Deep Learning-Enabled Diagnosis of Liver Adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Diagnosis of adenocarcinoma in the liver is a frequent scenario in routine pathology and has a critical impact on clinical decision making. However, rendering a correct diagnosis can be challenging, and often requires the integration of clinical, radiologic, and immunohistochemical information. We present a deep learning model (HEPNET) to distinguish intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma from colorectal liver metastasis, as the most frequent primary and secondary forms of liver adenocarcinoma, with clinical grade accuracy using H&E-stained whole-slide images. METHODS: HEPNET was trained on 714,589 image tiles from 456 patients who were randomly selected in a stratified manner from a pool of 571 patients who underwent surgical resection or biopsy at Heidelberg University Hospital. Model performance was evaluated on a hold-out internal test set comprising 115 patients and externally validated on 159 patients recruited at Mainz University Hospital. RESULTS: On the hold-out internal test set, HEPNET achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.994 (95% CI, 0.989-1.000) and an accuracy of 96.522% (95% CI, 94.521%-98.694%) at the patient level. Validation on the external test set yielded an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.997 (95% CI, 0.995-1.000), corresponding to an accuracy of 98.113% (95% CI, 96.907%-100.000%). HEPNET surpassed the performance of 6 pathology experts with different levels of experience in a reader study of 50 patients (P = .0005), boosted the performance of resident pathologists to the level of senior pathologists, and reduced potential downstream analyses. CONCLUSIONS: We provided a ready-to-use tool with clinical grade performance that may facilitate routine pathology by rendering a definitive diagnosis and guiding ancillary testing. The incorporation of HEPNET into pathology laboratories may optimize the diagnostic workflow, complemented by test-related labor and cost savings.

Anterior Segment Complications Following Intravitreal Injection.

Intravitreal injections (IVI s) have gained increased popularity in the past decades and are used to treat a multitude of ailments. In 2010, the total number of IVI s surpassed the number of cataract surgeries performed, making it the most common procedure in ophthalmology. As the number of injections increases, so does the number of injected-related complications. While complications in the posterior segment, such as retinal detachment or endophthalmitis, are detrimental to visual function and have therefore been well documented, IVI s can also lead to complications in the anterior segment. These include hyphema, inflammation of the sterile anterior segment (incidence rate of 0.05 to 1.1% depending on the drug), implant migration with corneal decompensation (incidence rate of 0.43%), iatrogenic lens damage (incidence rate of 0.07%), accelerated cataract formation (up to 50% for steroids and 10.9% for anti-VEGF), and an increased complication rate during subsequent cataract surgery (up to 4% per IVI). Most of these complications occur immediately and have a good prognosis if treated correctly. However, the increased risk of complications during subsequent surgery demonstrates that IVI s can also have long-term complications, a topic that needs to be explored further in future research projects.

Patient-Level and Hospital-Level Risk Factors for In-Hospital Mortality in Patients Ventilated for More Than 24 Hours: Results of a Nationwide Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Prolonged ventilation is associated with a high risk of death. This study investigated both patient-level and hospital-level risk factors for in-hospital mortality in patients ventilated for more than 24 hours. METHODS: The analyses were conducted in the framework of a German national multicenter retrospective cohort study. Patient and hospital characteristics were examined using descriptive statistics. Risk factors of in-hospital mortality were analyzed using multilevel robust Poisson regressions for binary outcomes. Potential effect modifications were examined by stratified analyses. RESULTS: The sample includes 95 672 cases of patients ventilated >24 hours in 163 hospitals covering the period 2016 to 2017. According to the results of multilevel Poisson regressions, main patient-level risk factors for in-hospital mortality were age (per year relative risk [RR] = 1.021, 95% CI = 1.020-1.023), stroke (RR = 1.459; 95% CI = 1.361-1.563), emergency case admission (RR = 1.273, 95% CI = 1.156-1.403), and transfer from another hospital (RR = 1.169, 95% CI = 1.084-1.261). The individual risk of in-hospital death was positively associated with hospital size (RR of hospitals with 600-799 beds vs <100 beds = 1.412, 95% CI = 1.095-1.820) and negatively related to cumulated ventilation patient time (per 1000 days RR = 0.995, 95% CI = 0.993-0.996). University hospital status was identified as an effect modifier, particularly with regard to the patients' admission reasons. The RR of in-hospital death in patients admitted after transfer from another hospital was higher in university hospitals (RR = 1.456, 95% CI = 1.298-1.634) compared to nonuniversity hospitals (RR = 1.077, 95% CI = 1.019-1.139). Likewise, patients admitted as emergency case had a higher relative risk in university hospitals (RR = 1.619, 95% CI = 1.359-1.929) than in nonuniversity hospitals (RR = 1.141, 95% CI = 1.080-1.205). CONCLUSION: By providing evidence on multiple patient-level and hospital-level risk factors for in-hospital mortality in patients ventilated for more than 24 hours, this large multicenter study has main implications for quality assessment of clinical care and the adequate specification of risk adjustment models. The revealed effect modifications indicate the relevance of stratified analyses.

