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In the small intestine, a niche of accessory cell types supports the generation of mature epithelial cell types from intestinal stem cells (ISCs). It is unclear, however, if and how immune cells in the niche affect ISC fate or the balance between self-renewal and differentiation. Here, we use single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to identify MHC class II (MHCII) machinery enrichment in two subsets of Lgr5+ ISCs. We show that MHCII+ Lgr5+ ISCs are non-conventional antigen-presenting cells in co-cultures with CD4+ T helper (Th) cells. Stimulation of intestinal organoids with key Th cytokines affects Lgr5+ ISC renewal and differentiation in opposing ways: pro-inflammatory signals promote differentiation, while regulatory cells and cytokines reduce it. In vivo genetic perturbation of Th cells or MHCII expression on Lgr5+ ISCs impacts epithelial cell differentiation and IEC fate during infection. These interactions between Th cells and Lgr5+ ISCs, thus, orchestrate tissue-wide responses to external signals.
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Diferenciación Celular , Autorrenovación de las Células , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Células Madre/citología , Linfocitos T Colaboradores-Inductores/metabolismo , Animales , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Autorrenovación de las Células/efectos de los fármacos , Citocinas/farmacología , Células Epiteliales/citología , Células Epiteliales/metabolismo , Femenino , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad Clase II/metabolismo , Sistema Inmunológico/metabolismo , Intestinos/citología , Intestinos/microbiología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Organoides/citología , Organoides/efectos de los fármacos , Organoides/metabolismo , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Salmonella enterica/patogenicidad , Células Madre/metabolismo , Linfocitos T Colaboradores-Inductores/citologíaRESUMEN
The Th17 cell-lineage-defining cytokine IL-17A contributes to host defense and inflammatory disease by coordinating multicellular immune responses. The IL-17 receptor (IL-17RA) is expressed by diverse intestinal cell types, and therapies targeting IL-17A induce adverse intestinal events, suggesting additional tissue-specific functions. Here, we used multiple conditional deletion models to identify a role for IL-17A in secretory epithelial cell differentiation in the gut. Paneth, tuft, goblet, and enteroendocrine cell numbers were dependent on IL-17A-mediated induction of the transcription factor ATOH1 in Lgr5+ intestinal epithelial stem cells. Although dispensable at steady state, IL-17RA signaling in ATOH1+ cells was required to regenerate secretory cells following injury. Finally, IL-17A stimulation of human-derived intestinal organoids that were locked into a cystic immature state induced ATOH1 expression and rescued secretory cell differentiation. Our data suggest that the cross talk between immune cells and stem cells regulates secretory cell lineage commitment and the integrity of the mucosa.
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Factores de Transcripción con Motivo Hélice-Asa-Hélice Básico/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/citología , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Receptores de Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Células Madre/metabolismo , Animales , Comunicación Celular , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Linaje de la Célula/efectos de los fármacos , Colitis/inducido químicamente , Colitis/metabolismo , Colitis/patología , Sulfato de Dextran/efectos adversos , Humanos , Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Interleucina-17/farmacología , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Intestinos/efectos de los fármacos , Intestinos/metabolismo , Intestinos/patología , Ratones , Ratones Noqueados , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Receptores de Interleucina-17/deficiencia , Factor de Transcripción SOX9/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Células Madre/citologíaRESUMEN
Up to 49% of certain types of cancer are attributed to obesity, and potential mechanisms include overproduction of hormones, adipokines, and insulin. Cytotoxic immune cells, including natural killer (NK) cells and CD8+ T cells, are important in tumor surveillance, but little is known about the impact of obesity on immunosurveillance. Here, we show that obesity induces robust peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-driven lipid accumulation in NK cells, causing complete 'paralysis' of their cellular metabolism and trafficking. Fatty acid administration, and PPARα and PPARδ (PPARα/δ) agonists, mimicked obesity and inhibited mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)-mediated glycolysis. This prevented trafficking of the cytotoxic machinery to the NK cell-tumor synapse. Inhibiting PPARα/δ or blocking the transport of lipids into mitochondria reversed NK cell metabolic paralysis and restored cytotoxicity. In vivo, NK cells had blunted antitumor responses and failed to reduce tumor growth in obesity. Our results demonstrate that the lipotoxic obese environment impairs immunosurveillance and suggest that metabolic reprogramming of NK cells may improve cancer outcomes in obesity.
