Ground State versus Excited State: Discrepancy in Electronic Communication in a Series of meso-meso Two-Atom-Bridged Diporphyrins.

The focal point of this work is the photophysical characterization of three meso-meso two-atom-bridged diporphyrins. Detailed investigations by means of cyclic voltammetry, absorption, fluorescence, and femto-/nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy revealed the discrepancy in electronic communication in a series of meso-meso two-atom-bridged porphyrins in the ground state and in the excited state. In the ground state, the azo bridge facilitates the strongest electronic communication between the two porphyrins. In the excited state, however, the ethene bridge induces the strongest coupling, followed by the imine and azo bridges.

Nickel(II) meso-Hydroxyporphyrin Complexes Revisited: Palladium-Catalysed Synthesis, Electronic Structures of Derived Oxy Radicals, and Oxidative Coupling to a Dioxoporphodimethene Dyad.

We report the synthesis and characterisation of new examples of meso-hydroxynickel(II) porphyrins with 5,15-diphenyl and 10-phenyl-5,15-diphenyl/diaryl substitution. The OH group was introduced by using carbonate or hydroxide as nucleophile by using palladium/phosphine catalysis. The NiPor-OHs exist in solution in equilibrium with the corresponding oxy radicals NiPor-O. . The 15-phenyl group stabilises the radicals, so that the 1 H NMR spectra of {NiPor-OH} are extremely broad due to chemical exchange with the paramagnetic species. The radical concentration for the diphenylporphyrin analogue is only 1 %, and its NMR line-broadening was able to be studied by variable-temperature NMR spectroscopy. The EPR signals of NiPor-O. are consistent with somewhat delocalised porphyrinyloxy radicals, and the spin distributions calculated by using density functional theory match the EPR and NMR spectroscopic observations. Nickel(II) meso-hydroxy-10,20-diphenylporphyrin was oxidatively coupled to a dioxo-terminated porphodimethene dyad, the strongly red-shifted electronic spectrum of which was successfully modelled by using time-dependent DFT calculations.

A systematic theoretical study of the electronic structures of porphyrin dimers: DFT and TD-DFT calculations on diporphyrins linked by ethane, ethene, ethyne, imine, and azo bridges.

Theoretical calculations of the geometries, electronic structures and electronic absorption spectra of a series of covalently-linked porphyrin dimers are reported. The diporphyrins comprise 5,10,15-triphenylporphyrinatozinc(II) (ZnTriPP) units linked through the meso carbons by two-atom bridges, namely 1,2-ethanediyl (1), trans-1,2-ethenediyl (2), ethynediyl (3), 1,2-iminomethenediyl (4), and transdiazenediyl (5). The structures were optimised in toluene solvent by Density Functional Theory (DFT), using the integral equation formalism variant of the polarizable continuum model. The calculations were performed using the B3LYP functional and the 6-31G(d,p) basis set. The complete molecules were modelled, with no substitution of smaller groups on the periphery. In parallel, the compounds 2­5 were prepared by known or novel synthetic routes, to enable comparisons of experimental electronic absorption spectra with those calculated using time dependent-DFT at the same level of theory. As the ethane dimer 1 is not yet synthetically accessible, the model monomer meso-2-phenylethylZnTriPP was used for comparisons with the theoretical predictions. The results form a self-consistent set, enabling for the first time legitimate comparisons of the electronic structures of the series, especially regarding the degree to which the porphyrin p-systems interact by conjugation across the bridges. The theoretical calculations of the electronic transitions match the observed spectra in toluene to a remarkable degree, especially with respect to the peak maximum of the Q band, which represents to a large degree the energy of the HOMO­LUMO transition. The imine 4 is intrinsically polar due to the asymmetric bridge, and the HOMO is located almost exclusively on the ZnTriPP unit attached to the nitrogen of the imine, and the LUMO on the C-attached ring. Thus the Q-band transition is mapped as a comprehensive charge-transfer from the former ring to the latter. This may have consequences for the non-linear optical properties of the system. The azoporphyrin 5 exhibits the largest splittings between the interacting MOs via the conjugated bridge, vindicating a prediction by Anderson and co-workers in 2002, and confirmed experimentally by our synthesis of 5. The collected results also indicate that this level of theory is more thanadequate as a model with which to handle these large delocalised molecules.

Homo- and heteronuclear meso,meso-(E)-ethene-1,2-diyl-linked diporphyrins: preparation, x-ray crystal structure, electronic absorption and emission spectra and density functional theory calculations.