Persistent Organic Pollutants in Human Breast Milk and Associations with Maternal Thyroid Hormone Homeostasis.

Epidemiological studies have indicated the thyroid-disrupting effects of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). However, the association of low-exposure POPs with thyroid hormones (THs) remains unclear. Here, we aim to assess the association of low exposure of POPs, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs), and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans, with THs [total L-thyroxine (TT4), total 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (TT3), and total 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine (TrT3)] measured in human breast milk. Ninety-nine breast milk samples were collected from the LUPE cohort (2015-2016, Bavaria, Germany). Fourteen PBDEs, 17 PCBs, and 5 PCDD/Fs had quantification rates of >80%. Nonmonotonic associations were observed. In adjusted single-pollutant models, (1) TT4 was inversely associated with BDE-99, -154, and -196; (2) TT3 was inversely associated with BDE-47, -99, -100, -197, -203, -207, and OCDD; and (3) TrT3 was inversely associated with BDE-47, -99, -183, and -203. Multipollutant analysis using principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering revealed inverse associations of PBDEs (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -154, -183, and -197) with TT4 and TrT3. These results indicate that POPs at low levels might be related to reduced THs. This study shows that human breast milk might be an appropriate specimen to evaluate the thyroid disruption of POPs.

HER2 gene (ERBB2) amplification is a rare event in non-liver-fluke associated cholangiocarcinogenesis.

BACKGROUND: Cholangiocarcinoma is a rapidly fatal cancer entity with a median survival of less than one year. In contrast to many other malignancies, no substantial therapeutic breakthrough has been made in the past few decades, thereby limiting the treatment to cytotoxic chemotherapy with little beneficial effect for most patients. Targeted therapy tailored to the individual has shown substantial success in the recent past as a promising avenue for cancer therapy. METHODS: In this study, we determined the frequency of amplification of the HER2 gene in a comprehensive and well-characterized European cholangiocarcinoma cohort encompassing 436 patients including intrahepatic (n = 155), proximal (n = 155) and distal (n = 126) cholangiocarcinoma by strict application of a combined immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization algorithm following the current guidelines for HER2 assessment in gastric cancer. RESULTS: We identified a proportion of 1.4% (n = 6) patients that demonstrated HER2 gene amplification, with the highest rate among the distal cholangiocarcinoma patients (2.4%). None of the patients with equivocal (2+) immunohistochemical staining results exhibited gene amplification molecularly. In four of the five patients with HER2 positivity, gene amplification was already present in concomitantly tested high-grade biliary intraepithelial neoplasia (80%). HER2 gene amplification was not significantly associated with other clinical parameters, including survival. CONCLUSIONS: This study identifies HER2 gene amplification as a rare event in cholangiocarcinoma of the Western population, occurring already in high-grade BilIN in a subset of patients. Furthermore, we provide a robust testing algorithm that may be used prior to therapy administration in future clinical trials evaluating the role of HER2 as a predictive marker in cholangiocarcinoma.

Everolimus in metastatic renal cell carcinoma after failure of initial anti-VEGF therapy: final results of a noninterventional study.

