Evaluation for endotoxin in intraocular materials used during phacoemulsification surgery using a recombinant factor C assay.

OBJECTIVE: Cataract surgery remains the sole method to resolve blindness secondary to cataract formation. One complication includes fibrin web formation post-operatively. This study aimed to investigate the presence of endotoxin within materials used during cataract surgery as a possible cause of fibrin web phenomenon. METHODS: Preservative-free epinephrine, heparin, viscoelastic devices, and intraocular lenses were collected for evaluation. Various manufacturers and manufacturing lot numbers were used when available. Viscosity of viscoelastics was reduced by incubating samples with human recombinant hyaluronidase. Intraocular product (IOL) packaging fluid was collected and stored for testing. The IOLs were then washed with a sterile balanced salt solution, incubated at 37°C for 48 h, and then fluid was collected for testing to mimic intraocular placement. Samples were tested using a commercially available rFC kit. Fluorescence was measured at time zero and after 1 h using a fluorescence microplate reader. The change in fluorescence was corrected for blank fluorescence and plotted to a standard curve. RESULTS: Endotoxin levels were below the limit of detection (0.05 EU/mL) in all samples. Incubation of IOLs at intraocular temperature did not increase extraction of endotoxin. CONCLUSION: Endotoxin was not identified in any tested sample, including those used in cases of fibrin web formation post-phacoemulsification. As fibrin webs are often observed episodically, it is possible that endotoxin levels may vary between batches, or that endotoxin is not related to fibrin formation.

ACVR and ECVDI consensus statement: Reporting elements for toxicity criteria of the veterinary radiation therapy oncology group v2.0.

The toxicity criteria of the veterinary radiation therapy oncology group (VRTOG) version 2 guidelines are a substantial update to reflect significant advances in radiation oncology over the last three decades. Radiation therapy techniques provide precise and spatially accurate radiation delivery, which facilitates treating tumors in more anatomic locations and incorporating hypofractionated protocols. The purpose of this update is to aid radiation oncology teams in capturing and grading clinically relevant data that impacts the decision-making process in everyday practice and the assessment of clinical trials involving radiation therapy. A dedicated committee initially updated the criteria to include more anatomical sites and grades to characterize a broad spectrum of possible radiation-induced acute and late tissue changes. Through the revision process, which solicited and incorporated feedback from all radiation oncologists within the American College of Veterinary Radiology (ACVR) and specialists outside the ACVR, the authors endeavored to create a grading structure reflective of clinical decision-making in daily radiation oncology. The updated VRTOG v2 toxicity criteria guideline complements the updated Veterinary Cooperative Oncology Group-Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (VCOG-CTCAE v2) guidelines. Because radiation oncology continues to progress rapidly, the VRTOG toxicity criteria should be regularly updated as adverse event data that will be collected following this update further informs the practice of radiation oncology.

Genomic analysis for virulence determinants in feline herpesvirus type-1 isolates.

Feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) is a widespread cause of respiratory and ocular disease in domestic cats. A spectrum of disease severity is observed in host animals, but there has been limited prior investigation into viral genome factors which could be responsible. Stocks of FHV-1 were established from oropharyngeal swabs obtained from twenty-five cats with signs of infection housed in eight animal shelters around the USA. A standardized numerical host clinical disease severity scoring scheme was used for each cat from which an isolate was obtained. Illumina MiSeq was used to sequence the genome of each isolate. Genomic homogeneity among isolates was relatively high. A general linear model for fixed effects determined that only two synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms across two genes (UL37/39) in the same isolate (from one host animal with a low disease severity score) were significantly associated (p ≤ 0.05) with assigned host respiratory and total disease severity score. No variants in any isolate were found to be significantly associated with assigned host ocular disease severity score. A concurrent analysis of missense mutations among the viral isolates identified three genes as being primarily involved in the observed genomic variation, but none were significantly associated with host disease severity scores. An ancestral state likelihood reconstruction was performed and determined that there was no evidence of a connection between host disease severity score and viral evolutionary state. We conclude from our results that the spectrum of host disease severity observed with FHV-1 is unlikely to be primarily related to viral genomic variations, and is instead due to host response and/or other factors.

