Subcutaneous application of hyperimmune serum against Histophilus somni recombinant proteins affects serum antibody reactivity in beef calves.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory tract diseases cause significant economic loss in beef cattle. This study aimed to determine whether the application of hyperimmune serum (HS) containing antibodies against selected antigens of Gram-negative bacteria would improve the health and growth of different breeds of beef calves kept on three farms. Two recombinant protein antigens (Histophilus somni rHsp60 and rOMP40) were used to immunize four cows to produce HS. Eighty seven beef calves (Charolaise n = 36, Limousine n = 34, and crossbreed n = 17) were included into study. One hundred milliliters of serum were administered subcutaneously to 43 beef calves (Charolaise n = 18, Limousine n = 17, and crossbreed n = 8) twice, between 1 and 5 and 21-28 days of life. Calves were examined three times, and blood samples were taken to evaluate immunoglobulin M, G1, and G2, fibrinogen, serum amyloid A, and haptoglobin concentrations and reactivity of these Ig classes of antibodies against H. somni rHsp60 and rOMP40. Average daily weight gain during the first month and until weaning was calculated. RESULTS: HS showed higher (p ≤ 0.05) reactivity in calf sera against H. somni rHsp60 and OMP40 in IgG1 and IgG2. In experimental calves, compared to control calves, the reactivity of IgG1 against rOMP40 in the second sampling was higher in Limousine calves (p ≤ 0.001) and in the other two herds (p ≤ 0.05). Serum IgG2 antibody activity against H. somni rHsp60 in the second sampling was higher in experimental calves than in control calves in charolaise (p ≤ 0.05) and limousine (p ≤ 0.001) herds. The reactivity of IgG2 against rOMP40 in the second sampling of experimental calves was higher in herds with Charolaise and Limousine calves (p ≤ 0.001) and in crossbred calves (p ≤ 0.05). In the third sampling, serum IgG1 antibody reactivity against rOMP40 in Limousine calves was higher (p ≤ 0.05) in the experimental group. Among the other evaluated parameters, only SAA in the second sampling in the herd with Charolaise calves and heart rate in the herd with Limousine calves were significantly higher in the control calves (p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION: The application of HS to calves in all herds had an impact on specific reactivity in IgG1 and IgG2 classes against H. somni rOMP40 and rHsp60, antigens which were used for serum production.

The Influence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus on Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes: A Retrospective Study in Rzeszów, Poland.

BACKGROUND Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects 5.8-12.9% of pregnant women, while pre-gestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM) affects 0.4-1.1%. GDM increases the risk of perinatal complications and long-term health issues. This retrospective study from a single centre in Rzeszów, Poland aimed to evaluate maternal and neonatal outcomes of pregnancy of 65 women with gestational diabetes mellitus. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study group consisted 65 women with GDM. The control group consisted 60 women without. GDM were diagnosed with carbohydrate metabolism disorders during pregnancy based on the results of the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Methods of evaluation of the mothers: age, body mass before pregnancy, body height, body mass index (BMI), gravidity, parity, the number of miscarriages, length of stay (LOS) of mother, gestational weight gain (GWG), duration of pregnancy, type of delivery, treatment of diabetes. Methods of evaluation of the child: LOS, birth weight, Apgar points. RESULTS Women with diabetes stayed in hospital longer than women without, similarly applies the length of stay (LOS) of the child (p<0.001). It turned out that the women with GDM were significantly more likely to deliver by caesarean section (CS) (p=0.024) and these women most often had gestational weight gain (GWG) within the recommended range (p<0.001). Body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy was significantly higher in the women with GDM (p=0.023). CONCLUSIONS The above study confirms that the occurrence of GDM has an undoubted impact on prolonged LOS of the mother and child, more frequent CS delivery and normal GWG.

Perioperative management of patients with gynecological cancers.

Oncological surgery is the primary treatment for gynecological malignancies and is inseparably linked with anesthesia. The modern approach to interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary perioperative care in gynecologic oncological patients improves the outcome. This paper presents a review of perioperative management of patients with gynecologic oncology related to enhanced recovery after surgery and cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy. We performed a literature search on MEDLINE, EMBASE, Google Scholar, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Clinical Trials. The database search focused on selected topics related to perioperative gynecological oncology care. The authors also contributed through individual, independent literature searches.

