Implementation of less-invasive surfactant administration in a Canadian neonatal intensive care unit.

BACKGROUND: Less-invasive surfactant administration (LISA) is a recent technique used extensively in Europe but rarely used in North America. The aim of this study was to describe our experience following LISA implementation using poractant in a Canadian neonatal intensive care (NICU). METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted from June 2017 to April 2021 of LISA procedures in preterm infants. Data were collected on patient characteristics, outcomes following LISA, laryngoscopy, and adverse events. The primary outcome was the rate of successful LISA procedures. SETTING: Level IIIa academic NICU. RESULTS: LISA was successful in 93 of 101 infants (92%). Median gestational age was 30.9 weeks (interquartile range [IQR]: 29.4-33.0). All infants received atropine and fentanyl premedication. Eight LISA procedures were unsuccessful: five because of thoracic rigidity and three because of inability to expose the vocal cords. In the 93 successful procedures, a second dose of surfactant was needed for 15 of 93 infants (16.1%), either by repeated LISA (7/15; 7.5%) or by endotracheal intubation (8/15; 8.6%). In 63.4% of successful procedures, one laryngoscopy attempt was made. The median duration of laryngoscopy attempts was 60 s (IQR: 52-110). Two types of catheters were used: the multi-access catheter (MAC) or the Angiocath in 67% and 33% of procedures, respectively. One infant had bradycardia and 30.6% had profound desaturation of <75%. CONCLUSION: LISA with poractant alfa was implemented in a Canadian NICU with a high degree of procedural success. Fentanyl may lead to more adverse events with a risk of interrupting LISA and may not be the ideal agent for this procedure. These results may encourage wider dissemination of LISA in North America.

[Metopic craniosynostosis, probable effect of intrauterine exposure to maternal valproate treatment]. / La craniosténose de la métopique, effet probable de l'exposition intra-utérine à un traitement maternel par le valproate.

UNLABELLED: Metopic craniosynostosis may be an adverse effect of valproic acid exposed fetus. CASES: We report two infants with metopic craniosynostosis, born to mothers who were treated with valproic acid. In one case, a prenatal diagnosis was made. In the other case, only the male dizygotic twin was affected. CONCLUSION: Trigonocephaly may be a symptom of valproate embryofoetopathy detectable by antenatal ultrasound examination.

Relevance of measuring diastolic time intervals in the ductus venosus during the early stages of twin-twin transfusion syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if the discrete myocardial diastolic dysfunction documented previously in the recipient twin during the early stages of twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) has any repercussion on flow velocities through the ductus venosus (DV) and to investigate if this could allow early differentiation between TTTS and selective intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). METHODS: Two groups of monochorionic twin pregnancies with growth discordance between twins were reviewed retrospectively. Group I was composed of fetuses in Stages I and II of TTTS; laser or amnioreduction was not performed in any instance. Group II twin pairs each included one fetus with IUGR due to placental circulatory insufficiency. Intertwin differences (smaller minus larger fetus) were analyzed for myocardial performance index of the right ventricle (MPI-RV) and for time variables in the DV. RESULTS: There were 38 pairs of monochorionic twins (24 TTTS and 14 IUGR) in this study. In the TTTS group, the donors had a significantly lower MPI-RV (0.419 +/- 0.18 vs. 0.596 +/- 0.17, F(1,19df) = 24.017, P < 0.001), a significantly longer total ventricular filling time (150.9 +/- 25.6 ms vs. 124.0 +/- 22.6 ms; F(1,21df) = 19.631, P < 0.001) and a significantly longer early filling time (118.9 +/- 22.9 ms vs. 92.6 +/- 18.9 ms, F(1,21df) = 28.419, P < 0.001) than had the recipient. None of these three differences was present in the IUGR group. Probability studies revealed that cut-off values of 12.75 for intertwin differences in total filling time and 8.5 for intertwin differences in early filling time had sensitivities of 71% and 92%, respectively. The false-positive rates were 23% and 15%, respectively, for the early diagnosis of TTTS. CONCLUSION: In monochorionic twin pregnancies, shortening of the ventricular filling time in the recipient twin indicates diastolic myocardial dysfunction occurring early in the pathophysiology of TTTS. This early interwin difference in myocardial function is not found in pregnancies with IUGR in one twin due to placental circulatory insufficiency, allowing early differentiation between TTTS and selective IUGR.