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Vigilancia Inmunológica/inmunología , Células Asesinas Naturales/inmunología , Células Asesinas Naturales/metabolismo , Melanoma Experimental/inmunología , Obesidad/inmunología , Adulto , Animales , Femenino , Humanos , Células Asesinas Naturales/patología , Masculino , Melanoma Experimental/complicaciones , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad/complicaciones , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Cancer cells frequently alter their lipids to grow and adapt to their environment1-3. Despite the critical functions of lipid metabolism in membrane physiology, signalling and energy production, how specific lipids contribute to tumorigenesis remains incompletely understood. Here, using functional genomics and lipidomic approaches, we identified de novo sphingolipid synthesis as an essential pathway for cancer immune evasion. Synthesis of sphingolipids is surprisingly dispensable for cancer cell proliferation in culture or in immunodeficient mice but required for tumour growth in multiple syngeneic models. Blocking sphingolipid production in cancer cells enhances the anti-proliferative effects of natural killer and CD8+ T cells partly via interferon-γ (IFNγ) signalling. Mechanistically, depletion of glycosphingolipids increases surface levels of IFNγ receptor subunit 1 (IFNGR1), which mediates IFNγ-induced growth arrest and pro-inflammatory signalling. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of glycosphingolipid synthesis synergizes with checkpoint blockade therapy to enhance anti-tumour immune response. Altogether, our work identifies glycosphingolipids as necessary and limiting metabolites for cancer immune evasion.
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Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) are innate-like lymphocytes that protect against infection, autoimmune disease and cancer. However, little is known about the epigenetic regulation of iNKT cell development. Here we found that the H3K27me3 histone demethylase UTX was an essential cell-intrinsic factor that controlled an iNKT-cell lineage-specific gene-expression program and epigenetic landscape in a demethylase-activity-dependent manner. UTX-deficient iNKT cells exhibited impaired expression of iNKT cell signature genes due to a decrease in activation-associated H3K4me3 marks and an increase in repressive H3K27me3 marks within the promoters occupied by UTX. We found that JunB regulated iNKT cell development and that the expression of genes that were targets of both JunB and the iNKT cell master transcription factor PLZF was UTX dependent. We identified iNKT cell super-enhancers and demonstrated that UTX-mediated regulation of super-enhancer accessibility was a key mechanism for commitment to the iNKT cell lineage. Our findings reveal how UTX regulates the development of iNKT cells through multiple epigenetic mechanisms.
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Diferenciación Celular , Epigénesis Genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Histona Demetilasas/metabolismo , Células T Asesinas Naturales/fisiología , Animales , Linaje de la Célula , Células Cultivadas , Elementos de Facilitación Genéticos/genética , Histona Demetilasas/genética , Inmunidad Innata/genética , Factores de Transcripción de Tipo Kruppel/genética , Factores de Transcripción de Tipo Kruppel/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Especificidad de Órganos , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Proteína de la Leucemia Promielocítica con Dedos de Zinc , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismoRESUMEN
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most frequent forms of cancer, and new strategies for its prevention and therapy are urgently needed1. Here we identify a metabolite signalling pathway that provides actionable insights towards this goal. We perform a dietary screen in autochthonous animal models of CRC and find that ketogenic diets exhibit a strong tumour-inhibitory effect. These properties of ketogenic diets are recapitulated by the ketone body ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), which reduces the proliferation of colonic crypt cells and potently suppresses intestinal tumour growth. We find that BHB acts through the surface receptor Hcar2 and induces the transcriptional regulator Hopx, thereby altering gene expression and inhibiting cell proliferation. Cancer organoid assays and single-cell RNA sequencing of biopsies from patients with CRC provide evidence that elevated BHB levels and active HOPX are associated with reduced intestinal epithelial proliferation in humans. This study thus identifies a BHB-triggered pathway regulating intestinal tumorigenesis and indicates that oral or systemic interventions with a single metabolite may complement current prevention and treatment strategies for CRC.
