RESUMEN
The effects of biofilm formation on membrane performance were evaluated for a submerged membrane bioreactor (sMBR) system with six different types of micro- and ultrafiltration membranes (working volume=19 l). After operation for 24 h the permeability of the membranes with a larger pore size (microfiltration) decreased to that of the membranes with a much smaller pore size (ultrafiltration). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed that biofilms could reduce the influence of the membrane surface properties. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency was 95% for the oily wastewater treatment in the sMBR where the filtration process made an important contribution (47% based on feed COD). Significant enhancement in COD removal occurred at the initial filtration stage because of biofilm formation and the dynamic member role of the biofilm layer. Membranes with various pore sizes had approximately the same permeate quality that was attributed to the biofilm on the membrane surfaces. Nevertheless, the ultrafiltration membranes had 43% more COD removal efficiency than the other applied membranes at the beginning of filtration (before biofilm formation) because of the smaller pore sizes and better sieving.
Asunto(s)
Biopelículas , Incrustaciones Biológicas/prevención & control , Análisis de la Demanda Biológica de Oxígeno/instrumentación , Reactores Biológicos , Purificación del Agua/métodos , Diseño de Equipo , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Permeabilidad , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier , Ultrafiltración/métodosRESUMEN
Integrating the control of multiple neglected zoonoses at the community-level holds great potential, but critical data is missing to inform the design and implementation of different interventions. In this paper we present an evaluation of an integrated health messaging intervention, using powerpoint presentations, for five bacterial (brucellosis and bovine tuberculosis) and dog-associated (rabies, cystic echinococcosis and leishmaniasis) zoonotic diseases in Sidi Kacem Province, northwest Morocco. Conducted by veterinary and epidemiology students between 2013 and 2014, this followed a process-based approach that encouraged sequential adaptation of images, key messages, and delivery strategies using auto-evaluation and end-user feedback. We describe the challenges and opportunities of this approach, reflecting on who was targeted, how education was conducted, and what tools and approaches were used. Our results showed that: (1) replacing words with local pictures and using "hands-on" activities improved receptivity; (2) information "overload" easily occurred when disease transmission pathways did not overlap; (3) access and receptivity at schools was greater than at the community-level; and (4) piggy-backing on high-priority diseases like rabies offered an important avenue to increase knowledge of other zoonoses. We conclude by discussing the merits of incorporating our validated education approach into the school curriculum in order to influence long-term behaviour change.
Asunto(s)
Recursos Audiovisuales , Educación en Salud/métodos , Difusión de la Información/métodos , Enfermedades Desatendidas/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Desatendidas/tratamiento farmacológico , Zoonosis/diagnóstico , Zoonosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Animales , Brucelosis/diagnóstico , Brucelosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Brucelosis/epidemiología , Bovinos , Niño , Curriculum , Perros , Equinococosis/diagnóstico , Equinococosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Equinococosis/epidemiología , Femenino , Personal de Salud/educación , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Marruecos/epidemiología , Enfermedades Desatendidas/epidemiología , Padres/educación , Rabia/diagnóstico , Rabia/tratamiento farmacológico , Rabia/epidemiología , Instituciones Académicas , Estudiantes , Tuberculosis Bovina/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis Bovina/tratamiento farmacológico , Tuberculosis Bovina/epidemiología , Adulto Joven , Zoonosis/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Colartin [9] and arbusculin A [11] have been synthesized from alpha-santonin [1] in 14.5% (11 steps) and 9.3% (13 steps) overall yields, respectively. Arbusculin A [11] and compounds 20, 21, and 22, which were derived from intermediate 2, showed significant cell growth inhibitory activity against murine lymphocytic leukemia (P-388) in vitro. Plant growth regulating activity of 11 and its synthetic intermediates 4, 5, 8, and 9 was also studied.
