RESUMEN
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be observed after a traumatic event. The effect of an antidepressant vortioxetine (Vrx) against PTSD is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible protective effect of Vrx in the predator scent-induced PTSD rat model. The rats were exposed to dirty cat litter for 10 min and the protocol was repeated 1 week later with clean cat litter as a trauma reminder. The rats received Vrx (10 mg/kg/p.o.) or saline (1 ml/kg/p.o.) during 7 days between two exposure sessions. Novel object recognition test, hole board test, and elevated plus maze were performed. The b-cell lymphoma (bcl-2)/bcl-2-associated X protein (bax) ratio, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), caspase-3 and -9 expressions were detected using Western blotting in the amygdaloid complex, hippocampus, and frontal cortex. Our results indicate that increased freezing time and anxiety index in the stress-induced group is decreased with Vrx application. Vrx treatment improved deteriorated recognition memory in the stress-induced group. Decreased bcl-2/bax ratio and BDNF level and increased caspase-3 and -9 expressions in the stress group, improved with Vrx in the amygdala, and hippocampus. Decreased bcl-2/bax ratio and increased casp-3 and -9 expressions in the stress group are ameliorated with Vrx in frontal cortex. The level of BDNF was increased with Vrx in the frontal cortex. Increased damage scores in the amygdaloid complex, hippocampal CA3, and frontal cortex in the stress group ameliorated with Vrx treatment. Our results show that if vortioxetine is administered immediately after trauma, it reduces anxiety, cognitive and neuronal impairment and may be protective against the development of PTSD.
Asunto(s)
Disfunción Cognitiva/tratamiento farmacológico , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/uso terapéutico , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/tratamiento farmacológico , Estrés Psicológico/tratamiento farmacológico , Vortioxetina/uso terapéutico , Animales , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patología , Factor Neurotrófico Derivado del Encéfalo/metabolismo , Gatos , Disfunción Cognitiva/etiología , Disfunción Cognitiva/metabolismo , Disfunción Cognitiva/patología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Masculino , Memoria/efectos de los fármacos , Plasticidad Neuronal/efectos de los fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/farmacología , Odorantes , Ratas Wistar , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/metabolismo , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/patología , Estrés Psicológico/complicaciones , Estrés Psicológico/metabolismo , Estrés Psicológico/patología , Vortioxetina/farmacologíaRESUMEN
We investigated using immunohistochemistry the effects of frequency of aerobic exercise on liver fibrosis and measured the expression of the oval cell marker, alpha fetoprotein (AFP), and the hepatocellular carcinoma marker, CK 19, in rats with early-period induced type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Rats were divided into four groups: control sedentary rats, diabetic sedentary rats, diabetic rats with continuous exercise (30 min/day, 5 days/week) and diabetic rats with short periods of exercise (3 x 10 min/day, 5 days/week). T2DM was induced using an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of nicotinamide (NA) and streptozotocin (STZ). Liver samples were obtained 8 weeks after injection. Tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff and Masson's trichrome. We also used immunochemical staining for AFP, smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and CK19. Continuous and short periods of aerobic exercise produced similar effects during the early period of liver damage in the STZ-NA model, i.e., decreased blood glucose levels and improved body weight, improved liver histology and reduced fibrosis, necrosis and steatosis; and reduced expression of AFP and α-SMA. Moderate aerobic exercise for 150 min/week appeared to reduce early liver damage in a rat model of T2DM.