EVALUATION OF SURGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING VITREOUS HEMORRHAGE FOLLOWING PORT DELIVERY SYSTEM WITH RANIBIZUMAB IMPLANT INSERTION IN A MINIPIG MODEL.

PURPOSE: To develop an animal model of vitreous hemorrhage (VH) to explore the impact of surgical parameters on VH associated with insertion of the Port Delivery System with ranibizumab (PDS) implant. METHODS: Ninety eyes from 45 treatment-naive male Yucatan minipigs received PDS implant insertion or a sham procedure. The effect of prophylactic pars plana hemostasis, scleral incision length, scleral cauterization, surgical blade type/size, and viscoelastic usage on postsurgical VH was investigated. RESULTS: Postsurgical VH was detected in 60.0% (54/90) of implanted eyes. A systematic effect on VH was only detected for pars plana hemostasis before the pars plana incision. The percentage of eyes with VH was 96.6% (28/29) among eyes that did not receive prophylactic pars plana hemostasis and 42.4% (24/58) among eyes that did. There was no VH in eyes that received laser ablation of the pars plana using overlapping 1,000-ms spots; pars plana cautery or diathermy was less effective. The majority of all VH cases (83.3% [45/54]) were of mild to moderate severity (involving ≤25% of the fundus). CONCLUSION: In this minipig surgical model of VH, scleral dissection followed by pars plana laser ablation before pars plana incision most effectively mitigated VH secondary to PDS implant insertion.

Wound leakage rates of ex vivo uniplanar versus biplanar phacoemulsification clear corneal incisions in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the leakage rates of perilimbal uniplanar and biplanar clear corneal incisions in dogs when subjected to increased intraocular pressure (IOP) both from within the eye and via external pressure. PROCEDURE: Uniplanar clear corneal incisions were created in eight freshly enucleated canine eyes using a 3.2 mm straight slit knife while 8 fellow eyes received a biplanar clear corneal incision consisting of an approximately 300 µm deep groove followed by a 3.2 mm straight slit knife entry into the anterior chamber. Both wounds were reapposed using three simple interrupted 8-0 polyglactin 910 sutures. Eyes were cannulated with two 25 g needles: One connected to a pressure transducer, and the other connected to a reservoir of isotonic saline. The IOP at which the wound leaked was recorded when the intraocular pressure was increased internally by raising the height of the fluid bag, and again when the cornea was externally compressed. Kaplan-Meier survival curves compared incision types for each method of increasing IOP and were evaluated using Mantel-Cox log-rank analysis. RESULTS: Both wound types resisted leakage at IOP in the physiologically achievable range and no significant differences were observed between clear corneal incisions when pressure was applied externally (P = .353) or was increased from within the globe (P = .615). CONCLUSION: Ex vivo uniplanar and biplanar clear corneal incisions in dogs are equally strong, with no significant differences in leakage rates when IOP is increased internally or externally.

Comparison of outcomes in cataractous eyes of dogs undergoing phacoemulsification versus eyes not undergoing surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To compare outcomes of surgical intervention and nonsurgical management of canine cataracts. METHODS: Records of patients examined for cataracts from January 2007 to February 2018 were divided into two groups: nonsurgical and surgical. The nonsurgical group was further subdivided based on whether the decision not to pursue surgery was elected by owners, or based on ophthalmologist's advice. Inclusion criteria included 6 months of follow-up. Success in the nonsurgical group was defined as a comfortable eye with no potentially painful complications, and success in the surgical group additionally required vision. Time-to-failure (complications) was assessed with Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: A total of 72 eyes (41 dogs) were included in the nonsurgical group, and 126 eyes (67 dogs) were surgically treated. There was no difference in gender or age; however, the surgical group had significantly more diabetic eyes (56.3% vs 15.3%; P < .001) and patient eyes with longer follow-up times (median 37.6 months vs 22.1 months; P < .001) than the nonsurgical group. There was no statistically significant difference in complication rates between the nonsurgical group (15/72 [20.8%]) and the surgical group (23/126 [18.3%]; HR: 2.22 [0.97, 5.0]; P = .060). However, the complication rate in the ophthalmologist-led nonsurgical group was significantly greater than in the owner-led nonsurgical group (P = .019) and the surgical group (P = .002). CONCLUSIONS: When using relevant outcomes, whether or not a cataractous eye has surgery does not affect long-term complications; additionally, nonsurgical eyes that are poor surgical candidates have a higher complication rate than eyes deemed suitable for phacoemulsification for which owners elected not to pursue cataract surgery.