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Neoplasias Colorrectales , Transducción de Señal , Ácido 3-Hidroxibutírico/metabolismo , Ácido 3-Hidroxibutírico/farmacología , Animales , Proliferación Celular , Transformación Celular Neoplásica , Neoplasias Colorrectales/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Colorrectales/genética , Neoplasias Colorrectales/prevención & control , HumanosRESUMEN
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010103.].
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CRISPR/Cas9-driven cancer modeling studies are based on the disruption of tumor suppressor genes by small insertions or deletions (indels) that lead to frame-shift mutations. In addition, CRISPR/Cas9 is widely used to define the significance of cancer oncogenes and genetic dependencies in loss-of-function studies. However, how CRISPR/Cas9 influences gain-of-function oncogenic mutations is elusive. Here, we demonstrate that single guide RNA targeting exon 3 of Ctnnb1 (encoding ß-catenin) results in exon skipping and generates gain-of-function isoforms in vivo. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated exon skipping of Ctnnb1 induces liver tumor formation in synergy with YAPS127A in mice. We define two distinct exon skipping-induced tumor subtypes with different histological and transcriptional features. Notably, ectopic expression of two exon-skipped ß-catenin transcript isoforms together with YAPS127A phenocopies the two distinct subtypes of liver cancer. Moreover, we identify similar CTNNB1 exon-skipping events in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Collectively, our findings advance our understanding of ß-catenin-related tumorigenesis and reveal that CRISPR/Cas9 can be repurposed, in vivo, to study gain-of-function mutations of oncogenes in cancer. © 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Animales , Ratones , beta Catenina/genética , Carcinogénesis/genética , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/genética , Exones/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genéticaRESUMEN
In Fig. 4e of this Article, the labels for 'Control' and 'HFD' were reversed ('Control' should have been labelled blue rather than purple, and 'HFD' should have been labelled purple rather than blue). Similarly, in Fig. 4f of this Article, the labels for 'V' and 'GW' were reversed ('V' should have been labelled blue rather than purple, and 'GW' should have been labelled purple instead of blue). The original figure has been corrected online.
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Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is a foodborne pathogen that subverts immune function by translocation of Yersinia outer protein (Yop) effectors into host cells. As adaptive γδ T cells protect the intestinal mucosa from pathogen invasion, we assessed whether Y. pseudotuberculosis subverts these cells in mice and humans. Tracking Yop translocation revealed that the preferential delivery of Yop effectors directly into murine Vγ4 and human Vδ2+ T cells inhibited anti-microbial IFNγ production. Subversion was mediated by the adhesin YadA, injectisome component YopB, and translocated YopJ effector. A broad anti-pathogen gene signature and STAT4 phosphorylation levels were inhibited by translocated YopJ. Thus, Y. pseudotuberculosis attachment and translocation of YopJ directly into adaptive γδ T cells is a major mechanism of immune subversion in mice and humans. This study uncovered a conserved Y. pseudotuberculosis pathway that subverts adaptive γδ T cell function to promote pathogenicity.
