RESUMEN
We investigated the validity of dogs and cats as sentinels of environmental lead exposure to humans. This paper reports findings from a study conducted in Granite City, IL, during the summer of 1991. At this site, a former secondary lead smelter had been in activity for more than 80 years. The smelter was shut down in 1982. The surrounding area was found to be contaminated with lead, with soil lead concentrations above 5000 ppm in some places. The Illinois Department of Public Health conducted a survey in the community to determine the effects of lead on the local population. We sampled dogs and cats owned by these people. Our results suggest that living near a closed lead smelter, with heavy soil contamination, was not associated with high blood lead concentrations in pets, or their owners. There was a significant relationship between BLC (blood lead concentrations), in indoor pets and younger children, which was consistent with our hypothesis that pets could be used to monitor childhood lead exposure. We also found that, when there was one pet with a high BLC in a house, the likelihood of finding one person with a BLC above 10 micrograms/dl was significantly increased.
Asunto(s)
Gatos/sangre , Perros/sangre , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Plomo/sangre , Adolescente , Animales , Niño , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/análisis , Femenino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
This paper presents the result of a 4 year survey in France (1991-1994) based on the activity of a wildlife disease surveillance network (SAGIR). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the detrimental effects of anticoagulant (Ac) rodenticides in non-target wild animals. Ac poisoning accounted for a very limited number of the identified causes of death (1-3%) in most species. Predators (mainly foxes and buzzards) were potentially exposed to anticoagulant compounds (especially bromadiolone) via contaminated prey in some instances. The liver concentrations of bromadiolone residues were elevated and species-specific diagnostic values were determined. These values were quite similar to those reported in the literature when secondary anticoagulant poisoning was experimentally assessed.
Asunto(s)
4-Hidroxicumarinas/envenenamiento , Anticoagulantes/envenenamiento , Aves , Zorros , Hígado/metabolismo , Rodenticidas/envenenamiento , 4-Hidroxicumarinas/metabolismo , Animales , Anticoagulantes/metabolismo , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Francia , Indanos/metabolismo , Indanos/envenenamiento , Estaciones del Año , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a technique for the analysis of anticoagulant rodenticides in serum and liver samples using a new high-performance thin-layer chromatographic apparatus. Detection limits were estimated at 0.2 micrograms/g in liver extracts for eight different substances. Overall, this technique was repeatable and reproducible. The percent recovery was greater than 87% for each substance. Liver and serum samples of animals known to be exposed to one anticoagulant and showing clinical signs of poisoning were analyzed. Concentrations measured varied between 0.2 and 3 micrograms/g (liver extracts). Only blood samples from one dog could be analyzed. The concentration was 150 ng/mL the first day after admission and 140 ng/mL the following day. Analyses are technically easily and rapidly performed, and they are inexpensive. Therefore, this technique could be a valuable alternative to current high-performance liquid chromatographic methods.
Asunto(s)
Anticoagulantes/análisis , Cromatografía en Capa Delgada/métodos , Hígado/química , Rodenticidas/análisis , 4-Hidroxicumarinas/análisis , 4-Hidroxicumarinas/envenenamiento , Animales , Anticoagulantes/envenenamiento , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Perros , Indanos/análisis , Indanos/envenenamiento , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Rodenticidas/envenenamiento , Warfarina/análisis , Warfarina/envenenamientoRESUMEN
A former secondary lead smelter was in operation in Granite City, Ill, until the early 1980s. As a result, the surrounding area is heavily contaminated with lead. Soil concentrations as high as 5,000 ppm have been measured in prior studies. Because of growing concerns about health defects associated with low levels of lead exposure in human beings, a major study has been conducted on people living in the area. The study reported here was a corollary to the human exposure study. Lead concentration was determined in 84 dogs and 26 cats in the town and ranged between < 5 and 28 micrograms/dl. None of the dogs had clinical signs of lead poisoning. The CBC and serum biochemical values did not indicate many significant differences between dogs with a high (> or = 10 micrograms/dl) or low blood lead concentration (BLC). Hemoglobin concentrations were lower, and WBC counts were higher in dogs and cats with higher BLC, but they were still within reference ranges. Free erythrocyte protoporphyrin concentration was determined. Normal values appeared to be similar for dogs and cats. Only animals with BLC > or = 20 micrograms/dl were found to have somewhat increased concentration of free erythrocyte protoporphyrin. delta-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity was measured and found to be negatively correlated with BLC. The relation was strong, even at low BLC (5 to 10 micrograms/dl) in both species. Age or sex difference was not observed. Therefore, biological changes associated with low BLC were limited to BLC in the 10- to 30-micrograms/dl range.