TEXS: in-vacuum tender X-ray emission spectrometer with 11 Johansson crystal analyzers.

The design and first results of a large-solid-angle X-ray emission spectrometer that is optimized for energies between 1.5 keV and 5.5 keV are presented. The spectrometer is based on an array of 11 cylindrically bent Johansson crystal analyzers arranged in a non-dispersive Rowland circle geometry. The smallest achievable energy bandwidth is smaller than the core hole lifetime broadening of the absorption edges in this energy range. Energy scanning is achieved using an innovative design, maintaining the Rowland circle conditions for all crystals with only four motor motions. The entire spectrometer is encased in a high-vacuum chamber that allocates a liquid helium cryostat and provides sufficient space for in situ cells and operando catalysis reactors.

The Nuclearity of the Active Site for Methane to Methanol Conversion in Cu-Mordenite: A Quantitative Assessment.

The direct conversion of methane to methanol (MTM) is a reaction that has the potential to disrupt a great part of the synthesis gas-derived chemical industry. However, despite many decades of research, active enough catalysts and suitable processes for industrial application are still not available. Recently, several copper-exchanged zeolites have shown considerable activity and selectivity in the direct MTM reaction. Understanding the nature of the active site in these materials is essential for any further development in the field. Herein, we apply multivariate curve resolution analysis of X-ray absorption spectroscopy data to accurately quantify the fraction of active Cu in Cu-MOR (MOR = mordenite), allowing an unambiguous determination of the active site nuclearity as a dicopper site. By rationalizing the compositional parameters and reaction conditions, we achieve the highest methanol yield per Cu yet reported for MTM over Cu-zeolites, of 0.47 mol/mol.

Chemical Forms of Mercury in Pyrite: Implications for Predicting Mercury Releases in Acid Mine Drainage Settings.

Pyrite (cubic FeS2) is the most abundant metal sulfide in nature and also the main host mineral of toxic mercury (Hg). Release of mercury in acid mine drainage resulting from the oxidative dissolution of pyrite in coal and ore and rock resulting from mining, processing, waste management, reclamation, and large construction activities is an ongoing environmental challenge. The fate of mercury depends on its chemical forms at the point source, which in turn depends on how it occurs in pyrite. Here, we show that pyrite in coal, sedimentary rocks, and hydrothermal ore deposits can host varying structural forms of Hg which can be identified with high energy-resolution XANES (HR-XANES) spectroscopy. Nominally divalent Hg is incorporated at the Fe site in pyrite from coal and at a marcasite-type Fe site in pyrite from sedimentary rocks. Distinction of the two Hg bonding environments offers a mean to detect microscopic marcasite inclusions (orthorhombic FeS2) in bulk pyrite. In epigenetic pyrite from Carlin-type Au deposit, up to 55 ± 6 at. % of the total Hg occurs as metacinnabar nanoparticles (ß-HgSNP), with the remainder being substitutional at the Fe site. Pyritic mercury from Idrija-type Hg deposit (α-HgS ore) is partly divalent and substitutional and partly reduced into elemental form (liquid). Divalent mercury ions, mercury sulfide nanoparticles, and elemental mercury released by the oxidation of pyrite in acid mine drainage settings would have different environmental pathways. Our results could find important applications for designing control strategies of mercury released to land and water in mine-impacted watersheds.

Identification of the silver state in the framework of Ag-containing zeolite by XRD, FTIR, photoluminescence, 109Ag NMR, EPR, DR UV-vis, TEM and XPS investigations.

Silver has been identified in the framework of AgxSiBEA zeolites (where x = 3-6 Ag wt%) by the combined use of XRD, 109Ag MAS NMR, FTIR, diffuse reflectance UV-visible, EPR and XPS spectroscopy. The incorporation of Ag ions into the framework of SiBEA zeolite has been evidenced by XRD. The consumption of OH groups as a result of their reaction with the silver precursor has been monitored by FTIR and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The changes in the silver state as a function of Ag content and thermal and hydrogen treatment at 573 K have been identified by 109Ag MAS NMR, EPR, DR UV-visible, TEM and XPS investigations. The acidity of AgSiBEA has been investigated by FTIR spectroscopy of adsorbed CO and pyridine used as probe molecules.