Retrospective analysis of complications associated with retrobulbar bupivacaine in dogs undergoing enucleation surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate complications associated with, and without, bupivacaine retrobulbar local anesthesia in dogs undergoing unilateral enucleation surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective, observational study. ANIMALS: A total of 167 dogs underwent unilateral enucleation surgery via a transpalpebral approach. METHODS: Records from 167 dogs that underwent unilateral enucleation surgery that did (RB) or did not (NB) include retrobulbar bupivacaine anesthesia were reviewed, including anesthetic record, daily physical examination records, surgery report, patient discharge report and patient notes within 14 days of the surgery. Specific complications and severity were compared between RB and NB using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. A 'complication burden' (0-5) comprising five prespecified complications was assigned and tested using rank-sum procedures. Statistical significance was set to 0.05. RESULTS: Group RB included 97 dogs and group NB 70 dogs. Dogs in NB had a 17.0 percentage points (points) greater risk for a postoperative recovery complication (38.6% versus 21.6%; 95% confidence interval: 3.0-30.6 points; p = 0.017). There was inconclusive evidence that dogs in group RB had a lower risk of requiring perioperative anticholinergic administration (12.4% versus 22.9%; 10.5 points; p = 0.073). Other complications were similar between groups RB and NB with risks that differed by <10 points. The risk of hemorrhage was similar between groups RB (22.7%) and NB (20.0%) with no significant difference in the level of severity (p = 0.664). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In this retrospective study, the use of retrobulbar bupivacaine for enucleation surgery in dogs was not associated with an increased risk of major or minor complications.

Factors affecting publication in peer-reviewed journals of abstracts presented from 2008 to 2012 ACVO meetings.

PURPOSE: To examine variables that affect publication of ACVO meeting abstracts in peer-reviewed journals and compare results to ECVO publication rate (PR). METHODS: Published papers were identified via online searches for abstracts from 2008 to 2012 ACVO/ECVO meetings. Variables analyzed (via Pearson's chi-Squared test) included the following: oral presentation/poster, type of abstract (clinical/basic science/case report), species, ocular tissue, nationality, funding, first/last/any author a diplomate, resident as first author, and author affiliation (private practice/university). RESULTS: One hundred and eighty-six of 577 ACVO abstracts were published within 608 ± 479 days, with 103 published in Veterinary Ophthalmology. Significant factors included the following: nationality of first/last authors (P = .005); English as first language (P < .001); presentation type (P < .001, oral 40% PR, poster 22% PR); type of study (P = .037, clinical study 35% PR, basic science 30% PR, case report 16% PR); resident as first author (P < .001); diplomate as any author except first/last (P < .001); first author affiliation (P = .001, university 37% PR, practice 21% PR); last author affiliation (P = .003, university 36% PR, practice 22% PR); and species (P < .001, horses 53% PR, multiple species 50% PR, cats 35% PR, food animals 31% PR, exotics/wildlife 31% PR, dogs 27% PR, laboratory animals/in vitro 24%). Nonsignificant factors were as follows: diplomate as first/last author, funding, and ocular tissue. Presentation type, resident as first author, university affiliation of first author, and species had the greatest effect on publication probability. For the same period, ECVO PR was 87 of 299, which was not significantly different from ACVO PR (P = .342). CONCLUSION: At 32%, ACVO PR for the study years is similar to ECVO PR of 29%.

Iridociliary cysts masquerading as neoplasia in cats: a morphologic review of 14 cases.

