3) %w/w date kernel powder (DKP) on physicochemical, nutritional, and organoleptic properties and beneficial effects of SPDS samples were evaluated. The results revealed that S2 and S3 samples were different from the control sample in some physicochemical properties so that viscosity increased 1.27 and 1.52 times and a* raised 5.6 and 8.5 times, respectively, while L* decreased 0.94 and 0.88 times and b* reduced 0.92 and 0.8 times, respectively. The nutritional properties of S2 and S3 samples compared with the control sample improved. Also, differences were observed in the beneficial effects of S2 and S3 compared with the control sample as total polyphenol content (TPC) increased 1.06 and 1.11 times, respectively (p < .05); antioxidant activities (AA) of S2 and S3 samples were 8.04 and 6.01 mg/ml and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities were measured to be 8.2 and 7.86 mg/ml, respectively; also, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of S2 and S3 samples were observed 4.48% and 5.70%, and 4.59% and 6.36%, respectively. From the organoleptic aspect, S3 had the highest acceptability. Generally, it is concluded that with the addition of DKP (maximally 4%w/w) to SPDS formulation, a functional soup could be produced considering the rich nutritional profile of DKP.

Improving effect of soy whey-derived peptide on the quality characteristics of functional yogurt.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of bioactive peptides isolated from soy whey on the physicochemical, sensory, and microbiological characteristics of yogurt during storage. Trypsin was utilized to hydrolyze soy whey protein at 45°C for 4 h. Then, the resulting protein hydrolysate was fractionated using reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Since the F7 fraction showed the best antioxidant and antibacterial capabilities, different levels (6.5, 13, and 17 mg/mL) of this peptide fraction were added to yogurt. A control sample (without the bioactive peptide) was also prepared. Yogurt samples were stored for 3 weeks. With the increase in peptide concentration, the antioxidant activity of yogurt increased while viscosity and syneresis decreased (p < .05). During storage, yogurt acidity, syneresis, and viscosity increased while pH and antioxidant activity declined (p < .05). The addition of bioactive peptide reduced the quantity of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria in yogurt during storage (p < .05), and the reduction in bacterial quantity was stronger as the peptide content was increased. The sample containing the largest concentration of peptide (17 mg/mL) got the lowest overall acceptability score. The level of 13 mg/mL of the peptide was chosen as the best concentration for yogurt fortification in terms of overall acceptance and functional properties. Therefore, soy whey-derived peptide can be utilized as a functional component as well as a natural preservative in yogurt.

Fabrication and implementation of bimetallic Fe/Zn nanoparticles (mole ratio 1:1) loading on hydroxyethylcellulose - Graphene oxide for removal of tetracycline antibiotic from aqueous solution.

Tetracycline (TC) as an antibiotic with high consumption causes the spread of contamination in an aqueous solution. In recent decades, antibiotics are the main cause of hindering the growth of microorganisms. Also, they are one of the important groups of pharmaceuticals with extensive usage in human and veterinary medicine. In the first work of its kind, we used a suitable adsorbent of biodegradable hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) with graphene oxide (GO) by crosslinking ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and the Fe/Zn with mole ratio 1:1 bimetallic nanoparticles with HEC-GO support. The materials were identified using FTIR, FE-SEM, EDX, TEM, and TG- DSC analyses. The factors affecting the adsorption process (contact time, initial concentration of TC, solution pH, adsorbent dosage, and reaction temperature) were evaluated in a series of batch systems. The adsorption data showed that the high adsorption capacity was obtained on the HEC-GO and HEC-GO/Fe-Zn (mole ratio 1:1) nanocomposites at pH 3. Also, the contact time as the main factor affecting the adsorption process by adsorbents was investigated and the best contact time was 100 and 20 min. The TC removal percentages of both adsorbents were 85% and 95% for HEC-GO and HEC-GO/Fe-Zn, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity for TC was evaluated by the isotherm models. The experimental data fitted well with the Langmuir model. In addition, pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intraparticle diffusion, and the Elovich models were applied to kinetic data. The data indicated that TC adsorption on HEC-GO and HEC-GO/Fe-Zn (mole ratio 1:1) followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The thermodynamic parameters implied that the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic. Nano-biocomposite (HEC-GO/Fe-Zn) can be used as an adsorbent to remove water pollutants.

Vortex-assisted microextraction of melamine from milk samples using green short chain ionic liquid solvents coupled with high performance liquid chromatography determination.

