Characteristics, treatment and prognosis of patients with chronic heart failure according to ejection fraction. Results of an Ecuadorian registry.

BACKGROUND: In Ecuador, there are few data about the clinical behaviour of heart failure (HF). This study aims to analyse the clinical characteristics, treatment and prognosis according to the current classification based on left ventricular ejection fraction (EF). METHODS: A retrospective observational study was carried out in patients with chronic HF from the 'Los Ceibos' registry during the period January 2017-December 2022. Patients were classified into HF with preserved EF (HFpEF) [EF ≥ 50%], HF with mildly reduced EF (HFmrEF) [EF:41-49%], and HF with reduced (HFrEF) [EF ≤ 40%]. The patients were followed up for a mean time of 2.28 (IQR 1.25-3.49) years. RESULTS: A total of 711 patients were included, 333 (46.8%) with HFrEF, 109 patients (15.3%) with HFmrEF and 269 patients (37.8%) with HFpEF. The average age was 69.8 ± 13.1 years, 31.4% were women. The main comorbidity was arterial hypertension (92.7%). Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers were used in 74.5%, beta-blockers in 82.3%, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in 51.3%. 58.3% of patients with HFrEF received three drugs of the so-called foundational quadruple therapy. A lower all-cause (24.5%) and cardiovascular mortality rate (11,2%) was observed in the HFpEF group compared to HFmrEF (47.4% and 25,7%) and HFrEF (45.3% and 25,8%), p < 0.001. CONCLUSIONS: In the 'Los Ceibos' registry, a higher prevalence of HFrEF was observed. The main comorbidity was HTN. Half of the patients with HFrEF received three drugs of the foundational therapy. At four years of follow-up, lower all-cause and cardiovascular mortality rate was observed in the HFpEF group.

Wellens syndrome as an independent predictor of in-hospital cardiovascular complications.

INTRODUCTION: Wellens Syndrome was described for the first time in the eighties, as an equivalent pattern of a critical lesion of the anterior descending artery. Different risk factors have been associated with a worse prognosis during hospitalisation in patients with non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. However, it is unknown whether the presence of Wellens Syndrome alone contributes to an increase in in-hospital cardiovascular complications. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Analytical prospective cohort study in 141 patients with the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome without ST segment elevation who underwent coronary angiography between 2016 and 2020. RESULTS: Wellens syndrome was diagnosed in 64 patients with a mean age of 66.31 ± 12.54, of which 21 patients had a cardiac event during hospitalisation: hemodynamic complication 14 (21.9%), refractory or recurrent angina 4 (6.3%) and Acute myocardial infarction 3 (4.7%) confirming a relative risk (RR): 4.88 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.92-12.45) p = 0.001. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of Wellens Syndrome is independently associated with the appearance of cardiac complications during hospitalisation.Key pointsSW is now known to be a relatively frequent presentation of ACS, not addressed in depth in clinical practice guidelines for NSTEACS. This syndrome is generally caused by a severe ADA occlusion that, if not adequately treated, could evolve into a large infarction. According to the results of the different series published, the incidence of cardiovascular risk factors in SW is similar to other forms of presentation of ischaemic heart disease.At present, the exact relationship between the main cardiovascular risk factors and SW is unknown; in addition to the possible associations of this syndrome with in-hospital cardiovascular complications and its value as a predictor of the occurrence of cardiac complications, elements that are included in the results of the present study.

Predictores de complicaciones cardiovasculares no letales en pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo con elevación del segmento ST

Introducción: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares representan en la actualidad la principal causa de muerte y discapacidad en numerosos países, incluyendo los de nuestro continente, alrededor del 49% de las defunciones de manera global en el año 2019 fueron por esta causa. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con componente analítico, de todos los pacientes ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Coronarios Intensivos del Hospital Universitario "Manuel Fajardo" de la Habana entre el año 2016 y el 2020 con el diagnóstico de síndrome coronario agudo con elevación del segmento ST. Resultados: La edad y el valor de la CKMB resultaron predictores independientes de complicaciones cardiovasculares de cualquier tipo: (OR: 1,045, IC 95 %: 1,021-1,070; p<0,001 y OR: 1,004, IC 95 %: 1,001-1007; p=0,015) respectivamente. Conclusiones: La edad, y los valores elevados de las enzimas cardíacas constituyeron predictores independientes de complicaciones cardiovasculares de cualquier tipo, así como el sexo femenino y la FEVI; la edad, los antecedentes de diabetes mellitus y la terapia de reperfusión para el caso particular de las complicaciones hemodinámicas y eléctricas respectivamente.