Asunto(s)
Animales Domésticos , Gatos/sangre , Perros/sangre , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Plomo/sangre , Envejecimiento/sangre , Alanina Transaminasa/sangre , Fosfatasa Alcalina/sangre , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Aspartato Aminotransferasas/sangre , Biomarcadores/sangre , Nitrógeno de la Urea Sanguínea , Creatinina/sangre , Recuento de Eritrocitos , Eritrocitos/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , Illinois , Recuento de Leucocitos , Pruebas de Función Hepática , Masculino , Porfobilinógeno Sintasa/sangre , Protoporfirinas/sangre , Factores SexualesRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the toxic effects of amitraz in dogs and their reversal by various doses of atipamezole. ANIMALS: 6 male 1-year-old Beagles. PROCEDURE: Dogs were given 100 mg of amitraz/kg of body weight, PO. Atipamezole was administered at 3 dose rates. Clinical examination and blood sample collection were performed regularly for 48 hours to examine biological parameters and determine the toxicokinetics of amitraz as well as the efficacy of the antidote. A specific high-performance thin layer chromatographic method was developed to determine plasma amitraz concentrations. RESULTS: Clinical signs of toxicosis included sedation, bradycardia, polyuria, hypothermia, and hyperglycemia, all of which could be related to the alpha 2-agonist activity of amitraz, and were reversed by low doses of atipamezole (50 micrograms/kg, IM), a potent alpha 2-antagonist, within 10 minutes after injection. Peak plasma concentrations were observed after 5 hours, and the elimination half-life was long (about 24 hours). CONCLUSIONS: All clinical and biological effects observed during the course of amitraz poisoning could be attributed to the parent compound itself and were reversed by low doses of atipamezole. The half-life of amitraz was substantially longer than that in other studies because of the high dose administered. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Atipamezole can be administered i.m. to dogs with severe amitraz poisoning to reverse all the effects observed.
Asunto(s)
Antagonistas Adrenérgicos alfa/farmacología , Antídotos/farmacología , Imidazoles/farmacología , Insecticidas/farmacocinética , Insecticidas/toxicidad , Toluidinas/farmacocinética , Toluidinas/toxicidad , Animales , Glucemia/efectos de los fármacos , Temperatura Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Perros , Femenino , Frecuencia Cardíaca/efectos de los fármacos , Insulina/sangre , Masculino , Intoxicación/sangre , Intoxicación/fisiopatología , Postura , Factores de Tiempo , Yohimbina/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Pesticides are widely used to control agricultural pests. Unfortunately, because of their biological activity, they may have detrimental effects on nontarget species. Acute toxicity, resulting in death, is reported worldwide. Although chronic and indirect effects may be even more hazardous for animal populations on a long-term basis, they are usually evaluated as parts of research programs. The purpose of this paper was to review the wildlife-poisoning surveillance systems and their results regarding the circumstances of exposure of wild animals, the pesticides involved and the species exposed. Most data are retrieved from the British and French pesticide poisoning surveillance systems in wildlife, with some data from other European structures.
Asunto(s)
Animales Salvajes , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Plaguicidas/envenenamiento , Animales , Productos Agrícolas , Europa (Continente)/epidemiología , Intoxicación/epidemiología , Intoxicación/prevención & control , Intoxicación/veterinaria , Vigilancia de la Población , Medicina VeterinariaRESUMEN
This paper reports the results of a study conducted in Granite City, Illinois during the months of August through October 1991. The study involved a subpopulation of 77 households having 106 dogs and cats which was a corollary to a major study conducted in humans by the Illinois Department of Public Health to evaluate lead exposure. A secondary lead smelter had been in operation in this town for almost 80 years and was shut down in 1982. Important soil contamination with lead was reported and this paper presents data regarding levels of soil and dust lead and associated blood lead concentrations in animals and their owners in a total of 77 households. Overall, blood lead concentrations (BLC) were low (0-13 micrograms/dl in the animal owners; 0-28 micrograms/dl in pets). There was no significant relationship between soil or dust lead and BLC in humans; however, the relationship was significant in animals. Odds ratios were computed to determine whether 500 or 1000 ppm lead in environmental samples was associated with increased risk of having a high BLC. We could not find any increased risk in humans, while the risk did increase in animals. It is concluded that animals are more at risk than their owners of having a high BLC when exposed to the same contaminated environment and can be used to monitor the bioavailability of lead.