Osteopontin as a marker of endometriosis - the current state of knowledge.

Endometriosis is a disease affecting mainly women of childbearing age, where ectopic endometrial lesions occur outside the uterine cavity. Its main symptoms are chronic pain, infertility and dysmenorrhea. These symptoms significantly reduce the quality of life of patients suffering from this disease. Despite advanced research, the exact etiopathogenesis of endometriosis is still unknown and various theories explaining its origin are postulated in the course of research. Osteopontin is a protein originally discovered in the bone matrix and then in various tissues and organs of the body such as the kidneys, lungs, reproductive organs, vascular epithelial cells or some cancer cells. It is involved in processes such as cell adhesion and migration, angiogenesis and the promotion of tumor cell metastasis. These processes play a role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis, hence intensive research on the role of osteopontin in the development of this disease is an interesting research direction.

Assessment of functional fitness impacted by hospital rehabilitation in post-stroke patients who additionally contracted COVID-19.

Background: The aim of the study was to assess the effects of rehabilitation in post-stroke patients, or post-stroke patients with simultaneous COVID-19 infection, in relation to: improved locomotion efficiency, improved balance, reduced risk of falling as well as the patients' more effective performance in everyday activities. Methods: The study involved 60 patients in the early period (2-3 months) after a stroke. Group I consisted of 18 patients (30.0%) who, in addition to a stroke, also contracted COVID-19. Group II consisted of 42 patients (70%) post-stroke, with no SARS-CoV2 infection. The effects were assessed on the basis of: Tinetti test, Timed Up & Go test and Barthel scale. Results: Both groups achieved a statistically significant improvement in their Barthel score after therapy (p < 0.001). The Tinetti test, assessing gait and balance, showed that participants in Group I improved their score by an average of 4.22 points. ±4.35, and in Group II, on average, by 3.48 points ± 3.45 points. In the Timed Up & Go test over a distance of 3 m, significant improvement was achieved in both groups, as well but the effect was higher in Group I (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Hospital rehabilitation in the early period after stroke improved locomotion efficiency and balance, and reduced the risk of falls in post-stroke patients, both with and without COVID-19 infection.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with a local anesthetic compared to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug alone significantly reduce the pain associated with vaginoscopic office hysteroscopy.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Pain is the most common cause of office hysteroscopy (OH) failure. There is no consensus on alleviation of pain during OH. The aim was to compare the effectiveness of pain-relieving methods during OH. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective randomized open-label trial included women subjected to OH. All women received 100 mg of ketoprofen intravenously pre-procedure. Women were randomly assigned to 3 arms: A) no local anesthesia, B) infiltration anesthesia with 20 ml of 1% lidocaine solution, C) paracervical block with 20 ml of 1% lidocaine solution. Karl Storz Bettocchi® rigid hysteroscope with a 5 mm operative sheath was used. Intensity of pain in numeric rating scale (NRS), intensity of cervical bleeding, frequency of vasovagal episodes, and failure rate were compared. RESULTS: The study involved 201 women, 67 in each arm. NRS value during OH was higher in arm A than in B and C (6.3 vs. 5.1 vs. 5.0; p = 0.01). NRS value after OH did not differ and in all arms pain was imperceptible (p = 0.007). Cervical bleeding was more frequent in arm B than in A and C (76.1% vs. 33.4% vs. 35.9%; p < 0.0001), but its intensity did not differ from the other arms (p = 0.3). Vasovagal episode was most common in arm B (p = 0.048). There was no difference in the failure rate between the arms (p = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS: The paracervical block, albeit technically the most laborious, has proven to be the most beneficial for the patient in terms of overall comfort and for the surgeon regarding feasibility.