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases currently represent the main cause of death and disability in many countries, including those of our continent, around 49 % of deaths globally in 2019 were due to this cause. Method: Descriptive cross-sectional study with analytical component, of all patients admitted to the Intensive Coronary Care Unit of the "Manuel Fajardo" University Hospital in Havana between 2016 and 2020 with a diagnosis of coronary syndrome acute with ST segment elevation. Results: Age and CKMB value were independent predictors of cardiovascular complications of any type: (OR: 1.045, 95 % CI: 1.021-1.070; p <0.001 and OR: 1.004, 95 % CI: 1.001-1007; p = 0.015) respectively. Conclusions: Age and elevated values ​​of cardiac enzymes were independent predictors of cardiovascular complications of any type, as well as female sex and LVEF; age, history of diabetes mellitus, and reperfusion therapy for the particular case of hemodynamic and electrical complications, respectively.

Caracterización del síndrome coronario agudo en pacientes octogenarios / Characterization of the acute coronary syndrome in octogenarian patients

Introducción: La edad representa uno de los mayores predictores de riesgo de complicaciones cardiovasculares en pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo. La prevalencia de este síndrome en el grupo de los pacientes octogenarios es elevada. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo de cohortes analítico de todos los pacientes ingresados en la unidad de cuidados coronarios intensivos del Hospital Universitario Comandante Manuel Fajardo de la Habana, entre el año 2016 y el 2020. Objetivo: Caracterizar la población de pacientes octogenarios con síndrome coronario agudo y las posibles asociaciones entre la ocurrencia de complicaciones intrahospitalarias no letales y los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares. Resultados: Prevaleció el sexo femenino (64,2 por ciento), los antecedentes de hipertensión arterial (89,7 por ciento), cardiopatía isquémica (66,7 por ciento), y el tabaquismo (32 por ciento). Se encontraron asociaciones estadísticas significativas entre el tipo de síndrome coronario agudo y la presencia de complicaciones cardiovasculares de cualquier tipo (p=0,006); el aumento de la creatinina se asoció con la presencia de complicaciones hemodinámicas (Mdn=97; Rango=97,52; p=0,012), así como también la fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo mostró una asociación muy significativa con la presencia de complicaciones cardiovasculares de cualquier tipo (Mdn=59; Rango=63,3; p<0,001) y hemodinámicas (Rango=55,2; p<0,001). Conclusiones: Se caracterizó la población de pacientes octogenarios con síndrome coronario agudo con elevación del segmento ST se asoció con un aumento de las complicaciones cardiovasculares intrahospitalarias, de la misma manera que sucedió con el valor de la fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo(AU)

Introduction: Age represents one of the greatest predictors of risk of cardiovascular complications in patients with acute coronary syndrome. The prevalence of this syndrome in the group of octogenarian patients is high. Objective: To characterize the population of octogenarian patients with acute coronary syndrome and the possible associations between the occurrence of non-lethal intrahospital complications and cardiovascular risk factors. Methods: This is a prospective analytical cohort study of all patients admitted to the intensive coronary care unit of Manuel Fajardo University Hospital in Havana, from 2016 to 2020. Results: The female sex (64.2percent), a history of arterial hypertension (89.7percent), ischemic heart disease (66.7percent), and smoking habits (32percent) outweighed. Significant statistical associations were found between the type of acute coronary syndrome and the presence of cardiovascular complications of any type (p=0.006); the increase in creatinine was associated with the presence of hemodynamic complications (Mdn=97; Range=97.52; p=0.012), as well as the left ventricular ejection fraction showed a highly significant association with the presence of cardiovascular complications of any type (Mdn=59; Range=63.3; p<0.001) and hemodynamic (Range=55.2; p<0.001). Conclusions: The octogenarian population of patients with ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome was characterized and was associated with an increase in in-hospital cardiovascular complications, in the same way that it happened with the value of the left ventricular ejection fraction(AU)

Relación del supradesnivel del segmento ST en aVR con las complicaciones cardiovasculares / Relationship of ST-segment elevation in AVR to cardiovascular complications