Homo- and heteronuclear meso,meso-(E)-ethene-1,2-diyl-linked diporphyrins have been prepared by the Suzuki coupling of porphyrinylboronates and iodovinylporphyrins. Combinations comprising 5,10,15-triphenylporphyrin (TriPP) on both ends of the ethene-1,2-diyl bridge M(2)10 (M(2) =H(2)/Ni, Ni(2), Ni/Zn, H(4), H(2)Zn, Zn(2)) and 5,15-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)porphyrinato-nickel(II) on one end and H(2), Ni, and ZnTriPP on the other (M(2)11), enable the first studies of this class of compounds possessing intrinsic polarity. The compounds were characterized by electronic absorption and steady state emission spectra, (1)H NMR spectra, and for the Ni(2) bis(TriPP) complex Ni(2)10, single crystal X-ray structure determination. The crystal structure shows ruffled distortions of the porphyrin rings, typical of Ni(II) porphyrins, and the (E)-C(2)H(2) bridge makes a dihedral angle of 50° with the mean planes of the macrocycles. The result is a stepped parallel arrangement of the porphyrin rings. The dihedral angles in the solid state reflect the interplay of steric and electronic effects of the bridge on interporphyrin communication. The emission spectra in particular, suggest energy transfer across the bridge is fast in conformations in which the bridge is nearly coplanar with the rings. Comparisons of the fluorescence behaviour of H(4)10 and H(2)Ni10 show strong quenching of the free base fluorescence when the complex is excited at the lower energy component of the Soret band, a feature associated in the literature with more planar conformations. TDDFT calculations on the gas-phase optimized geometry of Ni(2)10 reproduce the features of the experimental electronic absorption spectrum within 0.1 eV.

Manipulating double-decker molecules at the liquid-solid interface.

We have used a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) to manipulate heteroleptic phthalocyaninato, naphthalocyaninato, and porphyrinato double-decker (DD) molecules at the liquid-solid interface between 1-phenyloctane solvent and graphite. We employed nanografting of phthalocyanines with eight octyl chains to place these molecules into a matrix of heteroleptic DD molecules; the overlayer structure is epitaxial on graphite. We have also used nanografting to place DD molecules in matrices of single-layer phthalocyanines with octyl chains. Rectangular scans with a STM at low bias voltage resulted in the removal of the adsorbed DD molecular layer and substituted the DD molecules with bilayer-stacked phthalocyanines from phenyloctane solution. Single heteroleptic DD molecules with lutetium sandwiched between naphthalocyanine and octaethylporphyrin were decomposed with voltage pulses from the probe tip; the top octaethylporphyrin ligand was removed, and the bottom naphthalocyanine ligand remained on the surface. A domain of decomposed molecules was formed within the DD molecular domain, and the boundary of the decomposed molecular domain self-cured to become rectangular. We demonstrated a molecular "sliding block puzzle" with cascades of DD molecules on the graphite surface.

2-(2-Methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)-1,1-diphenyl-ethanol.

The mol-ecules of the title compound, C(18)H(20)O(3), display an intra-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bond between the hydr-oxy donor and a ketal O-atom acceptor. In the crystal, inter-molecular C-H⋯π inter-actions connect adjacent mol-ecules into chains parallel to the b axis.

4-Hydr-oxy-4,4-diphenyl-butan-2-one.

The mol-ecules of the title compound, C(16)H(16)O(2), display an intra-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bond between the hydroxyl donor and the ketone acceptor. Inter-molecular C-H⋯π inter-actions connect adjacent mol-ecules into chains that propagate parallel to the ac diagonal. The chains are arranged in sheets, and mol-ecules in adjacent sheets inter-act via inter-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

Unusual regioselective mercuration of metalloporphyrins and its potential applications.

The reaction of Hg(CF3CO2)2 with metalloporphyrins produces mercurated porphyrins regioselectively, the reaction, surprisingly occurring at the most hindered betaB-position; this behavior is in marked contrast to the usual electrophilic substitution reactions of porphyrins, whose reactions produce meso-substituted porphyrins; the obtained mercurated porphyrins are active to transition metal-catalyzed coupling reactions, such as the Mizoroki-Heck reaction.

Two-dimensional crystal growth and stacking of bis(phthalocyaninato) rare earth sandwich complexes at the 1-phenyloctane/graphite interface.