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Proteínas Bacterianas/inmunología , Evasión Inmune/inmunología , Interferón gamma/biosíntesis , Linfocitos Intraepiteliales/inmunología , Infecciones por Yersinia pseudotuberculosis/inmunología , Animales , Humanos , Ratones , Yersinia pseudotuberculosis/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Intestinal epithelial cells absorb nutrients, respond to microbes, function as a barrier and help to coordinate immune responses. Here we report profiling of 53,193 individual epithelial cells from the small intestine and organoids of mice, which enabled the identification and characterization of previously unknown subtypes of intestinal epithelial cell and their gene signatures. We found unexpected diversity in hormone-secreting enteroendocrine cells and constructed the taxonomy of newly identified subtypes, and distinguished between two subtypes of tuft cell, one of which expresses the epithelial cytokine Tslp and the pan-immune marker CD45, which was not previously associated with non-haematopoietic cells. We also characterized the ways in which cell-intrinsic states and the proportions of different cell types respond to bacterial and helminth infections: Salmonella infection caused an increase in the abundance of Paneth cells and enterocytes, and broad activation of an antimicrobial program; Heligmosomoides polygyrus caused an increase in the abundance of goblet and tuft cells. Our survey highlights previously unidentified markers and programs, associates sensory molecules with cell types, and uncovers principles of gut homeostasis and response to pathogens.
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Células Epiteliales/citología , Epitelio/metabolismo , Intestino Delgado/citología , Análisis de la Célula Individual , Animales , Diferenciación Celular , Citocinas/metabolismo , Enterocitos/metabolismo , Células Epiteliales/metabolismo , Femenino , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Homeostasis , Antígenos Comunes de Leucocito/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Organoides/citología , Organoides/metabolismo , Células de Paneth/metabolismo , Transcripción Genética , Linfopoyetina del Estroma TímicoRESUMEN
Little is known about how pro-obesity diets regulate tissue stem and progenitor cell function. Here we show that high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity augments the numbers and function of Lgr5(+) intestinal stem cells of the mammalian intestine. Mechanistically, a HFD induces a robust peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPAR-δ) signature in intestinal stem cells and progenitor cells (non-intestinal stem cells), and pharmacological activation of PPAR-δ recapitulates the effects of a HFD on these cells. Like a HFD, ex vivo treatment of intestinal organoid cultures with fatty acid constituents of the HFD enhances the self-renewal potential of these organoid bodies in a PPAR-δ-dependent manner. Notably, HFD- and agonist-activated PPAR-δ signalling endow organoid-initiating capacity to progenitors, and enforced PPAR-δ signalling permits these progenitors to form in vivo tumours after loss of the tumour suppressor Apc. These findings highlight how diet-modulated PPAR-δ activation alters not only the function of intestinal stem and progenitor cells, but also their capacity to initiate tumours.
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Transformación Celular Neoplásica/efectos de los fármacos , Neoplasias del Colon/patología , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Intestinos/patología , Células Madre/efectos de los fármacos , Células Madre/patología , Animales , Recuento de Células , Autorrenovación de las Células/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Genes APC , Humanos , Masculino , Ratones , Obesidad/inducido químicamente , Obesidad/patología , Organoides/efectos de los fármacos , Organoides/metabolismo , Organoides/patología , PPAR delta/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Nicho de Células Madre/efectos de los fármacos , Células Madre/metabolismo , beta Catenina/metabolismoRESUMEN
Self-renewal and pluripotency of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are established by multiple regulatory pathways operating at several levels. The roles of histone demethylases (HDMs) in these programs are incompletely defined. We conducted a functional RNAi screen for HDMs and identified five potential HDMs essential for mouse ESC identity. In-depth analyses demonstrate that the closely related HDMs Jmjd2b and Jmjd2c are necessary for self-renewal of ESCs and induced pluripotent stem cell generation. Genome-wide occupancy studies reveal that Jmjd2b unique, Jmjd2c unique, and Jmjd2b-Jmjd2c common target sites belong to functionally separable Core, Polycomb repressive complex (PRC), and Myc regulatory modules, respectively. Jmjd2b and Nanog act through an interconnected regulatory loop, whereas Jmjd2c assists PRC2 in transcriptional repression. Thus, two HDMs of the same subclass exhibit distinct and combinatorial functions in control of the ESC state. Such complexity of HDM function reveals an aspect of multilayered transcriptional control.