OBJECTIVE: To report 14 neoplasia-free feline eyes enucleated for suspected intraocular neoplasia containing only iridociliary cysts. To analyze clinical findings that may have led veterinarians to suspect neoplasia in these globes. PROCEDURES: The archives at the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin (COPLOW) were searched to identify neoplasia-free feline globes enucleated for suspected neoplasia. Clinical data were obtained from medical records, veterinarian surveys, and COPLOW submission forms. All samples were examined grossly and histologically. RESULTS: All eyes were free of neoplasia and contained one or more iridociliary cysts. Nine of 14 globes were enucleated by or based on the recommendation of a board-certified veterinary ophthalmologist. In eight of 14 cases, the submitting clinician listed melanoma as the only suspected diagnosis; in six of 14 cases, 'tumor' or 'mass' was listed. Clinical examination revealed a darkly pigmented intraocular mass in 11 of 14 cases. The mass was clinically perceived to be within the iris in seven of 14 cases. When examined histologically, 11 of 14 eyes contained multiple cysts, 13 of 14 contained multiloculated cysts, eight of 14 had a hyperplastic iris pigmented epithelium or cysts with thick black walls, and five of 14 had cysts prolapsed into the anterior chamber. CONCLUSIONS: Although most iridociliary cysts in cats are easily diagnosed on clinical examination, a subset may be mistaken for neoplasia. In cases of suspected iris melanoma, iridociliary cysts should be considered as a differential diagnosis, especially if a mass appears to emanate from behind the iris, dyscoria is present, or if similar changes are noted in the contralateral eye.

Heat-shock protein expression in canine corneal wound healing.

OBJECTIVE: Heat-shock proteins, particularly the 70-kDa member (Hsp70), have been implicated in facilitating wound healing in multiple tissues. Expression and localization of three HSPs were assessed in normal and wounded canine corneas to elucidate a role in epithelial healing. METHODS: Paraffin-embedded normal corneas, acute and repeatedly abraded corneas, and keratectomies of spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects (SCCEDs) were subjected to routine immunohistochemistry for Hsp27, 47, and 70 expression. Ex vivo corneal defects were created and treated with anti-HSPs or IgG controls, and wound healing was monitored. Primary cultures of canine corneal stromal fibroblasts and corneal epithelial cells were treated with exogenous Hsp70, and an artificial wound was created in vitro to monitor restoration of the monolayer. RESULTS: Normal canine corneas exhibited constitutive expression of all HSPs evaluated. Inducible expression was demonstrated in acutely wounded tissues, and expression in the chronically abraded corneas was relocalized. All HSP expression was below the limits of detection in the epithelium of SCCED samples. Inhibition of HSPs in culture resulted in delayed wound healing when compared to controls. Hsp70-treated fibroblasts demonstrated significantly (P < 0.001) increased migration and proliferation compared to the vehicle control; however, there was no significant effect of exogenous Hsp70 on corneal epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that HSPs are induced in the normal canine cornea during re-epithelialization. Hsp70 expression is likely important for inducing the cytoarchitectural remodeling, migration, and proliferation necessary early in the canine corneal healing response, and suppressed expression may contribute to the pathophysiology of nonhealing defects.

Effect of topical latanoprost 0.005% on intraocular pressure and pupil diameter in normal and glaucomatous cats.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of latanoprost on intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil diameter (PD) in cats with inherited primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) and normal cats. ANIMALS STUDIED AND PROCEDURES: IOP and PD were measured in both eyes (OU) of 12 adult cats (six normal, six PCG), three times per week for 3 weeks prior to, for 3 weeks during, and for 2 weeks following twice-daily treatment with 0.005% latanoprost to the right eye (OD) and vehicle to the left (control) eye (OS). IOP and PD were measured hourly, for 8 h, 1 day prior to, and on the first and last days of treatment. Aqueous humor flow rate (AHF) was determined at baseline and at the end of the treatment phase in six normal cats. RESULTS: Mean IOP was significantly lower in treated vs. control eyes of PCG cats, for up to 8 h following a single latanoprost treatment, and a maximal IOP reduction of 63% occurred in treated eyes at 3 h. Latanoprost acutely lowered IOP in cats with PCG, but this effect appeared to diminish over 3 weeks of treatment. AHF was modestly increased in the treated eyes of normal cats after 3 weeks of latanoprost treatment, although IOP was not significantly affected. Latanoprost caused miosis, with rebound mydriasis at 24 h posttreatment, in the treated eyes of all cats. CONCLUSIONS: Further research is needed to determine the suitability and efficacy of latanoprost treatment for long-term IOP-lowering in cats with PCG or other forms of glaucoma.