BACKGROUND: Data are limited regarding routine use of everolimus after initial vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-targeted therapy. The aim of this prospective, noninterventional, observational study was to assess efficacy and safety of everolimus after initial VEGF-targeted treatment in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) in routine clinical settings. METHODS: Everolimus was administered per routine clinical practice. Patients with mRCC of any histology from 116 active sites in Germany were included. The main objective was to determine everolimus efficacy in time to progression (TTP). Progression-free survival (PFS), treatment duration, tumor response, adherence to everolimus regimen, treatment after everolimus, and safety were also assessed. RESULTS: In the total population (N = 334), median follow-up was 5.2 months (range, 0-32 months). Median treatment duration (safety population, n = 318) was 6.5 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 5-8 months). Median TTP and median PFS were similar in populations investigated. In patients who received everolimus as second-line treatment (n = 211), median (95% CI) TTP was 7.1 months (5-9 months) and median PFS was 6.9 months (5-9 months). Commonly reported adverse events (safety population, n = 318) were dyspnea (17%), anemia (15%), and fatigue (12%). Limitations of the noninterventional design should be considered. CONCLUSIONS: This study reflects routine clinical use of everolimus in a large sample of patients with mRCC. Favorable efficacy and safety were seen for everolimus after previous therapy with one VEGF-targeted agent. Results of this study confirm everolimus as one of the standard options in second-line therapy for patients with mRCC. Novartis study code, CRAD001LD27: VFA registry for noninterventional studies ( http://www.vfa.de/de/forschung/nisdb/).

BridGE: a pathway-based analysis tool for detecting genetic interactions from GWAS.

Genetic interactions have the potential to modulate phenotypes, including human disease. In principle, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) provide a platform for detecting genetic interactions; however, traditional methods for identifying them, which tend to focus on testing individual variant pairs, lack statistical power. In this protocol, we describe a novel computational approach, called Bridging Gene sets with Epistasis (BridGE), for discovering genetic interactions between biological pathways from GWAS data. We present a Python-based implementation of BridGE along with instructions for its application to a typical human GWAS cohort. The major stages include initial data processing and quality control, construction of a variant-level genetic interaction network, measurement of pathway-level genetic interactions, evaluation of statistical significance using sample permutations and generation of results in a standardized output format. The BridGE software pipeline includes options for running the analysis on multiple cores and multiple nodes for users who have access to computing clusters or a cloud computing environment. In a cluster computing environment with 10 nodes and 100 GB of memory per node, the method can be run in less than 24 h for typical human GWAS cohorts. Using BridGE requires knowledge of running Python programs and basic shell script programming experience.

[Correction of aphakia in cases of insufficient capsular bag stability]. / Aphakiekorrektur bei unzureichender Kapselsackstabilität.

A variety of situations can lead to the need for an alternative method of intraocular lens (IOL) fixation if implantation in the capsular bag is not possible. Depending on the situation, sulcus-fixated IOLs, iris-fixated IOLs (IFIOLs) and scleral-fixated IOLs (SFIOLs) are available. With SFIOLs, a distinction is made between suture-fixated and sutureless-fixated techniques. This paper summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches, including the newer methods of sutureless SFIOLs. The decision on a specific approach in the individual case depends on both the individual circumstances of the patient and the experience of the surgeon.

Supporting regional pandemic management by enabling self-service reporting-A case report.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic revealed a need for better collaboration among research, care, and management in Germany as well as globally. Initially, there was a high demand for broad data collection across Germany, but as the pandemic evolved, localized data became increasingly necessary. Customized dashboards and tools were rapidly developed to provide timely and accurate information. In Saxony, the DISPENSE project was created to predict short-term hospital bed capacity demands, and while it was successful, continuous adjustments and the initial monolithic system architecture of the application made it difficult to customize and scale. METHODS: To analyze the current state of the DISPENSE tool, we conducted an in-depth analysis of the data processing steps and identified data flows underlying users' metrics and dashboards. We also conducted a workshop to understand the different views and constraints of specific user groups, and brought together and clustered the information according to content-related service areas to determine functionality-related service groups. Based on this analysis, we developed a concept for the system architecture, modularized the main services by assigning specialized applications and integrated them into the existing system, allowing for self-service reporting and evaluation of the expert groups' needs. RESULTS: We analyzed the applications' dataflow and identified specific user groups. The functionalities of the monolithic application were divided into specific service groups for data processing, data storage, predictions, content visualization, and user management. After composition and implementation, we evaluated the new system architecture against the initial requirements by enabling self-service reporting to the users. DISCUSSION: By modularizing the monolithic application and creating a more flexible system, the challenges of rapidly changing requirements, growing need for information, and high administrative efforts were addressed. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated an improved adaptation towards the needs of various user groups, increased efficiency, and reduced burden on administrators, while also enabling self-service functionalities and specialization of single applications on individual service groups.