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Gatos/sangre , Perros/sangre , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Plomo/análisis , Contaminantes del Suelo/análisis , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Animales , Niño , Preescolar , Polvo/análisis , Humanos , Illinois , Lactante , Plomo/sangre , Modelos Lineales , Metalurgia , Oportunidad Relativa , Pintura/análisis , Agua/análisisRESUMEN
This paper presents case reports of lead toxicoses from 2 major animal poison control centers in Europe and North America, gathered from 1985 through 1989. All results examined here involved cases assessed as "toxicosis" or "suspected toxicosis" by the National Animal Poison Control Center (NAPCC) or the Centre National d'Informations Toxicologiques Veterinaries (CNITV). 537 cases were reported to the NAPCC, most of them concerning dogs (59%). In France, most of the 362 cases involved cattle (57.2%). There was an increased number of cases reported during late summer and early fall, and a decreased number of cases in November and December, in both centers. Dogs intoxicated were predominantly young animals (60% were less than 2 years old). No sex difference was noted. Pure bred dogs appeared more often involved than mixed-breed ones, but the breed distribution closely resembles dog breed distribution in the US. The source of lead was usually unknown and, when information was available, paint seemed to be the most common cause of poisoning. Clinical signs reported to the animal poison control centers involved the CNS and GI tract. Results from the French and the American database showed similar trends. They are compared to data from veterinary clinics and veterinary colleges in the US and Australia. In each case, data are very similar to what was reported to the CNITV and the NAPCC. It is concluded that animal poison control centers databases can provide a useful tool for better knowledge of animal poisoning. They can also help identify unexpected toxicologic problems related to drug administration or pesticide use.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Intoxicación por Plomo/veterinaria , Factores de Edad , Animales , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Perros , Francia/epidemiología , Intoxicación por Plomo/diagnóstico , Intoxicación por Plomo/epidemiología , Centros de Control de Intoxicaciones , Estaciones del Año , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Male rats from the Sprague-Dawley laboratory strain were maintained in the laboratory during 3 days and 1 night on litters containing a reference soil and different amounts of a soil, mainly polluted by PCBs (207 ppm expressed in Aroclor(R) 1254; SIII soil). Two categories of biomarkers of exposure were measured in both liver and lung of these rats: PCB burdens and activities of microsomal liver and lung cytochrome P450-dependent mono-oxygenases, namely ethoxy-, pentoxy-, and benzoxy-resorufin O-dealkylase activities (EROD, PROD, and BROD, respectively). PCB burdens in liver and lung of rats exposed to SIII soil were 1,845 and 241 ppb, respectively (expressed in Aroclor(R) 1254 equivalents). EROD, PROD, and BROD were significantly induced in the liver of rats exposed to SIII soil, while only EROD activity was induced in the lung. Induction of hepatic EROD activity was approximately 3- to 5.4-fold; pulmonary EROD activity was induced by 9- to 12-fold. In the lung, PROD and BROD activities were inhibited. When rats were exposed to SIII soil diluted with various amounts of standard ISO soil, a nearly linear dose-response relationship was found between the level of PCBs in the litter and EROD activity in both liver and lung. A nonlinear dose-response relationship exists with hepatic BROD activity; no dose-response relationship was observed with hepatic PROD and pulmonary PROD and BROD activities. EROD activity measurement in both liver and lung of rats maintained on a litter of PCB polluted soil was used to assess the bioavailability to mammals of PCBs.