Initial stages of two-dimensional crystal growth of the double-decker sandwich complex Lu(Pc*)2 [Pc* = 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octakis(octyloxy)phthalocyaninato] have been studied by scanning tunneling microscopy at the liquid/solid interface between 1-phenyloctane and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. High-resolution images strongly suggest alignment of the double-decker molecules into monolayers with the phthalocyanine rings parallel to the surface. Domains were observed with either hexagonal or quadrate packing motifs, and the growing interface of the layer was imaged. Molecular resolution was achieved, and the face of the phthalocyanine rings appeared as somewhat diffuse circular features. The alkyl chains are proposed to be interdigitating to maintain planar side-by-side packing.

New palladium catalysed reactions of bromoporphyrins: synthesis and crystal structures of nickel(ii) complexes of primary 5-aminoporphyrin, 5,5'-bis(porphyrinyl) secondary amine, and 5-hydroxyporphyrin.

Primary aminoporphyrin, secondary bis(porphyrinyl)amine and hydroxyporphyrin complexes have been isolated and characterised both spectroscopically and crystallographically from the reaction of 5-bromo-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrinatonickel(ii) with hydrazine under palladium catalysis.

Remarkable homology in the electronic spectra of the mixed-valence cation and anion radicals of a conjugated bis(porphyrinyl)butadiyne.

The pi-radical cation and anion of the dizinc complex of a bis(triarylporphyrinyl)butadiyne, 1+ and 1-, respectively, display remarkably similar near-IR signatures, with intense bands near 1000 and 2500 nm, as predicted by the appropriate frontier-orbital model for inter-porphyrin coupling across the conjugated bridge.

Infrared spectra of phthalocyanine and naphthalocyanine in sandwich-type (na)phthalocyaninato and porphyrinato rare earth complexes. Part 3. The effects of substituents and molecular symmetry on the infrared characteristics of phthalocyanine in bis(phthalocyaninato) rare earth complexes.

The infra-red (IR) spectroscopic data for a series of 45 homoleptic unsubstituted and substituted bis(phthalocyaninato) rare earth complexes M(Pc)2 and M(Pc*)2 [M=Y, La...Lu except Pm; H2Pc=phthalocyanine; H2Pc*=2,3,9,10,16,17,24,25-octakis(octyloxy)phthalocyanine (H2OOPc) and 2(3),9(10),16(17),24(25)-tetra(tert-butyl)phthalocyanine (H2TBPc)] have been collected with resolution of 2 cm(-1). The IR spectra for M(Pc)2 and M(OOPc)2 are much simpler than those of M(TBPc)2, revealing the relatively higher symmetry of the former two compounds. For M(Pc)2 the Pc-* marker band at 1312-1323 cm(-1), attributed to the pyrrole stretching, and the isoindole stretching band at 1439-1454 cm(-1) are found to be dependent on the central rare earth size, shifting slightly to the higher energy along with the decrease of rare earth radius. The frequency of the vibration at 876-887 cm(-1) is also dependent on the rare earth ionic size. The metal size-sensitivity of this band and theoretical studies render it possible to re-assign it to the coupling of isoindole deformation and aza vibration. The nature of another metal-sensitive vibration mode at 1110-1116 cm(-1), which was previously assigned to the C-H bending, is now re-assigned as an isoindole breathing mode with some small contribution also from C-H in-plane bending. These assignments are supported by comparative studies of the IR spectra of substituted bis(phthalocyaninato) analogues M(OOPc)2 and M(TBPc)2. By comparison between the IR spectra of unsubstituted and substituted bis(phthalocyaninato) rare earth analogues and according to the IR characteristics of alkyl groups, some characteristic vibrational fundamentals due to the Pc rings and the substituents can be separately identified. In conclusion, all the metal size-dependent IR absorptions are composed primarily of the vibrations of pyrrole or isoindole stretching, breathing or deformation or aza stretching of the Pc ring.

The marriage of peripherally metallated and directly linked porphyrins: bromidobis(phosphine)platinum(II) as a cation-stabilizing substituent on directly linked and fused triply linked diporphyrins.

