Implications for a role of interleukin-23 in the pathogenesis of chronic gastritis and of peptic ulcer disease.

The present study aimed to investigate the role of gastric mucosa for the secretion of interleukin (IL)-23 in chronic gastritis. One hundred and one patients were enrolled; 47 with duodenal ulcer, 33 with gastric ulcer and 31 with chronic gastritis. Biopsies were incubated in the absence/presence of endotoxins. Supernatants were collected and IL-23 and IL-1beta were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Scoring of gastritis was performed according to the updated Sydney score. Patients with duodenal and gastric ulcer and those with chronic gastritis had similar scores of gastritis. IL-23 was higher in supernatants of tissue samples of Helicobacter pylori-positive than of H. pylori-negative patients. No differences were recorded in concentrations of IL-23 and IL-1beta between patients with duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer and chronic gastritis. Positive correlations were found between IL-23 of patients with both duodenal and gastric ulcer and chronic gastritis and the degree of infiltration of neutrophils and monocytes. Similar correlations were observed between IL-23 and IL-1beta. IL-23 secreted by the gastric mucosa could be implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic gastritis. IL-23 was released in the presence of H. pylori from the inflamed gastric mucosa and followed the kinetics of IL-1beta.

Colonoscopy effects on serum prostate specific antigen levels.

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate the colonoscopy effects on serum levels of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and PSA ratio. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Thirty men were studied (median age 68 years, range 32-89). All of them had their serum PSA (total and free) measured 24 hours prior to colonoscopy and also 24 hours, 7 and 30 days after procedure. RESULTS: 14 of 30 (47%) patients, had significantly (p = 0.045) increased Total PSA levels 24 hours after the procedure, 14 (47%) patients had insignificantly (p = 0.139) increased levels 7 days after, while 13 (43%) of them had insignificantly (p = 0.061) increased levels 30 days after colonoscopy. In 7 patients (23%), with total PSA levels in the "gray zone" (4-10 ng/ml) before colonoscopy, a near significant (p = 0.063) raise in PSA ratio was also observed 24 hours after. CONCLUSION: Flexible colonoscopy affect serum PSA (free and total) levels in certain patients. Special attention must be given to those patients with PSA levels in the "gray zone" before colonoscopy.

Bipolar electrocoagulation vs conventional monopolar hot biopsy forceps in the endoscopic treatment of diminutive rectal adenomas.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether a cold biopsy from a diminutive rectal adenoma followed by destruction with bipolar (gold probe) electrocoagulation using large probes and high power setting would be a safe and efficient alternative to conventional monopolar hot biopsy forceps (MHBF). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eligible patients were those undergoing colonoscopy, fulfilling the criteria of additional clearing colonoscopy and having at least one suspected rectal adenoma < or = 5 mm. At the time of endoscopy patients were randomized to receive treatment for their diminutive rectal adenomas either with cold biopsy followed by repeated gold probe electrocoagulation (Group A) using a 10 Fr catheter with setting 8 (40 W) for 1 second or with MHBF (Group B). These patients were followed up with a colonoscopy at 2-4 months. RESULTS: A total number of 24 (15 males, 9 females; mean age 56 years) patients were included in group A and 26 (14 males, 12 females; mean age 58 years) in group B. A total number of 38 and 37 diminutive rectal adenomas was detected in patients of Group A and Group B, respectively. At follow up colonoscopy residual adenoma tissue was found in 2 (5.2%) adenomas of 38 in Group A and in 4 (10.8%) of 37 in Group B (P > 0.3). No complications related to colonoscopy or endoscopic treatments in both groups occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that the use of cold biopsy followed by bipolar electrocoagulation using large probes and high power setting for destroying diminutive rectal adenoma seems to be equally effective and safe as MHBF.

Sulphasalazine and lung toxicity.

Sulphasalazine prescribing is on the increase. Pulmonary toxicity and blood dyscrasias are rare side-effects. Numerous case reports have been published implicating sulphasalazine in pulmonary toxicity. The authors searched the literature for cases of sulphasalazine induced lung toxicity and the 50 cases identified are discussed here. All published case reports/letters referring to sulphasalazine and lung toxicity were studied. The search terms "sulphasalazine" and "sulfasalazine" were combined with the terms "lung", "pulmonary disease", "pneumonitis" and "pleuritis" using Medline and PubMed databases. Typical presentation of sulphasalazine-induced lung disease was with new onset dyspnoea and infiltrates on chest radiography. Common symptoms were cough and fever. Crepitations on auscultation and peripheral eosinophilia were noted in half of the cases. Sputum production, allergy history, rash, chest pain and weight loss were inconsistent findings. Pulmonary pathology was variable, the commonest being eosinophilic pneumonia with peripheral eosinophilia and interstitial inflammation with or without fibrosis. Fatal reports were infrequent. Most patients were managed by drug withdrawal with 40% prescribed corticosteroids. In conclusion, sulphasalazine lung disease should be distinguished from interstitial lung disease due to underlying primary disease. Despite the increase in sulphasalazine prescribing, pulmonary toxicity remains rare. The majority of patients with suspected sulphasalazine-induced lung disease improved within weeks of drug withdrawal and the need for corticosteroids is debatable.