Protozoal infections of the cornea and conjunctiva in dogs associated with chronic ocular surface disease and topical immunosuppression.

OBJECTIVE: To describe five cases of protozoal keratitis or conjunctivitis in dogs with chronic preexisting ocular surface disease treated with long-term immunosuppression. ANIMALS STUDIED: Five dogs that developed corneal or conjunctival mass lesions. PROCEDURES: The database of the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin was searched for canine cases diagnosed with corneal or conjunctival protozoal infection. Five cases were identified, and tissues were examined using routine and special histochemical stains: immunohistochemical labels for Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii, and Leishmania spp., and tissue sample PCR for Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma cruzi, tissue coccidia (i.e., T. gondii/Sarcocystis/Neospora), piroplasms, trichomonads, and Acanthamoeba. Electron microscopy was performed for two cases, and serology for N. caninum and T. gondii was available for three cases. RESULTS: Preexisting ocular diseases included keratoconjunctivitis sicca and pigmentary keratitis (n = 4) and pyogranulomatous meibomian adenitis (n = 1). All dogs were treated with tacrolimus or cyclosporine for at least 1.2 years. Dogs were presented with fleshy corneal or conjunctival masses that were clinically suspected to be neoplastic (n = 4) or immune mediated (n = 1). Histologic examination revealed granulomatous inflammation with intralesional protozoal organisms. Amoeba (n = 2), T. gondii (n = 2), or Leishmania mexicana (n = 1) were identified using molecular techniques. Serological tests were negative. CONCLUSIONS: Protozoal keratitis and conjunctivitis without systemic involvement appears rare and may be associated with chronic preexisting ocular surface disease treated with long-term immunosuppression. Based upon clinical appearance, lesions could be confused with neoplasia. This is the first report of amoebic keratoconjunctivitis in dogs and of L. mexicana in dogs in the United States.

Retinal detachment postphacoemulsification in Bichon Frises: a retrospective study of 54 dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To compare rates of retinal detachment (RD) postphacoemulsification in American Bichon Frises with and without prophylactic retinopexy. PROCEDURES: Medical records of 54 Bichon Frises undergoing phacoemulsification with or without prophylactic retinopexy between 2003 and 2013 in one or both eyes were reviewed from five Midwestern university veterinary teaching hospitals. Inclusion criteria were preoperative ERG, at least 6 months of follow-up postphacoemulsification, and the absence of preexisting RD as determined by ophthalmic examination and/or ultrasound. Statistical analyses were performed using chi-squared test, and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests and Wilson confidence intervals with the P-value <0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: Phacoemulsification was performed without retinopexy in 79 eyes (42 dogs, non-PR group) and with prophylactic retinopexy in 23 eyes (12 dogs, PR group). Incidence of diabetes mellitus was 10/42 and 3/12 in the non-PR and the PR groups, respectively (P = 0.93). Intraocular lens implantation was performed in 40/42 non-PR dogs and 11/12 PR dogs (P = 0.63, 73/79 vs. 21/23 eyes). At final re-examination, RD occurred in 4/79 eyes without retinopexy, compared to 0/23 RD in the retinopexy group. There was no statistically significant difference in RD rates between the two groups (P = 0.27). CONCLUSIONS: These data provide no statistical evidence to support prophylactic retinopexy in Bichon Frises. Due to the low rate of retinal detachment following phacoemulsification without prophylactic retinopexy, the procedure appears to offer limited benefit to offset cost, procedural risk, and risk of extended or repeated anesthesia in Bichon Frises.

Cavernous sinus syndrome in a Holstein bull.