A meso-bromidoplatiniobis(triphenylphosphine) η(1)-organometallic porphyrin monomer was prepared by the oxidative addition of meso-bromoZnDPP (DPP=dianion of 5,15-diphenylporphyrin) to a platinum(0) species. The meso-meso directly linked dimeric porphyrin (5) was prepared from this monomer by silver(I)-promoted oxidative coupling and planarized to give a triply linked dizinc(II) porphyrin dimer (8). Acidic demetallation of 8 afforded the bis(free base) 9. Dimer 5 was demetallated then remetallated with nickel(II) to give the dinickel(II) analogue 10, the X-ray crystal structure of which showed a twisted molecule with ruffled, orthogonal NiDPP rings, terminated by square-planar trans-[Pt(PPh3)2Br] units. New compounds were fully characterized spectroscopically, and the fused diporphyrin exhibited a broad, low-energy, near-IR electronic absorption band near 1100 nm. Electrochemical measurements of this series indicate that the organometallic fragment is a strong electron donor towards the porphyrin ring. The triply linked organometallic diporphyrin has a substantially lowered first one-electron oxidation potential (-0.35 V versus the ferrocene/ferrocenium couple (Fc/Fc(+))) and a narrow HOMO-LUMO gap of 0.96 V. Solutions prepared for NMR spectroscopy slowly decompose with degradation of the signals, which is attributed to partial oxidation to the cation radical. This paramagnetic species can be reduced in situ by hydrazine to restore the NMR spectrum to its former appearance. The combined influence of the two [Pt(PPh3)2Br] electron-donating substituents is sufficient to make dimer too aerobically unstable to allow further elaboration.

Multiporphyrin coordination arrays based on complexation of magnesium(II) porphyrins with porphyrinylphosphine oxides.

Di- and triporphyrin arrays consisting of 5,15-diphenylporphyrinatomagnesium(II) (MgDPP) coordinated to free-base and Ni(II) porphyrinyl mono- and bis-phosphine oxides, as well as the self-coordinating diphenyl[10,20-diphenylporphyrinatomagnesium(II)-5-yl]phosphine oxide [MgDPP(Ph(2)PO)], were synthesised in excellent yields and characterised by various spectroscopic techniques. Phosphine oxides stabilise Mg(II) coordination to porphyrins and the resulting complexes have convenient solubilities, while the Ni(II) complexes exhibit interesting intramolecular fluorescence quenching behaviour. The binding constant of MgDPP to triphenylphosphine oxide (5.3 +/- 0.1 x 10(5) M(-1)) and the very high self-association constant of [MgDPP(Ph(2)PO)] (5.5 +/- 0.5 x 10(8) M(-1)) demonstrate the strong affinity of phosphine oxides towards Mg(II) porphyrins. These complexes are the first strongly bound synthetic Mg(II) multiporphyrin complexes and could potentially mimic the "special pair" in the photosynthetic reaction centre.

The Heck reaction for porphyrin functionalisation: synthesis of meso-alkenyl monoporphyrins and palladium-catalysed formation of unprecedented meso-beta ethene-linked diporphyrins.

Palladium-catalysed coupling of the vinyl derivatives methyl acrylate, styrene and acrylonitrile with 5-bromo-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin (MTriPPBr; M = 2H, Ni, Zn) and 5,15-dibromo-10,20-bis(3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)porphyrin (MDAPBr(2)) produced a series of mono- and disubstituted alkenylporphyrins, thus demonstrating the applicability of meso-haloporphyrins in Heck-type reactions. The same technique was also applied to meso-ethenylporphyrins and simple aryl halides, with mixed results. Only meso-vinyl nickel(ii) porphyrins showed any reactivity under our conditions. A mixture of 1,1- and 1,2-disubstitution across the alkene was observed for 5-vinyl-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrinatonickel(ii) (meso-vinylNiTriPP), whereas 5-vinyl-10,20-bis(3,5-di-t-butylphenyl)porphyrinatonickel(ii) (meso-vinylNiDAP) produced a mixture of meso-1,1-, meso-1,2- and, surprisingly, beta-1,2-disubstituted Heck products. Coupling meso-vinylNiDAP with MTriPPBr under similar Heck conditions led unexpectedly to transbeta-meso-NiDAP-ethene-MTriPP dyads, affording the first members of a new class of alkenyl-linked diporphyrins. A mechanism for the unusual meso to beta rearrangement is discussed. The electronic absorption spectra of the dyads have a red-shifted shoulder on the Soret (B) band, which is evidence of a moderate degree of electronic interaction between the porphyrins via the ethenyl bridge.

Meso-porphyrinylphosphine oxides: mono- and bidentate ligands for supramolecular chemistry and the crystal structures of monomeric {[10,20-diphenylporphyrinatonickel(II)-5,15-diyl]-bis-[P(O)Ph(2)] and polymeric self-coordinated {[10,20-diphenylporphyrinatozinc(II)-5,15-diyl]-bis-[P(O)Ph(2)]}.