Melamine is added illegally to milk and dairy products to increase the amount of apparent protein. This organic nitrogen rich chemical compound has been of great challenge in food safety based on its adverse effect on health. Therefore, the extraction and determination of melamine from milk is necessary. Recently, ionic liquid (ILs) as solvent usage has been noticeable for low melting point, low toxicity, high thermal stability, and high extraction capabilities in a wide range of separation processes. ILs are introduced as organic-inorganic salts and green solvents in microextraction preparation. Therefore, in this study, three ionic liquids ([C6mim][NTF2], [C4mim][NTF2] and [C2mim][NTF2] ILs) were prepared and employed as an extraction solvent in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) of melamine from milk samples followed by HPLC-UV. The selected ILs were designed using three types of alkyl-imidazolium (as the short organic cations) and bis (tri fluoro methyl sulfonyl) imide as anion and characterized by ATR-FTIR spectra, carbon, and hydrogen Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (H&C-NMR) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). These techniques confirmed the formation of functional groups, the structure of hydrogen and carbon atoms, and various elements of ionic bond between imidazolium and bis (tri fluoro methyl sulfonyl) imide. In the next step, the effect of significant parameters, including type and volume of ILs, adsorption time, pH of the sample solution, and sample volume, were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the limits of detection (LOD), limits of quantification (LOQ), and linearity range were obtained 63.64 µg kg-1, 210.03 µg kg-1, and 210.03-1000 µg kg-1, respectively, for as prepared [C6mim][NTF2] as the best ILs. Notably, the achieved LOQ was lower than the maximum residue level (MRL) for the melamine residue in dairy products. Eventually, the proposed method was applied to detect melamine in milk samples, and the relative recoveries were examined as 79.6-105.0 %.

Acrylamide content of industrial and traditional popcorn collected from Tehran's market, Iran: A risk assessment study.

Acrylamide as a probable human carcinogen can be produced via the Maillard reaction between asparagine and reducing sugars at high temperatures during food processing. In this study, the concentration of acrylamide in industrial and traditional popcorn sold in Tehran, Iran in the spring of 2021 was analyzed. Industrial popcorn is popcorn that has a manufacturing license from the health authorities. Traditional popcorn is sold by retailers in entertainment centers. Estimated daily intake (EDI) and margin of exposure (MOE) for neurological changes and neoplastic effects have been estimated. The values of limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were determined as 3.1 and 10.2 ng/mL, respectively. The amount of acrylamide was measured ranging from nondetectable up to 14.8 mg/kg. Acrylamide was detected in 86% of samples. The level of acrylamide in most popcorn samples has been detected as greater than LOD and LOQ. The average content of acrylamide in traditional popcorn was determined to be 7.7 mg/kg which was higher than the average value of 3.08 mg/kg found in industrial popcorn. Significant difference was observed between industrial and traditional popcorn samples. The average intake of popcorn for adolescent population was estimated as 2 g per day. EDI was calculated as 0.3 and 0.12 µg/kg of body weight per day for the traditional and industrial popcorn. These results indicated that popcorn can be considered a potential source of acrylamide exposure in the adolescent population. Furthermore, if the actual MOEs for neurological and neoplastic effects are estimated to be less than 10 000, it is considered a health risk. In this study, MOE has been estimated lower than 10 000 for neurological changes and neoplastic effects.

Development of a rapid efficient solid-phase microextraction: An overhead rotating flat surface sorbent based 3-D graphene oxide/ lanthanum nanoparticles @ Ni foam for separation and determination of sulfonamides in animal-based food products.

In this study, an overhead rotating flat surface sorbent based solid-phase microextraction was developed as a rapid and efficient method for simultaneous separation and determination of sulfonamides in animal based-food products. 3D graphene oxide/ lanthanum nanoparticles @ Ni foam was introduced as a novel selective sorbent. SEM-EDX and FT-IR techniques were applied for characterization of the sorbent. At optimum conditions, the linear ranges of 0.4-700.0 (µg L-1), 0.3-900.0 (µg L-1), and 0.25-500 (µg L-1) and the enrichment factors of 606.8, 604.3, 608.9 were obtained for SDZ, SMX, and SMZ, respectively. The LOD (S/N = 3) of 0.14, 0.11, 0.08 (µg L-1) were achieved for SDZ, SMX, and SMZ, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day precision (%) (five days, n = 7) for the concentration of 100 µg L-1 were less than 4.3 and 3.8, respectively. The recoveries over 90.0 % revealed high capability of the method for utilization in complex matrixes.

An efficient 3D adsorbent foam based on graphene oxide/AgO nanoparticles for rapid vortex-assisted floating solid phase extraction of bisphenol A in canned food products.

In this study, a three-dimensional adsorbent was developed based on graphene oxide/AgO nanoparticles over interconnected nickel foam (GO/AgO@Ni foam) for rapid and efficient vortex assisted floating solid phase extraction of bisphenol A in canned food products prior to high performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector. The analytical techniques scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) were used for characterization of the synthetized GO/AgO@Ni foam. The effect of proficiency factors including pH, foam size, vortexing time, salt addition, sample volume, desorption type and volume, and desorption time on the extraction efficiency of bisphenol A were explored through the matrix match method. Under the above experimental conditions, the figures of merit of the method were acquired as LODs (S/N = 3) of 0.18-0.84 µg kg-1, LOQs of 0.61-2.81 µg kg-1 (S/N = 10), linear ranges of 0.5-500 µg kg-1, and enrichment factors of 235.5-244.9. The inter-day precision values (RSD%, n = 7) of 2.5-3.6 and the intra-day precision (%) of (5 days and seven replicates for each day) 2.8-3.8 were achieved for bisphenol A at a concentration of 50 µg kg-1. The relative recoveries of 94.0% to 99.6% were obtained for the canned food samples.