Asunto(s)
Sistema Enzimático del Citocromo P-450/efectos de los fármacos , Bifenilos Policlorados/farmacocinética , Contaminantes del Suelo/farmacocinética , Animales , Disponibilidad Biológica , Sistema Enzimático del Citocromo P-450/metabolismo , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/enzimología , Pulmón/efectos de los fármacos , Pulmón/enzimología , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Distribución TisularRESUMEN
Information on accidental poisoning of companion animals with human drugs is seldom published. This paper presents the results of a survey conducted by the Centre National d'Informations Toxicologiques Veterinaires (CNITV) on cases recorded between January 1, 1991 and December 31, 1994 at the CNITV on the circumstances and clinical signs of accidental oral poisoning of dogs and cats by benzodiazepines. Our results showed that, among the numerous potential drugs available, bromazepam was by far most commonly encountered, especially in dogs. Clinical signs included mostly nervous disorders (hyper and hypo). Treatment was symptomatic and supportive, and the prognosis was generally good.
Asunto(s)
Ansiolíticos/envenenamiento , Bromazepam/envenenamiento , Enfermedades de los Gatos/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades de los Perros/inducido químicamente , Distribución por Edad , Animales , Enfermedades de los Gatos/epidemiología , Gatos , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso Central/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso Central/veterinaria , Bases de Datos Factuales , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Perros , Francia , Estudios Longitudinales , Intoxicación/epidemiología , Intoxicación/veterinariaRESUMEN
A retrospective study was conducted of 40 loperamide poisoning cases recorded at the Centre National d'Informations Toxicologiques Veterinaires. An apparent breed susceptibility of Collie dogs was observed. Neurologic disturbances (ataxia and prostration) were significant clinical findings. Treatment with naloxone resulted in rapid reversal of signs without sequelae.
Asunto(s)
Antidiarreicos/envenenamiento , Enfermedades de los Perros/inducido químicamente , Loperamida/envenenamiento , Animales , Enfermedades del Sistema Digestivo/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades del Sistema Digestivo/epidemiología , Enfermedades del Sistema Digestivo/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Perros , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Masculino , Naloxona/administración & dosificación , Naloxona/uso terapéutico , Antagonistas de Narcóticos/administración & dosificación , Antagonistas de Narcóticos/uso terapéutico , Intoxicación/tratamiento farmacológico , Intoxicación/epidemiología , Intoxicación/veterinaria , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
In order to assess bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present in soils, male laboratory rats were exposed to litters of control and polluted soils. After 88+/-2 h of exposure, several biomarkers were measured in both liver and lung. When rats were exposed to SIV soil, contaminated by a mixture of at least 13 PAHs, (1) only 2 or 3 PAH compounds were detected in liver and lung; (2) cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase activity, followed by 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity measurement, was highly induced in liver (13-fold-induction) and lung (up to 78-fold); and (3) DNA adducts were significantly increased. For what concerns soil artificially contaminated by only one PAH (phenanthrene or B[a]P), EROD activity was not or fully induced, respectively. These results demonstrate the occurrence of a high bioavailability of PAHs to mammals in natural conditions of exposure. First results concerning DNA adducts must be profound, but they already show that a short exposure of mammals to PAH-polluted soils can lead to potential genotoxic effects. EROD activity can be used as a sensitive biomarker in both liver and lung of rats maintained on litters of soils in the laboratory, and such a test can be used routinely to contribute to risk assessment.
Asunto(s)
Citocromo P-450 CYP1A1/metabolismo , Aductos de ADN/análisis , Hígado/metabolismo , Pulmón/metabolismo , Hidrocarburos Policíclicos Aromáticos/farmacocinética , Contaminantes del Suelo/farmacocinética , Animales , Disponibilidad Biológica , Biomarcadores/análisis , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Inducción Enzimática/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/enzimología , Pulmón/efectos de los fármacos , Pulmón/enzimología , Masculino , Hidrocarburos Policíclicos Aromáticos/análisis , Hidrocarburos Policíclicos Aromáticos/farmacología , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Contaminantes del Suelo/análisis , Contaminantes del Suelo/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Although rats (Rattus rattus or Rattus norvegicus) worldwide have been found to carry Seoul hantavirus, there are at present only a very few reports of confirmed human Seoul hantavirus infections outside Asia, where the virus, in certain areas, is responsible for approximately 25% of the human hantavirus infections. In Europe, no confirmed human infections outside laboratories have been described, and although rats occasionally have been found to be antibody positive, the viral genome has not been demonstrated in these animals. The present report describes the first confirmed finding of Seoul hantavirus in R. norvegicus captured in Europe.