A survey of knowledge, attitudes and awareness of the HPV and HPV vaccine among obstetricians and gynecologists across Poland.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to assess general knowledge regarding human papillomavirus (HPV) and the attitude to primary prevention in form of HPV vaccination (HPVv) among Polish obstetricians and gynecologists (OBGYNs). In addition, we wanted to study the willingness of physicians to promote the HPVv among patients, based on their general attitude to vaccinations as well as HPV-related knowledge. The gynecologists were also asked to assess their patients' awareness of HPV infection. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A questionnaire consisting of 25 questions was used to collect the data and with support of the Polish Society of Gynecologists and Obstetricians (PTGiP) and the Polish Society of Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (PTKiPSM) sent via their mailing lists to all members and beyond. The total amount of 213 fully filled questionnaires were gathered and analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Most of the surveyed OBGYNs showed a good knowledge of HPV and HPVv. They were able to correctly identify the high-risk oncogenic HPV types (hrHPV) and admitted to using HPV genotyping in their daily practice and actively promoting HPVv, being in majority supporters of mandatory vaccinations in general. Almost 90% confirmed the importance of informing patients about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). On the other hand, there was a group of OBGYNs with clearly insufficient knowledge about the HPV and its prevention. CONCLUSIONS: General knowledge of Polish physicians about HPV is good, independent of gender and age. The acceptance of all vaccines is high, but the low availability of the HPV vaccines seems to be the biggest problem stopping patients from getting them.

Does Prenatal Physical Activity Affect the Occurrence of Postnatal Anxiety and Depression? Longitudinal Study.

The aim of the foregoing study was to assess whether physical activity during pregnancy affects the occurrence of anxiety and depression during pregnancy, postpartum and 6 months following childbirth. This study tried to answer the following questions: How was the incidence of depression and anxiety different in the pre- and postpartum periods? What intensity level of physical activity protects against the symptoms of anxiety and depression? Does the time spent engaged in sedentary activities and MVPA affect the occurrence of depression and anxiety before and after childbirth? The study group under analysis consisted of 187 women aged 19-41 years. The research was conducted between April 2016 and November 2020. The study was divided into four stages: T0-qualification to participate in the study; T1-medical history acquisition, consisting of a short questionnaire and two long questionnaires (the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7)), as well as an assessment of 7-day physical activity using Actigraph accelerometers during the pregnancy; T2-the completion of the EPDS and GAD-7 questionnaires after the birth; T3-the completion of the EPDS and GAD-7 questionnaire 6 months after giving birth. The obtained results were statistically processed in the Statistica 13.3 software package. A significance level of p < 0.05 was assumed. The highest percentage of depression occurred immediately after the delivery, followed by 6 months after delivery, and the smallest number of women suffered from depression before the birth (p < 0.001). The analysis of correlations of physical activity with anxiety symptoms did not show significant correlations. However, the situation is different in the case of depression symptoms. Women taking fewer steps before delivery showed a greater tendency to develop depressive symptoms before, immediately after and 6 months after the delivery (p < 0.001). Women who were less active (took fewer steps per day, spent less time in moderate-to-vigorous physical (MVPA) activities or spent more time being sedentary) showed symptoms of depression on the EPDS scale. It appeared that those with severe anxiety symptoms had the highest sedentary time scores before the delivery (p = 0.020). Reduced physical activity promotes the onset of postnatal depression, while being active reduces this risk. Interestingly, even light physical activity "protects" against the occurrence of depression and is better than sedentary activities. Such clear conclusions cannot be drawn in relation to anxiety symptoms. Sedentary behaviour may promote anxiety symptoms immediately after childbirth, but this study should be continued in order to confirm it during other time periods.

Association of Subclinical Hypothyroidism with Present and Absent Anti-Thyroid Antibodies with PCOS Phenotypes and Metabolic Profile.

BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) often coexist, but implications of the co-occurrence of two disorders have not yet been established. The objective is to conclude whether SCH with present or absent anti-thyroid antibodies (ATA) impacts on the PCOS phenotype and alters biochemical or clinical parameters. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in a tertiary reference center. Clinical and biochemical parameters of women with PCOS were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 367 women with PCOS were included in the study, 114 (31.1%) of whom were diagnosed with SCH and 16 (4.4%) with autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT). Among all parameters studied, the strongest relationship with SCH was confirmed for insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. SCH was an independent risk factor for insulin resistance. In SCH the additional presence of ATA did not exacerbate the metabolic disorders. There was no significant association of any PCOS phenotype with SCH, nor with the presence of circulating ATA. There was no significant difference in hormonal parameters and mFerriman-Gallwey scale score between women with PCOS with and without SCH. CONCLUSIONS: SCH alters metabolic, but not hormonal, parameters in PCOS. The diagnosis of SCH does not exclude the diagnosis of PCOS. The potential effect of positive ATA was insignificant.