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: adequacy and quality of information given to decision makers.

BACKGROUND: Nowadays percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is widely available, but patient-selection criteria and quality of informed consent are debated. The aims of this retrospective study were to evaluate the quality of information given to the decision-makers (relatives) and determine the overall acceptance of the procedure by the patients' family. METHODS: The relatives of patients with PEG were interviewed by telephone, using a structured questionnaire. They (n = 55; 36% spouses, 34% children, 30% other) gave information about themselves and the patient (34 males, 21 females, median age 69, range 16-92 years) who underwent PEG tube placement for eating disorders or dysphagia. RESULTS: At the time of evaluation 30/55 (54.6%) patients had died. The cumulative median survival was significantly longer in patients younger than 75 years by 58 days (p = 0.009). Relatives believed that PEG could improve the patients' quality of life (56%) or/and the underlying disease. Although 93% of the decision-makers considered that their opinion had been taken into account when the procedure was done, 25% said that they had not adequately been informed about alternative methods and the complications of the procedure (38%). 54% said that the procedure had improved the quality of life of the family. Most of the decision-makers believed that their decision was correct (87%) and they would recommend PEG (84%) to other patients suffering from dysphagia. CONCLUSION: Though several decision-makers were not satisfied with the quality of information given before informed consent, the overall acceptance of the PEG placement for nutritional support is high.

Ulcerative colitis in Greece: clinicoepidemiological data, course, and prognostic factors in 413 consecutive patients.

The clinical course and prognosis of ulcerative colitis was studied in a group of 413 Greek patients. The study lasted for 16 years and follow-up was achieved in 95% of the patients. Both sexes were almost equally affected, mainly between the ages of 40-49. Most of the patients lived in cities and had high educational levels. Familial clustering for inflammatory bowel disease was found in 2.7% of the patients. In most of them the disease was confined to the rectosigmoid area or left bowel and was of mild to moderate severity. The disease course included exacerbations--mainly of mild to moderate severity--and remissions. Mortality was absent during first attack, and it was generally low at the completion of the study. Excluding deaths caused by colorectal cancer, most of the deaths were unrelated to the ulcerative colitis itself. Unusual combinations of ulcerative colitis with other diseases, including diseases of autoimmune origin, were noted. There were no differences between men and women in the various clinicoepidemiologic parameters or in the course of the disease. Surgery was performed in 16.7% of patients, whereas surgery at first attack was required in 0.5%. In comparison with the nonoperated group, patients who were operated on were significantly younger at the time of onset of symptoms and had significantly more extensive disease. Factors prognostic of severe attacks and colectomy were extensive disease, young age at onset, and severe recurrences. Evolution to cancer was observed in 1.45%, whereas extraintestinal cancers also appeared in 1.5%. At the completion of the follow-up period, 5.8% of the patients were dead, 16% had only one attack, 2.7% experienced continuous symptoms, whereas in 58.8% of them, the disease course included exacerbations and remissions. On the basis of the outcome of severe attacks and the more favorable short-term prognosis, it could be argued that ulcerative colitis in Greece runs a milder course compared with that of other developed countries in Western Europe and North America.

Nd:YAG laser treatment for bleeding from radiation proctitis.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Chronic radiation proctitis is a serious complication of radiotherapy to the pelvis. It can lead to severe blood loss, and responds poorly to surgery or local drug therapy. This study looks at which of the patients affected may benefit from endoscopic treatment with Nd:YAG laser. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Nine patients who had previously undergone radiotherapy for pelvic malignancy a median of 14 months (range 4-43 months) before rectal bleeding started were included. Endoscopic Nd:YAG laser treatment commenced a median of four months (range 2-13 months) after the onset of blood loss, and was repeated monthly until bleeding stopped. Bleeding and transfusion requirements were documented before, during, and after a course of laser treatment. RESULTS: Patients received an average of three laser treatments (range 1-5). Six had received transfusions prior to referral, the average requirement being 1.3 units per patient month. Only one patient required transfusion after completion of treatment, during an average follow-up of 24 months. Bleeding was reduced to occasional spotting in six cases. There were no treatment-related complications. Two of the most severely affected patients died within three months of treatment, due to recurrence of their underlying malignancy. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic Nd:YAG laser treatment is safe and effective for patients with mild to moderate bleeding from radiation proctitis.