Early REperfusion therapy with intravenous alteplase for recovery of VISION in acute central retinal artery occlusion (REVISION): Study protocol of a phase III trial.

RATIONALE: Meta-analyses of case series of non-arteritic central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) indicate beneficial effects of intravenous thrombolysis when initiated early after symptom onset. Randomized data are lacking to address this question. AIMS: The REperfusion therapy with intravenous alteplase for recovery of VISION in acute central retinal artery occlusion (REVISION) investigates intravenous alteplase within 4.5 h of monocular vision loss due to acute CRAO. METHODS: This study is the randomized (1:1), double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter adaptive phase III trial. STUDY OUTCOMES: Primary outcome is functional recovery to normal or mildly impaired vision in the affected eye defined as best-corrected visual acuity of the Logarithm of the Minimum Angle of Resolution of 0.5 or less at 30 days (intention-to-treat analysis). Secondary efficacy outcomes include modified Rankin Score at 90 days and quality of life. Safety outcomes include symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, major bleeding (International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis definition) and mortality. Exploratory analyses of optical coherence tomography/angiography, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) biomarkers will be conducted. SAMPLE SIZE: Using an adaptive design with interim analysis at 120 patients, up to 422 participants (211 per arm) would be needed for 80% power (one-sided alpha = 0.025) to detect a difference of 15%, assuming functional recovery rates of 10% in the placebo arm and 25% in the alteplase arm. DISCUSSION: By enrolling patients within 4.5 h of CRAO onset, REVISION uses insights from meta-analyses of CRAO case series and randomized thrombolysis trials in acute ischemic stroke. Increased rates of early reperfusion and good neurological outcomes in stroke may translate to CRAO with its similar pathophysiology. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04965038; EU Trial Number: 2023-507388-21-00.

Everolimus in metastatic renal cell carcinoma after failure of initial vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (VEGFr-TKI) therapy: results of an interim analysis of a non-interventional study.

BACKGROUND: Everolimus is approved for treatment of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-refractory patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Clinical trials rarely mirror treatment reality. Thus, a broader evaluation of everolimus is valuable for routine use. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A German multicenter non-interventional study documented mRCC patients starting everolimus after failure of initial VEGF-targeted therapy. Primary endpoint was effectiveness, defined as time to progression (TTP) according to investigator assessment (time from first dose to progression). RESULTS: Of 382 documented patients, 196 were included in this interim analysis. In the efficacy population (n = 165), median TTP was 7.0 months (95% confidence interval (CI) 5.1-9.0). Among patients with < or ≥ 6 months of previous VEGF-targeted therapy, median TTP was 6.6 months (95% CI 3.8-not estimable) and 7.4 months (95% CI 4.6-9.6), respectively. Most common adverse events were anemia (13%) and dyspnea (14%). Physicians assessed high tolerance and documented high adherence to everolimus therapy (approximately 97%). CONCLUSION: In routine clinical practice, everolimus is effective, as measured by median TTP (longer than median progression-free survival in RECORD-1 trial), and well tolerated. Our results support everolimus use in anti-VEGF-refractory patients with mRCC.

The crosstalk between glomerular endothelial cells and podocytes controls their responses to metabolic stimuli in diabetic nephropathy.