Sociodemographic and Socioeconomic Factors Influencing the Body Mass Composition of School-Age Children.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the components of overweight, obesity, and body mass components among children aged 7 to 13 years against important sociodemographic factors. The analyses considered 315 school-age children from 7 to 13 years of age (164 boys and 151 girls). Each subject was assessed for body weight and height, body weight category, and main sociodemographic factors. Body mass components of body mass (body-fat percentage (BFP), muscle tissue, fat-free mass (FFM), and total body water (TBW) levels) were evaluated using the electrical bioimpedance method (BIA) and the TANITA 780 MC analyzer. A statistical analysis showed significant differences between the body composition of children living in cities in relation to children living in small towns and villages, and no significant differences were found between the results of children living in small towns and children living in villages. The presence of statistically significant differences between the values of the parameters of body composition of the studied children was demonstrated depending on the level of education of their fathers. The presence of statistically significant relationships between BMI of mothers and BFP of their children (p = 0.003), FFM (p = 0.003), muscle tissue (p = 0.001), and TBW (p = 0.001) has been demonstrated. The higher content of adipose tissue in children is strongly dependent on the higher BMI and body mass category of the mother, as well as the lower level of education of the father. The place of residence also significantly affects both the body fat content and the total body water content of body hydration. Living in the city is associated with better body composition.

Human papillomavirus genotyping in low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions.

OBJECTIVES: Human papillomavirus infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections. Histological LSIL in 70-80% of cases will regress spontaneously, while a subset is associated with residual risk for a future precancerous lesion. This study evaluates the performance of HPV genotypes for LSIL preceded by normal or mildly abnormal Pap smear. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We provide a prospective observational cohort study. We obtained material from 428 women registered to Specialist Medical Practice and Provincial Hospital in Poznan in 2018-2021. In the current study, we analyze results from the first 112 inclusions with the diagnosis of LSIL from a cervical biopsy. The probe for the molecular test was collected with a combi brush and passed to the independent, standardized laboratory. HPV detection was done using PCR followed by DNA enzyme immunoassay and genotyping with a reverse hybridization line probe assay. Sequence analysis was performed to characterize HPV - positive samples with unknown HPV genotypes. The molecular test detected DNA of 42 HPV genotypes. We performed statistical analyzes using the STATISTICA package 13.3. RESULTS: We found that 77.7% of patients received HPV-positive test results. The most frequent HPV genotype was 16, which was assumed for 22.3%. We detected that following HPV types are next most common: HPV 56 (11.6%), HPV 52 (8.9%), HPV 31 (8.0%) and HPV 51 (8.0%). Among HPV 16-negative women, the vast majority are those living in the town (p = 0.048). Moreover, thyroid diseases were the most common comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this study is the most extensive assessment of HPV genotypes in LSIL diagnoses in Poland.

Human papillomavirus genotyping in high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion.

OBJECTIVES: Human papillomavirus infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections. Long-term exposure to the HPV leads to high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions affecting cervical cancer. Knowledge about the distribution of HPV genotypes is crucial to guide the introduction of prophylactic vaccines. We aimed the genotype distribution in patients reporting due to abnormal Pap - smear tests. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We provide a prospective observational cohort study. We obtained material from 428 women registered to Provincial Hospital in Poznan and Specialist Medical Practice in 2018-2020. In the current study, we analyze results from the first 110 inclusions with the diagnosis of HSIL from a cervical biopsy. The probe for the molecular test was collected with a combi brush and passed to an independent, standardized laboratory. HPV detection was done using PCR followed by DNA enzyme immunoassay and genotyping with a reverse hybridization line probe assay. Sequence analysis was performed to characterize HPV-positive samples with unknown HPV genotypes. The molecular test detected DNA of 41 HPV genotypes. We performed statistical analyzes using the STATISTICA package 13.3. RESULTS: We found that 98.2% of patients received HPV-positive test results. The most frequent HPV genotype was 16, which assumed for 54.1%. In patients negative for HPV 16, the percentage decreased with increasing age. We detected that the following HPV types are next most common: HPV 31 (16.2 %), HPV 52 (11.7%), HPV 51 (9.9%), HPV 18 (9.0%), HPV 33 (9%). Moreover, thyroid diseases were the most common comorbidities and occurred in 15 patients CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this study is the most extensive assessment of HPV genotypes in HSIL diagnoses in Poland.