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Células Madre Embrionarias/enzimología , Histona Demetilasas con Dominio de Jumonji/metabolismo , Células Madre Pluripotentes/enzimología , Transcripción Genética/fisiología , Animales , Línea Celular , Células Madre Embrionarias/citología , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Proteínas de Homeodominio/genética , Proteínas de Homeodominio/metabolismo , Histona Demetilasas con Dominio de Jumonji/genética , Ratones , Proteína Homeótica Nanog , Células Madre Pluripotentes/citología , Complejo Represivo Polycomb 2/genética , Complejo Represivo Polycomb 2/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-myc/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-myc/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Obesity is a risk factor for pancreatic cancer. In mice, a high-fat diet (HFD) and expression of oncogenic KRAS lead to development of invasive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) by unknown mechanisms. We investigated how oncogenic KRAS regulates the expression of fibroblast growth factor 21, FGF21, a metabolic regulator that prevents obesity, and the effects of recombinant human FGF21 (rhFGF21) on pancreatic tumorigenesis. METHODS: We performed immunohistochemical analyses of FGF21 levels in human pancreatic tissue arrays, comprising 59 PDAC specimens and 45 nontumor tissues. We also studied mice with tamoxifen-inducible expression of oncogenic KRAS in acinar cells (KrasG12D/+ mice) and fElasCreERT mice (controls). KrasG12D/+ mice were placed on an HFD or regular chow diet (control) and given injections of rhFGF21 or vehicle; pancreata were collected and analyzed by histology, immunoblots, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry. We measured markers of inflammation in the pancreas, liver, and adipose tissue. Activity of RAS was measured based on the amount of bound guanosine triphosphate. RESULTS: Pancreatic tissues of mice expressed high levels of FGF21 compared with liver tissues. FGF21 and its receptor proteins were expressed by acinar cells. Acinar cells that expressed KrasG12D/+ had significantly lower expression of Fgf21 messenger RNA compared with acinar cells from control mice, partly due to down-regulation of PPARG expression-a transcription factor that activates Fgf21 transcription. Pancreata from KrasG12D/+ mice on a control diet and given injections of rhFGF21 had reduced pancreatic inflammation, infiltration by immune cells, and acinar-to-ductal metaplasia compared with mice given injections of vehicle. HFD-fed KrasG12D/+ mice given injections of vehicle accumulated abdominal fat, developed extensive inflammation, pancreatic cysts, and high-grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanINs); half the mice developed PDAC with liver metastases. HFD-fed KrasG12D/+ mice given injections of rhFGF21 had reduced accumulation of abdominal fat and pancreatic triglycerides, fewer pancreatic cysts, reduced systemic and pancreatic markers of inflammation, fewer PanINs, and longer survival-only approximately 12% of the mice developed PDACs, and none of the mice had metastases. Pancreata from HFD-fed KrasG12D/+ mice given injections of rhFGF21 had lower levels of active RAS than from mice given vehicle. CONCLUSIONS: Normal acinar cells from mice and humans express high levels of FGF21. In mice, acinar expression of oncogenic KRAS significantly reduces FGF21 expression. When these mice are placed on an HFD, they develop extensive inflammation, pancreatic cysts, PanINs, and PDACs, which are reduced by injection of FGF21. FGF21 also reduces the guanosine triphosphate binding capacity of RAS. FGF21 might be used in the prevention or treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Células Acinares/metabolismo , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/metabolismo , Transformación Celular Neoplásica/metabolismo , Dieta Alta en Grasa , Factores de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Neoplasias Intraductales Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas p21(ras)/metabolismo , Células Acinares/patología , Animales , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/genética , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/patología , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/prevención & control , Transformación Celular Neoplásica/genética , Transformación Celular Neoplásica/patología , Regulación hacia Abajo , Factores de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos/genética , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Proteínas Klotho , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Ratones Transgénicos , Mutación , PPAR gamma/genética , PPAR gamma/metabolismo , Quiste Pancreático/genética , Quiste Pancreático/metabolismo , Quiste Pancreático/patología , Neoplasias Intraductales Pancreáticas/genética , Neoplasias Intraductales Pancreáticas/patología , Neoplasias Intraductales Pancreáticas/prevención & control , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patología , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/prevención & control , Pancreatitis/genética , Pancreatitis/metabolismo , Pancreatitis/patología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas p21(ras)/genética , Receptor Tipo 1 de Factor de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos/genética , Receptor Tipo 1 de Factor de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/genética , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/metabolismoRESUMEN
Diagnostic procedures play critical roles in cancer immunotherapy. In this chapter, we briefly discuss three major diagnostic procedures widely used in immunotherapy: immunohistochemistry, next-generation sequencing, and flow cytometry. We also describe the uses of other diagnostic procedures and preclinical animal models in cancer immunotherapy translational research.