A series of porphyrins substituted in one or two meso positions by diphenylphosphine oxide groups has been prepared by the palladium-catalyzed reaction of diphenylphosphine or its oxide with the corresponding bromoporphyrins. Compounds {MDPP-[P(O)Ph2]n} (M = H2, Ni, Zn; H2DPP = 5,15-diphenylporphyrin; n = 1, 2) were isolated in yields of 60-95%. The reaction is believed to proceed via the conventional oxidative addition, phosphination, and reductive elimination steps, as the stoichiometric reaction of eta(1)-palladio(II) porphyrin [PdBr(H2DPP)(dppe)] (H2DPP = 5,15-diphenylporphyrin; dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane) with diphenylphosphine oxide also results in the desired mono-porphyrinylphosphine oxide [H2DPP-P(O)Ph2]. Attempts to isolate the tertiary phosphines failed due to their extreme air-sensitivity. Variable-temperature 1H NMR studies of [H2DPP-P(O)Ph2] revealed an intrinsic lack of symmetry, while fluorescence spectroscopy showed that the phosphine oxide group does not behave as a "heavy atom" quencher. The electron-withdrawing effect of the phosphine oxide group was confirmed by voltammetry. The ligands were characterized by multinuclear NMR and UV-visible spectroscopy, as well as mass spectrometry. Single-crystal X-ray crystallography showed that the bis(phosphine oxide) nickel(II) complex {[NiDPP-[P(O)Ph2]2} is monomeric in the solid state, with a ruffled porphyrin core and the two P=O fragments on the same side of the average plane of the molecule. On the other hand, the corresponding zinc(II) complex formed infinite chains through coordination of one Ph2PO substituent to the neighboring zinc porphyrin through an almost linear P=O...Zn unit, leaving the other Ph2PO group facing into a parallel channel filled with disordered water molecules. These new phosphine oxides are attractive ligands for supramolecular porphyrin chemistry.

Time-dependent density functional molecular orbital and excited state calculations on bis(porphyrinyl)butadiynes in the monocationic, neutral, monoanionic, and dianionic oxidation states.

We report a theoretical study of the multiple oxidation states (1+, 0, 1-, and 2-) of a meso,meso-linked diporphyrin, namely bis[10,15,20-triphenylporphyrinatozinc(II)-5-yl]butadiyne (4), using Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TDDFT). The origin of electronic transitions of singlet excited states is discussed in comparison to experimental spectra for the corresponding oxidation states of the close analogue bis[10,15,20-tris[3',5'-di-tert-butylphenyl]porphyrinatozinc(II)-5-yl]butadiyne (3). The latter were measured in previous work under in situ spectroelectrochemical conditions. Excitation energies and orbital compositions of the excited states were obtained for these large delocalized aromatic radicals, which are unique examples of organic mixed-valence systems. The radical cations and anions of butadiyne-bridged diporphyrins such as 3 display characteristic electronic absorption bands in the near-IR region, which have been successfully predicted with use of these computational methods. The radicals are clearly of the "fully delocalized" or Class III type. The key spectral features of the neutral and dianionic states were also reproduced, although due to the large size of these molecules, quantitative agreement of energies with observations is not as good in the blue end of the visible region. The TDDFT calculations are largely in accord with a previous empirical model for the spectra, which was based simplistically on one-electron transitions among the eight key frontier orbitals of the C4 (1,4-butadiyne) linked diporphyrins.

Synthesis of profluorescent isoindoline nitroxides via palladium-catalysed Heck alkenylation.

The synthesis of a new structural class of isoindoline nitroxides (aminoxyls), accessible via the palladium-catalysed Heck reaction, is presented. Reaction of the aryl bromoamine, 5-bromo-1,1,3,3-tetramethylisoindoline (4) or dibromoamine, 5,6-dibromo-1,1,3,3-tetramethylisoindoline (5) or the analogous bromonitroxides 6 and 7 with methyl acrylate gives the acrylate substituted tetramethylisoindoline amines 8 and 10 and nitroxides 12 and 14. Similarly, the reaction of the aryl bromides and dibromides 4-7 with methyl 4-vinylbenzoate gives the carboxystyryl substituted tetramethylisoindoline amines 9 and 11 and the analogous nitroxides 13 and 15. The carboxystyryl tetramethylisoindoline nitroxides demonstrate strongly suppressed fluorescence, which is revealed upon removal of the free radical by reduction or radical coupling.