Introducción: El patrón de supradesnivel del segmento ST en aVR en el síndrome coronario agudo se asocia con un aumento de la mortalidad. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre el patrón de supradesnivel del segmento ST en aVR y las complicaciones cardiovasculares no letales. Método: Estudio observacional de corte transversal, con componente analítico de todos los pacientes ingresados con síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST, en el Hospital Universitario Manuel Fajardo de la Habana entre los años 2016 y 2020. Resultados: Predominó el sexo femenino en el primer grupo, con una mediana de 78 años. Hubo incidencia de cardiopatía isquémica (75 por ciento y 56,4 por ciento) e hipertensión arterial (78,8 por ciento y 85,8 por ciento ). Se determinó una relación estadística significativa entre el patrón con elevación del segmento ST en aVR y las complicaciones cardiovasculares con un riesgo relativo de 5,769 veces. Conclusiones: El patrón de supradesnivel del segmento ST en un síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST predice complicaciones intrahospitalarias cardiovasculares no letales(AU)

Introduction: The pattern of ST-segment elevation in aVR in acute coronary syndrome is associated with increased mortality. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between the pattern of ST-segment elevation in aVR and nonlethal cardiovascular complications. Methods: Observational cross-sectional study, with analytical component of all patients admitted with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome at the Manuel Fajardo University Hospital of Havana between 2016 and 2020. Results: Female gender predominated in the first group, with an average age of 78 years. There was incidence of ischemic heart disease (75 percent and 56.4 percent) and arterial hypertension (78.8 percent and 85.8 percent). A significant statistical relationship was determined between the pattern with ST-segment elevation in aVR and cardiovascular complications with a relative risk of 5.769 times. Conclusions: ST-segment suprathreshold pattern in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome predicts non-lethal in-hospital cardiovascular complications(AU)

Calidad de vida en pacientes mayores de 75 años con síndrome coronario agudo / Quality of life in patients older than 75 years with acute coronary syndrome

Introducción: La oclusión parcial o total de una arteria coronaria epicárdica es la génesis más frecuente de los síndromes coronarios agudos. Con la intención de medir el impacto de las enfermedades y el tratamiento en el funcionamiento diario, bienestar físico, emocional y social de cada persona se introduce el término calidad de vida relacionada con la salud. Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad de vida en pacientes mayores de 75 años con síndrome coronario agudo. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional de corte prospectivo con componente analítico en 82 pacientes con diagnóstico de síndrome coronario agudo que recibieron el intervencionismo coronario percutáneo, mayores de 75 años, ingresados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos coronarios del Hospital Clínico-Quirúrgico Comandante Manuel Fajardo en el período comprendido entre enero de 2015 y diciembre de 2019. Resultados: La mediana para la edad fue de 80 años con rango intercuartílico de (77-82), no existió diferencias significativas en cuento al sexo, prevaleció la hipertensión arterial (80,5 por ciento) y los antecedentes de infarto agudo de miocardio (41,5 por ciento). En sentido general las medianas y los rangos en los pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST fueron superiores a los que presentaron síndrome coronario agudo con elevación del segmento ST. Las mujeres presentaron una peor función social que los hombres. Conclusiones: Se evaluó la calidad de vida en pacientes mayores de 75 años con síndrome coronario agudo con elevación del segmento ST, tuvieron peores puntuaciones en las diferentes dimensiones de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, las mujeres presentaron una peor función social en comparación con los hombres(AU)

Introduction: Partial or total occlusion of an epicardial coronary artery is the most frequent genesis of acute coronary syndromes. With the intention of measuring the impact of disease and treatment on the daily functioning, physical, emotional and social well-being of each person, the term health-related quality of life is introduced. Objective: To evaluate the quality of life in patients over 75 years of age with acute coronary syndrome. Methods: A prospective observational study with an analytical component was conducted in 82 patients with a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome who received percutaneous coronary interventionism, over 75 years of age, admitted to the coronary intensive care unit of the Clinical-Surgical Hospital Comandante Manuel Fajardo from January 2015 to December 2019. Results: The average age was 80 years with an interquartile range of (77-82), there were no significant differences in terms of gender, hypertension (80.5percent) and a history of acute myocardial infarction (41.5percent) prevailed. In general, the averages and ranges in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome were higher than those with ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. Women had worse social function than men. Conclusions: Quality of life was assessed in patients older than 75 years with ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. They had worse scores in the different dimensions of health-related quality of life, women presented worse social function compared to men(AU)

Alteraciones electrocardiográficas en pacientes hospitalizados con COVID-19 / Electrocardiographic alterations in hospitalized patients with COVID-19