Asunto(s)
Sesquiterpenos/síntesis química , Animales , Antineoplásicos/síntesis química , Isomerismo , Leucemia P388/tratamiento farmacológico , Estructura Molecular , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/síntesis química , Sesquiterpenos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Efficient syntheses of (-)-arbusclin D and (+)-4-epi-arbusclin D are reported. By these syntheses the C-4 stereochemistry of arbusclin D and the absolute configuration of (-)-arbusclin D have been determined to be a s shown in structure 1. The biological activities, such as cytotoxic activity toward P-388 lymphocytic leukemia, plant growth regulating activity, and antimicrobial activity of compounds 1, 3, 7, 9, 12, and 14 were also studied.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/química , Lactonas/síntesis química , Sesquiterpenos de Eudesmano , Sesquiterpenos/síntesis química , Animales , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/síntesis química , Lactonas/farmacología , Leucemia P388/tratamiento farmacológico , Ratones , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/farmacología , Sesquiterpenos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The synthesis and optimization of the anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of a novel series of benzyloxyisoquinoline derivatives that was discovered by a random screening process, are described. In the in vitro assay, compound 10c containing a 3-acetamido-2,6-dichlorobenzyl substituent was found to have extremely potent activity against H. pylori and no activity against other common bacteria. The anti-H. pylori activity of 10c was superior to that of amoxicillin (AMPC) (1) and clarithromycin (CAM) (2). However, 10c did not show in vivo efficacy in a mouse infection model; a feature attributed to the lack of strong bactericidal activity at short contact times.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Helicobacter pylori/efectos de los fármacos , Isoquinolinas/síntesis química , Amoxicilina/farmacología , Animales , Antibacterianos/síntesis química , Antibacterianos/química , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Infecciones por Helicobacter/tratamiento farmacológico , Helicobacter pylori/fisiología , Isoquinolinas/química , Isoquinolinas/farmacología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Penicilinas/farmacología , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
The synthesis and in vitro optimization of the anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of a novel series of benzyloxyisoquinoline derivatives discovered by a random screening process, are described. FR180102 (7f), having a 3-acetamido-2,6-dichlorobenzyl moiety, was found to have extremely potent activity against H. pylori and no effect against a series of common Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Asunto(s)
Acetamidas/farmacología , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Helicobacter pylori/efectos de los fármacos , Isoquinolinas/farmacología , Acetamidas/síntesis química , Acetamidas/química , Animales , Antibacterianos/síntesis química , Antibacterianos/química , Isoquinolinas/síntesis química , Isoquinolinas/química , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Ratones , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
The synthesis and in vitro antibacterial activity of a novel series of 2-alkoxymethyl-4-pyrrolidinylthio-1 beta-methyl carbapenems are described. As a result of these studies, we discovered that FR27743 (19j) containing a novel 2-fluoroethoxymethyl substituent possesses a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, FR27743 exhibited excellent stability against renal dehydropeptidase-I (DHP-I), good urinary recovery, and superior in vivo activity compared to that for Meropenem against several systemic infections.
Asunto(s)
Carbapenémicos/síntesis química , Carbapenémicos/farmacología , Tienamicinas/síntesis química , Tienamicinas/farmacología , Animales , Carbapenémicos/química , Dipeptidasas/metabolismo , Estabilidad de Medicamentos , Masculino , Meropenem , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Infecciones por Pseudomonas/tratamiento farmacológico , Ratas , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Tienamicinas/química , Orina/químicaRESUMEN
The synthesis and biological activity of a novel series of 2-alkyl-4-pyrrolidinylthio-beta-methylcarbapenems containing a variety of cationic heteroaromatic substituents is described. As a result of these studies, we uncovered a relationship between in vitro antibacterial activity and the length of the alkyl spacer part, and discovered FR20950 (1c), containing a two methylene spacer moiety and an imidazolio group, which possesses a balanced spectrum of antibacterial activity, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Furthermore, FR20950 exhibited excellent urinary recovery, and comparable stability against renal dehydropeptidase-I (DHP-I) to Biapenem. DHP-I stability could be improved by introduction of a substituent on to the imidazole ring.