A 13-month-old Holstein bull was presented for right-sided exophthalmos. Ophthalmologic examination noted that the animal was visual in both eyes, but that the right pupil was persistently dilated and very sluggish to constrict when stimulated with a bright light and that normal ocular motility was absent. Fundic examination of the right eye was normal as was a complete ophthalmologic examination of the left eye. Radiographs at presentation did not reveal the presence of sinusitis or other skull abnormalities. Initial treatment comprised intravenous antibiotics and anti-inflammatories for orbital inflammation over a 14-day period. There was no perceptible change in the appearance or neuro-ophthalmologic examination of the right eye during hospitalization. The animal was discharged to the owner's care, but 3 weeks later was found recumbent with unilateral strabismus of the left eye and a fixed right pupil. Due to the inability to rise and rapid deterioration, humane euthanasia was performed, and a full postmortem examination, preceded by a MRI, was performed that identified abscesses extending bilaterally through the round foramina obliterating the cavernous sinus region, as well as abscessation of the right mandible, right trigeminal neuritis, right-sided sinusitis, and right-sided otitis media. Cavernous sinus syndrome should be considered in cattle with a combination of exophthalmos and neuro-ophthalmologic abnormalities involving cranial nerves III, IV, V, and VI, whose branches are located within the cavernous sinus.

Characteristics of residency training associated with first-time pass rate on the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists certifying examination.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the association of various aspects of veterinary ophthalmology residency training with the first-time pass rate (FTPR) of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists (ACVO) examination, as well as the individual written, image recognition, animal examination, and surgical sections of the examination. PROCEDURES: Program type, resident evaluations, cumulative surgery and case logs, and scores from ACVO examinations from 2007 to 2010 were evaluated. RESULTS: Data were available for 71 candidates. The overall FTPR was 35% (n = 25). For the different sections of the examination, FTPRs were as follows: written (68%), image recognition (76%), intraocular surgery (80%), extraocular surgery (65%), and animal examination (75%). The overall FTPR among candidates from academic residency (AR) programs was 43% (20 of 47), while the FTPR of residents in private practice (PPR) programs was 21% (5 of 24; P = 0.07). The AR candidates were more likely to pass the written portion than PPR residents (P = 0.02), and AR candidates had significantly more time off clinics (median 25%) vs PPR residents (median 18%; P = 0.007). The AR residents also had a higher reported percentage of direct supervision than PPR residents (95% vs 76%, respectively). Although PPR residents did significantly more surgeries and examined significantly more dogs and cats, those from ARs examined significantly more equine, bovine, avian, camelid, and reptile species. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, AR residents had a higher FTPR and were more likely to pass the written portion of the examination. Total case and surgery numbers were not associated with FTPR.

Evaluation of rebound tonometry in red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate feasibility and accuracy of intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement by rebound tonometry in adult red-eared slider turtles and determine the effects of manual and chemical restraint on IOP. ANIMAL STUDIED: Seventeen adult red-eared slider turtles. PROCEDURES: Intraocular pressure was measured with TonoLab® and TonoVet® tonometers in conscious, unrestrained turtles. To evaluate the effects of manual restraint, turtles were restrained by digital pressure on the rostral head or proximal neck. The effect of two chemical restraint protocols (dexmedetomidine, ketamine, midazolam [DKM] and dexmedetomidine, ketamine [DK] subcutaneously) on IOP was evaluated. Triplicate TonoLab® and TonoVet® readings were compared with direct manometry in three ex vivo turtle eyes. RESULTS: TonoLab® correlated better with manometry at IOPs < 45 mmHg than TonoVet® (linear regression slopes of 0.89 and 0.30, respectively). Mean (±SD) IOP in unrestrained conscious turtles was significantly lower (P < 0.01) with TonoLab® (10.02 ± 0.66 mmHg) than with TonoVet® (11.32 ± 1.57 mmHg). Manual neck restraint caused a significant increase in IOP (+6.31 ± 5.59 mmHg), while manual rostral head restraint did not. Both chemical restraint protocols significantly reduced IOP (DKM: −1.0 ± 0.76 mmHg; DK: −1.79 ± 1.17) compared with measurements in conscious unrestrained turtles. CONCLUSIONS: Chemical and manual neck restraint affected IOP. Rostral head restraint had no significant effect on IOP and is, therefore, recommended as the appropriate restraint technique in red-eared slider turtles. TonoLab® measurements estimated actual IOP more accurately, within physiologic range, than measurements obtained using the TonoVet®.