Resumen: Introducción: Como consecuencia del daño directo provocado por el virus SARS-CoV-2 sobre el corazón se producen alteraciones electrocardiográficas. Objetivo: Determinar si existe relación entre las alteraciones electrocardiográficas intrahospitalarias, con los antecedentes cardiovasculares y su evolución hospitalaria. Materiales y método: Estudio de cohortes, prospectivo, analítico, en 373 pacientes con el diagnóstico positivo de enfermedad por el nuevo coronavirus 2019 que ingresaron en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Docente "Comandante Manuel Fajardo" (La Habana, Cuba) entre marzo del 2020 y octubre del mismo año. Resultados: La mediana de edad fue de 69 (RIC 57-77); el 14.2% de los pacientes presentó fibrilación auricular, el 8,3% bloqueo de rama derecha y el 4.8% alteraciones del segmento ST. La edad, los antecedentes de cardiopatía isquémica y la diabetes mellitus se identificaron como variables predictoras independientes de alteraciones electrocardiográficas (RR 1.02; IC 95%: 1.01-1.04; p = 0.007; 2.21; IC 95%: 1.19-4.10, p = 0.012 y RR 1.71; IC 95%: 1.04-2.85, p = 0.036, respectivamente). Conclusiones: La prevalencia de alteraciones electrocardiográficas en pacientes hospitalizados con el nuevo coronavirus fue mayor comparada con otras series. Los antecedentes de cardiopatía isquémica y diabetes mellitus, además de la edad, se identificaron como variables predictoras independientes de alteraciones electrocardiográficas en pacientes con afección grave por la enfermedad del nuevo coronavirus 2019.

Abstract: Introduction: As a consequence of the direct damage caused by the virus on the heart, electrocardiographic alterations occur. Objective: To determine if there is a relationship between in-hospital electrocardiographic alterations with cardiovascular history and hospital evolution. Materials and method: Analytical prospective cohort study in 373 patients with a positive diagnosis of disease due to the new coronavirus 2019 who were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of the "Comandante Manuel Fajardo" Universitary Hospital (Havana, Cuba) between March 2020 and October of the same year. Results: The median age was 69 (IQR; 57-77), 14.2% of patients had atrial fibrillation, 8.3% right bundle branch block, and 4.8% ST-segment abnormalities. Age, history of ischemic heart disease, and diabetes mellitus were identified as independent predictor variables of electrocardiographic abnormalities (RR 1.02; 95% CI: 1.01-1.04, p = 0.007; RR 2.21; 95% CI: 1.19-4.10, p = 0.012 and RR 1.71 95% CI: 1.04-2.85, p = 0.036, respectively). Conclusions: The prevalence of electrocardiographic abnormalities in hospitalized patients with the new coronavirus was higher compared to other series. History of ischemic heart disease and diabetes mellitus, in addition to age, were identified as independent predictors of electrocardiographic abnormalities in patients severely affected by the new coronavirus disease 2019.

Síndrome de Bayes en un paciente con infarto agudo de miocardio

RESUMEN La activación del corazón se produce a partir de un conjunto de células especializadas, con capacidad de generar y conducir el impuslo eléctrico. Cuando la conducción hacia la aurícula izquierda solo sufre un retardo en su recorrido por el Haz de Bachman, se define como bloqueo interauricular parcial, sin embargo cuando se afecta de manera total es un bloqueo avanzado. Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 85 años de edad que acude al Cuerpo de Guardia del Hospital Manuel Fajardo por presentar un episodio de disnea intensa de aparición súbita, aparentemente debida a un sídrome coronario agudo. En un electrocardiograma evolutivo se constató la presencia de un bloqueo interauricular avanzado con una onda P > 120 ms e isodifásica en DII, DIII y aVF, y posteriormente fibrilación auricular. El tratamiento de esta arritmia y de las enfermedades de base en pacientes con síndrome de Bayes son, en la actualidad, la alternativa terapéutica más oportuna.

ABSTRACT Activation of the heart is produced by a group of specialized cells with the capacity of generating and conducting electrical impulses. When the conduction to the left atrium only suffers a delay in its path through the Bachman's bundle, it is defined as a partial interatrial block; however, when it is totally affected, it is an advanced block. We present the case of an 85-year-old man who came to the emergency room of the Hospital Manuel Fajardo for presenting an event of intense dyspnea of sudden onset, apparently due to acute coronary syndrome. An evolving electrocardiogram revealed the presence of advanced interatrial block with a P wave > 120 ms and isodiphasic in leads II, III and aVF, and later atrial fibrillation. The treatment for this arrhythmia and the underlying diseases in patients with Bayes syndrome is currently the most appropriate therapeutic alternative.