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Citometría de Flujo , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Inmunohistoquímica , Inmunoterapia , Neoplasias/diagnóstico , Neoplasias/terapia , Animales , Humanos , Neoplasias/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) drive the rapid regeneration of the gut epithelium to maintain organismal homeostasis. Aging, however, significantly reduces intestinal regenerative capacity. While cellular senescence is a key feature of the aging process, little is known about the in vivo effects of senescent cells on intestinal fitness. Here, we identify the accumulation of senescent cells in the aging gut and, by harnessing senolytic CAR T cells to eliminate them, we uncover their detrimental impact on epithelial integrity and overall intestinal homeostasis in natural aging, injury and colitis. Ablation of intestinal senescent cells with senolytic CAR T cells in vivo or in vitro is sufficient to promote the regenerative potential of aged ISCs. This intervention improves epithelial integrity and mucosal immune function. Overall, these results highlight the ability of senolytic CAR T cells to rejuvenate the intestinal niche and demonstrate the potential of targeted cell therapies to promote tissue regeneration in aging organisms.
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IL-22 is critical for ameliorating obesity-induced metabolic disorders. However, it is unknown where IL-22 acts to mediate these outcomes. Here we examine the importance of tissue-specific IL-22RA1 signaling in mediating long-term high fat diet (HFD) driven metabolic disorders. To do so, we generated intestinal epithelium-, liver-, and white adipose tissue (WAT)-specific Il22ra1 knockout and littermate control mice. Intestinal epithelium- and liver-specific IL-22RA1 signaling upregulated systemic glucose metabolism. Intestinal IL-22RA1 signaling also mediated liver and WAT metabolism in a microbiota-dependent manner. We identified an association between Oscillibacter and elevated WAT inflammation, likely induced by Mmp12 expressing macrophages. Mechanistically, transcription of intestinal lipid metabolism genes is regulated by IL-22 and potentially IL-22-induced IL-18. Lastly, we show that Paneth cell-specific IL-22RA1 signaling, in part, mediates systemic glucose metabolism after HFD. Overall, these results elucidate a key role of intestinal epithelium-specific IL-22RA1 signaling in regulating intestinal metabolism and alleviating systemic obesity-associated disorders.