Preterm Birth and the Type of Birth and Their Impact on the Incidence of Overweight and Obesity in Children.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the influence of the type of birth and preterm birth on the risk of overweight and obesity in the children studied. The study involved 749 children of pre-school and school age, between 4 and 15 years of age. Information about the type of delivery and the potential preterm birth came from the child's health book and the mother's pregnancy card. The authors assessed the body height and body weight of each child. The analysis showed that on average every six children were born before due date (before the end of 37 weeks of gestation) and slightly more than 40% of the children were born by cesarean section (CS). A statistical analysis was performed, including descriptive statistics and Spearman's correlation, and to evaluate the differences in the analyzed groups, nonparametric tests and chi-square independence tests were used: the Mann-Whitney test, and the Kruskal-Wallis test due to the lack of a normalized distribution. The incidence of overweight and obesity was higher in 7-11-year-old boys born with CS vs. vaginal birth (VD) (p = 0.026). There were no statistically significant differences between BMI centile value and preterm birth. Cesarean section birth significantly increases the percentage of boys with overweight and obesity in early school age and may be associated with higher percentile values of children with BMI in this age group.

Postoperative gynecologic oncology admissions to intensive care unit in the tertiary care center: an eight-year retrospective study.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to analyze the cohort of gynecologic oncology patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study including all ICU postoperative admissions related to adult female patients with gynecological malignancies diagnosis treated in the tertiary care center between Jan 1, 2007, and Dec 31, 2014. RESULTS: A total of 666 women were admitted to ICU. It accounted for 2 % of all tertiary care center gynecology admissions. The mean age was 62.4 ± 12.7 years, and the mean length of stay was 8.9 ± 9.6 days. One hundred seventeen women (17.5%) required mechanical ventilation, and 220 women (33%) vasoactive drug infusion. The most common malignancy in the observed cohort of patients was ovarian cancer 326 (48.9%), followed by endometrial cancer 206 (30.9%). The patients with respiratory or circulatory insufficiency were older (mean age 64.9 ± 11.8 vs 60.8 ± 13; p < 0.001) and had longer mean ICU stay (13.1 ± 13.9 vs 6.3 ± 3.5 days; p < 0.001). We found a decrease in ICU admissions of patients without respiratory and circulatory failure after elective major surgery (Spearman: r = -1, p = 0.017). We report 21 patients' deaths (3.1% in the cohort; 0.06% of all admissions). CONCLUSIONS: Ovarian cancer patients were the largest group in the study, representing almost half of ICU admissions in the gynecology oncologic population. Older age was the risk factor of respiratory and circulatory insufficiency. Availability of intermediate care facilities could reduce ICU admissions after major surgery.

The Level and Factors Differentiating the Physical Fitness of Adolescents Passively and Actively Resting in South-Eastern Poland-A Pilot Study.

Physical activity (PA) is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure. Due to civilization's development, we can observe a global decline in physical activity which negatively affects the state of physical and mental health. The physical activity of children and adolescents is a counterpart to their physical fitness. There is also more frequent spending of free time in a passive way rather than actively. The aim of the study was to determine whether there are differences in the physical fitness of young people who rest passively in relation to those who rest actively. In addition, it was checked whether factors, such as age, weight, body height and BMI differentiate the level of fitness in adolescents. Study group: 25 boys and 25 girls declaring active leisure activities. Control group: 25 boys and 25 girls declaring passive leisure activities. Age of the respondents ranged from 11 to 15 years (Me = 13; SD = 1.23). The research used: the author's questionnaire and the Index of Physical Fitness of K. Zuchora. The results were statistically developed. The youth who spend their free time actively were characterised by a higher level of physical fitness than their peers who choose passive recreation. The students with a higher BMI obtained worse results than the children with a lower body mass index. In both groups, slightly better results were obtained by girls. A significant relationship between age and results has been observed in the control group-the results increased with increasing age. The level of physical fitness is higher in active forms of recreation than in passive rest. Physical fitness tends to increase with age but decreases with increasing BMI. Girls are characterised by a higher level of physical fitness than boys.