In diabetic nephropathy (DN), glomerular endothelial cells (GECs) and podocytes undergo pathological alterations, which are influenced by metabolic changes characteristic of diabetes, including hyperglycaemia (HG) and elevated methylglyoxal (MGO) levels. However, it remains insufficiently understood what effects these metabolic factors have on GEC and podocytes and to what extent the interactions between the two cell types can modulate these effects. To address these questions, we established a co-culture system in which GECs and podocytes were grown together in close proximity, and assessed transcriptional changes in each cell type after exposure to HG and MGO. We found that HG and MGO had distinct effects on gene expression and that the effect of each treatment was markedly different between GECs and podocytes. HG treatment led to upregulation of "immediate early response" genes, particularly those of the EGR family, as well as genes involved in inflammatory responses (in GECs) or DNA replication/cell cycle (in podocytes). Interestingly, both HG and MGO led to downregulation of genes related to extracellular matrix organisation in podocytes. Crucially, the transcriptional responses of GECs and podocytes were dependent on their interaction with each other, as many of the prominently regulated genes in co-culture of the two cell types were not significantly changed when monocultures of the cells were exposed to the same stimuli. Finally, the changes in the expression of selected genes were validated in BTBR ob/ob mice, an established model of DN. This work highlights the molecular alterations in GECs and podocytes in response to the key diabetic metabolic triggers HG and MGO, as well as the central role of GEC-podocyte crosstalk in governing these responses.

Polychlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F), polybrominated dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/F), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in German breast milk samples (LUPE 8).

Most organic pollutants (POP) are persistent in the environment, accumulate in fatty tissues, and so a transfer through the food chain is probably, thereby causing various health effects. We quantified PCDD/F, PBDD/F, PCB, PBDE, perfluorinated substances, and ADONA in breast milk samples collected in two German federal states and breast milk and blood samples from subjects additionally exposed to PFOA. The median (95th percentile) concentrations were 2.43 (6.58) pgWHO2005TEQ/g l.w. for PCDD/F, 2.45 (4.82) pgWHO2005TEQ/g l.w. for dioxin-like PCB (dl-PCB), and 0.62 (2.69) pgWHO2005TEQ/g l.w. for PBDD/F. The relative contributions of the median values of PCDD/F, dl-PCB, and PBDD/F to the total-TEQ were approximately 41%, 42%, and 11%, respectively. Nondioxin-like PCB (ndl-PCB) concentrations were clearly dominated by the higher chlorinated PCB congeners, with medians of 23.2 ng/g l.w. for PCB 153, 13.9 ng/g l.w. for PCB 138, and 13.0 ng/g l.w. for PCB 180. The sum of the 3 congeners (PCB 138, 153, and 180) were multiplied with 1.64 (total PCB) and showed a median of 82.16 ng/g l.w. and a 95th percentile of 173.3 ng/g l.w. Only PFOA and PFOS could be quantified in 29% and 17% of in total 180 samples with 95th percentiles of 53 ng/l and 33 ng/l, respectively. Milk samples (n = 13) from subjects living on PFOA contaminated sites showed higher levels between 33 and 854 ng/l PFOA (mean: 199 ng/l), whilst PFOS could be quantified only in three samples. The sum of 17 PBDE congeners showed medians (95th percentile) of 1737 pg/g l.w. (22,806 pg/g l.w.), with the highest medians of 422 pg/g l.w. for BDE 209 and 378 pg/g l.w. for BDE 153. Overall, our study confirms the declining contamination level in breast milk during the last decade, but points out the need to further reduce the environmental contamination with persistent substances and subsequently the exposure in childhood.

Regional responsibility and coordination of appropriate inpatient care capacities for patients with COVID-19 - the German DISPENSE model.