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Hígado , Enfermedades Metabólicas , Animales , Ratones , Hígado/metabolismo , Inflamación/metabolismo , Obesidad/metabolismo , Metabolismo de los Lípidos , Glucosa/metabolismo , Enfermedades Metabólicas/metabolismo , Lípidos , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Ratones Endogámicos C57BLRESUMEN
Repeat concussions (or repetitive mild traumatic brain injury [rmTBI]) are complex pathological processes consisting of a primary insult and long-term secondary complications and are also a prerequisite for chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Recent evidence implies a significant role of autophagy-mediated dysfunctional mitochondrial clearance, mitophagy, in the cascade of secondary deleterious events resulting from TBI. C18-ceramide, a bioactive sphingolipid produced in response to cell stress and damage, and its synthesizing enzyme (CerS1) are precursors to selective stress-mediated mitophagy. A transporter, p17, mediates the trafficking of CerS1, induces C18-ceramide synthesis in the mitochondrial membrane, and acts as an elimination signal in cell survival. Whether p17-mediated mitophagy occurs in the brain and plays a causal role in mitochondrial quality control in secondary disease development after rmTBI are unknown. Using a novel repetitive less-than-mild TBI (rlmTBI) injury paradigm, ablation of mitochondrial p17/C18-ceramide trafficking in p17 knockout (KO) mice results in a loss of C18-ceramide-induced mitophagy, which contributes to susceptibility and recovery from long-term secondary complications associated with rlmTBI. Using a ceramide analog with lipid-selenium conjugate drug, LCL768 restored mitophagy and reduced long-term secondary complications, improving cognitive deficits in rlmTBI-induced p17KO mice. We obtained a significant reduction of p17 expression and a considerable decrease of CerS1 and C18-ceramide levels in cortical mitochondria of CTE human brains compared with age-matched control brains. These data demonstrated that p17/C18-ceramide trafficking is an endogenous neuroprotective mitochondrial stress response following rlmTBI, thus suggesting a novel prospective strategy to interrupt the CTE consequences of concussive TBI.
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Maintenance of astronaut health during spaceflight will require monitoring and potentially modulating their microbiomes. However, documenting microbial shifts during spaceflight has been difficult due to mission constraints that lead to limited sampling and profiling. Here we executed a six-month longitudinal study to quantify the high-resolution human microbiome response to three days in orbit for four individuals. Using paired metagenomics and metatranscriptomics alongside single-nuclei immune cell profiling, we characterized time-dependent, multikingdom microbiome changes across 750 samples and 10 body sites before, during and after spaceflight at eight timepoints. We found that most alterations were transient across body sites; for example, viruses increased in skin sites mostly during flight. However, longer-term shifts were observed in the oral microbiome, including increased plaque-associated bacteria (for example, Fusobacteriota), which correlated with immune cell gene expression. Further, microbial genes associated with phage activity, toxin-antitoxin systems and stress response were enriched across multiple body sites. In total, this study reveals in-depth characterization of microbiome and immune response shifts experienced by astronauts during short-term spaceflight and the associated changes to the living environment, which can help guide future missions, spacecraft design and space habitat planning.
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Astronautas , Bacterias , Metagenómica , Microbiota , Vuelo Espacial , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Microbiota/inmunología , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/genética , Bacterias/inmunología , Masculino , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Femenino , Transcriptoma , MultiómicaRESUMEN
Liver metastasis (LM) confers poor survival and therapy resistance across cancer types, but the mechanisms of liver-metastatic organotropism remain unknown. Here, through in vivo CRISPR-Cas9 screens, we found that Pip4k2c loss conferred LM but had no impact on lung metastasis or primary tumor growth. Pip4k2c-deficient cells were hypersensitized to insulin-mediated PI3K/AKT signaling and exploited the insulin-rich liver milieu for organ-specific metastasis. We observed concordant changes in PIP4K2C expression and distinct metabolic changes in 3,511 patient melanomas, including primary tumors, LMs and lung metastases. We found that systemic PI3K inhibition exacerbated LM burden in mice injected with Pip4k2c-deficient cancer cells through host-mediated increase in hepatic insulin levels; however, this circuit could be broken by concurrent administration of an SGLT2 inhibitor or feeding of a ketogenic diet. Thus, this work demonstrates a rare example of metastatic organotropism through co-optation of physiological metabolic cues and proposes therapeutic avenues to counteract these mechanisms.