Comparison of preoperative retrobulbar bupivacaine and postoperative subcutaneous liposome-encapsulated bupivacaine on postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing enucleation.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of preoperative bupivacaine inferotemporal retrobulbar blocks to postoperative liposome-encapsulated bupivacaine (Nocita) line blocks for analgesia following enucleation. ANIMALS: 39 client-owned dogs (40 eyes) presenting to the Ophthalmology Service for enucleation. METHODS: Dogs were randomly assigned to receive either a preoperative inferotemporal retrobulbar block with 0.5% bupivacaine or a peri-incisional line block with liposome-encapsulated bupivacaine (Nocita) at closure. Patients underwent unilateral enucleation and were hospitalized for 24 hours after surgery. Pain scores were performed by a masked observer with the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale and the University of Wisconsin Ocular Pain Scale at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 hours following surgery. Intraoperative use of blood pressure and anesthetic support mediations as well as need for rescue pain control were recorded and compared between groups. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in rescue rates between treatment groups. When comparing the use of medical intraoperative heart rate, blood pressure, or anesthetic plane support, there were no significant differences in use between groups. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Use of preoperative bupivacaine retrobulbar blocks and postoperative Nocita line blocks were equally effective at postoperative pain control with similarly low complication rates.

Canine ocular tumors following ciliary body ablation with intravitreal gentamicin.

Iridociliary tumors are the second most common primary ocular tumor in dogs and are usually benign. A review of the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin (COPLOW) database in 2009 suggested a potential correlation between malignant iridociliary epithelial tumors and ciliary body ablation by intravitreal gentamicin injection for the treatment of glaucoma. The purpose of this case series was to determine whether there is evidence of such a correlation in the COPLOW collection. Mining of the COPLOW database revealed that a significant number (39.5%) of canine globes with a history of ciliary body ablation were subsequently diagnosed with primary ocular tumors at enucleation, most commonly iridociliary epithelial tumors and melanocytic tumors. It is possible that neoplasia was present but unrecognized at the time of ciliary body ablation. These tumors had a higher than expected incidence of malignancy. These cases underscore the importance of reserving ciliary body ablation with gentamicin for disease-free eyes.

Feline ocular tumors following ciliary body ablation with intravitreal gentamicin.

Practitioners approach chemical ciliary body ablation (CBA) in cats with caution. In 1994, an academic letter proposed a potential link between intraocular gentamicin injections for glaucoma and the appearance of ocular tumors in cats (Veterinary and Comparative Ophthalmology, 4, 1994, 166). There is an historic perceived risk for the development of feline ocular post-traumatic sarcoma following gentamicin ciliary body ablation, and many clinicians refrain from chemical ablation in cats for this reason. A recent study discussed the possibility of a correlation between intravitreal gentamicin and tumor promotion in dogs (Veterinary Ophthalmology, 16, 2013, 159). We searched the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin (COPLOW) database for cases of cats diagnosed with ocular tumors following ciliary body ablation. Of eight cases with historic gentamicin injection, five had malignant tumors: three post-traumatic sarcomas and two melanomas.

Systemic hypertension and hypertensive retinopathy following PPA overdose in a dog.

A 4 yr old spayed female Labrador retriever was examined 4 hr after ingesting an overdose of phenylpropanolamine (PPA). Clinical signs included anxiety, piloerection, mucosal ulceration, cardiac arrhythmia, mydriasis, and hyphema. Clinicopathologic abnormalities included elevated creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), proteinuria, and pigmenturia. Ventricular tachycardia and severe systemic hypertension were documented. Hyphema and retinal detachment were documented oculus uterque (OU). Phenoxybenzamine, sotalol, and esmolol resolved the ventricular tachycardia, and blood pressure was controlled with nitroprusside. All clinicopathologic and cardiac abnormalities resolved within 7 days, and ocular changes resolved within 1 mo. Monitoring of blood pressure and rapid pharmacologic intervention were successful in controlling hypertension secondary to PPA overdose and minimizing retinal damage.