As of late 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic has been a challenge to health care systems worldwide. Rapidly rising local COVID-19 incidence rates, result in demand for high hospital and intensive care bed capacities on short notice. A detailed up-to-date regional surveillance of the dynamics of the pandemic, precise prediction of required inpatient capacities of care as well as a centralized coordination of the distribution of regional patient fluxes is needed to ensure optimal patient care. In March 2020, the German federal state of Saxony established three COVID-19 coordination centers located at each of its maximum care hospitals, namely the University Hospitals Dresden and Leipzig and the hospital Chemnitz. Each center has coordinated inpatient care facilities for the three regions East, Northwest and Southwest Saxony with 36, 18 and 29 hospital sites, respectively. Fed by daily data flows from local public health authorities capturing the dynamics of the pandemic as well as daily reports on regional inpatient care capacities, we established the information and prognosis tool DISPENSE. It provides a regional overview of the current pandemic situation combined with daily prognoses for up to seven days as well as outlooks for up to 14 days of bed requirements. The prognosis precision varies from 21% and 38% to 12% and 15% relative errors in normal ward and ICU bed demand, respectively, depending on the considered time period. The deployment of DISPENSE has had a major positive impact to stay alert for the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and to allocate resources as needed. The application of a mathematical model to forecast required bed capacities enabled concerted actions for patient allocation and strategic planning. The ad-hoc implementation of these tools substantiates the need of a detailed data basis that enables appropriate responses, both on regional scales in terms of clinic resource planning and on larger scales concerning political reactions to pandemic situations.

[The role of university hospitals in regional health care management for coping with the COVID-19 pandemic]. / Die Rolle der Universitätskliniken im regionalen medizinischen Versorgungsmanagement zur Bewältigung der COVID-19 Pandemie.

INTRODUCTION: The complex and dynamic situation in the current pandemic requires a regionally coordinated and interconnected cooperation between the different stakeholders within the health care system, such as the inpatient sector or the public health service. The aim of this study is to analyze health care management during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 with a focus on regional networking and communication structures. METHODS: As part of the BMBF-funded project "egePan Unimed", an online questionnaire on pandemic management was sent to the boards of all 35 German university hospitals in November 2020. The questionnaire focused on the core topics of regional networking, crisis management, data exchange, and communication with political stakeholders. The questionnaire consisted of 37 closed and three open-ended questions. After piloting, the invitation to the survey was extended three times by mail and once by telephone. RESULTS: The results (n=25, response 71.4%) show that 68% of the clinics surveyed were connected to representatives from the inpatient sector and 86% to representatives from the public health service. Networking with representatives from the outpatient sector was less common (26%). Of the university hospitals surveyed, 84% had a leadership role in a regional COVID-19 pandemic management effort. Data exchange with regional hospitals in the course of pandemic management took place at 75% of the participating university hospitals and with supra-regional hospitals at 67% of the clinics surveyed. CONCLUSION: To manage regional medical care during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, university hospitals often assumed a coordinating role in the complex pandemic care process. There were often structured collaborations with regional clinics and health departments and comparatively few cooperations with the outpatient care sector. However, this cooperation has the potential to prevent overcrowding in hospitals.

Programmed Death Ligand-1 (PD-L1) Is an Independent Negative Prognosticator in Western-World Gallbladder Cancer.

Inhibition of the programmed cell death protein-1/ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) axis has opened a new era in the treatment of solid cancers. However, there is no data on the expression and relevance of PD-L1 in Western gallbladder cancer (GBC). We assessed PD-L1 immunohistochemically in 131 GBC patients as Tumor Proportion Score (TPS), Immune Cell Score (IC) and Combined Positivity Score (CPS). Tumor cells expressed PD-L1 in a subset of 14.7% GBC patients at a TPS cut-off of 1%. Higher PD-L1 levels above 10% and 25% TPS were reached in 4.7% and 3.1% of GBC cases, respectively. At a 10% cut-off, TPS was associated with distinct histomorphological subtypes and correlated with poor tumor differentiation. Survival analysis revealed a TPS above 10% to be a highly significant and independent negative prognosticator in GBC. PD-L1 expression was associated with increased CD4+, CD8+ and PD-1+ immune cell densities. In 14.8% of the cases, scattered immune cells expressed T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT), which was correlated to tumoral expression of its ligand CD155. We here show that a high PD-L1 expression confers a negative prognostic value in Western-world GBC and highlight the TIGIT/CD155 immune checkpoint as a potential new target for GBC immunotherapy.

HER2 gene (ERBB2) amplification is a low-frequency driver with potential predictive value in gallbladder carcinoma.

Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is an aggressive type of cancer with a dismal prognosis. Recent case reports have highlighted the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) as a promising target for individualized therapy in biliary tract cancer; however, current data on HER2 positivity in GBC is contradictory. This study aimed to assess the proportion of HER2 positivity and its clinical implications in a large and well-characterized European GBC cohort. HER2 status was determined in 186 cases of surgically resected gallbladder adenocarcinoma and a subset of coexistent high-grade biliary intraepithelial neoplasia (BilIN, n = 74) in accordance with the up-to-date consensus for HER2 testing in gastric cancer by immunohistochemistry and dual-color chromogenic in situ hybridization. Positivity for HER2 was observed in 5.4% of all cases (n = 10). In those patients with concomitant high-grade BilIN, two of four positive samples also showed amplification in the precursor lesion, while in the two remaining cases, positivity was either confined to invasive tumor or high-grade BilIN, exclusively. Equivocal staining found in eleven cases was not accompanied by gene amplification. Staging of the HER2-positive group was significantly different from the HER2-negative group with most cases presenting at stage IV, paralleled by a trend towards decreased survival. One patient who received dual HER2 inhibition almost went into full clinical remission despite treatment initiation in a metastasized state. Our results reveal a low prevalence of HER2 positivity and highlight HER2 gene amplification as an early, potentially driving event in gallbladder carcinogenesis. Prospective standardized HER2 testing and randomized control studies are needed to prove clinical efficacy of targeted HER2 inhibition in GBC.

Long range transport of war-related burn casualties.

BACKGROUND: US military burn casualties are evacuated to the US Army Institute of Surgical Research Burn Center in San Antonio, TX. Patients are transported by US Army Institute of Surgical Research Burn Flight Teams, Air Force Critical Care Air Transport Teams, or routine aeromedical evacuation. This study characterizes the military burn casualties transported by each team and reports associated outcomes. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of burn center registry data, identifying all US burn casualties admitted to the Army's burn center between March 2003 and February 2007. Data included total body surface area (TBSA) burn, ventilatory status, inhalational injury, associated injuries, injury severity, disposition, morbidity, and mortality. RESULTS: During 4 years of military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, 540 casualties were admitted to our burn center for treatment of injuries resulting from war-related operations. Mean burn size was 16.7% total body surface area (range, <1%-95%) with a mean Injury Severity Score of 12.2 +/- 13.7. One hundred eight-one (33.5%) casualties required ventilatory support in flight; inhalation injury was confirmed in 69 (12.7%) patients. Two hundred six (38.1%) were transported by the Burn Flight Team and 174 (32.2%) were transported by Critical Care Air Transport Team, with a mean transit time of 4 days after injury. One hundred sixty (29.6%) patients were routine aeromedical evacuees. There were no in-flight deaths reported; 30 (5.6%) patients died of their wounds at our burn center. CONCLUSIONS: Burn casualties represent a group of patients with severe traumatic injuries. Our current system of selectively using specialty medical transport teams for the long-range transport of burn casualties is safe and effective.

Global evacuation of burn patients does not increase the incidence of venous thromboembolic complications.

BACKGROUND: Case-control studies have suggested that air travel may be a risk factor for the development of Venous Thromboembolism (VTE). Burned patients from the current war in Iraq and Afghanistan, are transported across three continents to our Burn Center with total ground and air transport time being approximately 24 hours spread over 3 days to 4 days. We hypothesized global evacuation results in increased VTE rates. METHODS: Retrospective review of 1,107 consecutive patients admitted to our burn center from January 2003 to December 2005. RESULTS: In the time period evaluated, no detectible differences were found in incidence of VTE between air-evacuated soldiers and those admitted to our facility from South Texas (1.31% vs. 0.83%, p = ns). The air-evacuated soldiers were younger (26 +/- 7 vs. 41 +/- 19, p < 0.0001) but had a higher incidence of inhalation injury (14.4% vs. 8.0%, p < 0.0001) and higher Injury Severity Score (10.9 +/- 13.0 vs. 6.5 +/- 9.2, p < 0.0001). No difference in average percent total body surface area involvement was found (15.8 +/- 19.4 vs. 15.5 +/- 18.4, p = ns). Overall, 11 of 1,107 (0.99%) burned patients developed VTE. CONCLUSION: Prolonged global evacuation is not associated with increased risk of VTE.