Does Forgiveness Enhance Or Detract From Relationship Quality Among Sexual Abuse Survivors?

Many women experience childhood sexual abuse (CSA) during their childhood and CSA often negatively impacts adult's romantic relationships. Consequently, it is important to understand the protective factors that buffer against the detrimental impact of CSA on the quality of women's romantic relationships. Forgiveness may be one such factor. The current study looked at trait forgiveness as a moderator of CSA and overall relationship quality, positive relationship quality, and negative relationship quality. A sample of 171 women completed an online survey. Using hierarchical regression, forgiveness was found to moderate the association between CSA and overall relationship quality and negative relationship quality, but not positive relationship quality. Findings indicate that the interaction between CSA and forgiveness was significant, but higher levels of forgiveness actually decreased overall relationship quality and increased negative relationship quality. The relationship between CSA and overall reports of relationship quality and negative relationship quality were stable at low levels of forgiveness, but when forgiveness was high overall relationship quality decreased and negative relationship quality increased. CSA was also directly associated with lower levels of positive relationship quality. Findings from the study indicate continued conceptual refinement when considering CSA, forgiveness, and relationship quality.

Gerontological Inquiry of Religiosity and Spirituality: Remembered or Forgotten Variables in the Study of Aging and Human Development?

This is submission is the introduction to complement the special issue on "Forgotten Variables in Religiosity and Spirituality Inquiry".

Considering the Relevance of Childhood Religious Experiences Through Centenarian Oral Histories.

The current study explored a sub-sample of 57 narrative focused on childhood religious experiences from the Oklahoma Oral History Project. Analyses identified three primary themes connected to childhood religiosity, including transmission, accessibility, and socializing. First, transmission of religiosity during childhood dependent upon a parent or grandparent. A second theme involved accessibility, which highlighted various advantages and disadvantages regarding child and family ability to attend religious services. Such opportunities and barriers were centered upon three subthemes involving rurality, transportation, and infrastructure. Finally, socializing represented a third theme. In particular, church attendance during childhood created unique opportunities for early-life socializing with family, friends, and neighbors. As a whole, key themes indicate that religiosity during childhood may be vital to the early formation of social opportunities and connections that may support positive and adaptive developmental processes in human longevity. Findings have implications relative to advancing conceptual understanding of the impact of childhood religious experience on developmental outcomes among long-lived adults.

Forgotten Variables and Older Men in Custody: Negative Childhood Events, Forgiveness, and Religiosity.

The study tested a mediational model linking negative childhood events through forgiveness of self and social support to religiosity using data from a convenience sample of 261 men aged 45-82 years residing behind prison walls. The Developmental Model of Adaptation provided the study's conceptual model for investigating the associations among the study variables. The study tested a mediational model linking the distal past (negative childhood events) to the outcome, religiosity, through forgiveness, and social support. The final model demonstrated the association of negative childhood events with religiosity through forgiveness of self (not forgiveness of others or situation) and social support. The study's findings suggest that at intake and during time in confinement, middle-aged and older men in prison should be assessed for and offered interventions aimed at helping them cope with the trauma of childhood events, achieve self-forgiveness, seek social support, and express religiosity as important for sustaining their well-being.

Examining the Influence of Early-Life and Recent Traumatic Events on Loneliness in Centenarians.

Early-life traumatic experiences have lasting implications for late-life socio-emotional development, contributing to a greater prevalence of poor mental health in very old age. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of early-life and recent traumatic life experiences on loneliness among centenarians. A total of 154 centenarians participated in a semistructured interview. The time of traumatic occurrence and type of trauma experienced influence loneliness in centenarians. Experiencing a natural disaster 70 or more years ago significantly predicted loneliness. Terror management theory proposes that coming to terms with one's mortality represents an underlying source of anxiety that can influence human behavior to create both immediate and future defenses. Evidence from this study can be used to improve how aging service practitioners integrate reminiscence or life-review therapy or counseling within clinical or educational settings.

Predicting happiness among centenarians.

BACKGROUND: Happiness is believed to evolve from the comparison of current circumstances relative to past achievement. However, gerontological literature on happiness in extreme old age has been limited. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine how perceptions of health, social provisions, and economics link past satisfaction with life to current feelings of happiness among persons living to 100 years of age and beyond. METHODS: A total of 158 centenarians from the Georgia Centenarian Study were included to conduct the investigation. Items reflecting congruence and happiness from the Life Satisfaction Index were used to evaluate a model of happiness. Pathways between congruence, perceived economic security, subjective health, perceived social provisions, and happiness were analyzed using structural equation modeling. RESULTS: Congruence emerged as a key predictor of happiness. Furthermore, congruence predicted perceived economic security and subjective health, whereas perceived economic security had a strong influence on subjective health status. CONCLUSION: It appears that past satisfaction with life influences how centenarians frame subjective evaluations of health status and economic security. Furthermore, past satisfaction with life is directly associated with present happiness. This presents implications relative to understanding how perception of resources may enhance quality of life among persons who live exceptionally long lives.

Does Depressive Affect Mediate the Relationship between Self-Care Capacity and Nutritional Status Among Rural Older Adults? : A Structural Equation Modeling Approach.

This study examined the relationships of self-care capacity and depressive affect on nutritional status and whether depressive affect mediated the relationship of self-care capacity on nutritional status. A convenience sample of 171 rural community-dwelling older adults, 65 years and above, participated. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was conducted to test a mediation model. The hypothesized SEM model was supported with adequate fit (χ2 (1) = 1.87, p = 0.17; CFI = 0.94; RMSEA = 0.07; SRMR = 0.03). SEM analysis revealed a significant positive direct effect of self-care capacity on nutritional status (γ = 0.14, p = 0.042). Significant negative direct effects were observed for self-care capacity on depressive affect (γ = -0.15, p = 0.027) and for depressive affect on nutritional status (ß = -0.27, p < 0.01). Depressive affect was also observed to partially mediate the relationship of self-care capacity on nutrition status (γ = 0.04, p = 0.046). Findings highlight the importance of emotional well-being on rural older adults' nutritional status, particularly those with decreased ability to engage in self-care practices.

Nutritional Status of Rural Older Adults Is Linked to Physical and Emotional Health.

BACKGROUND: Although nutritional status is influenced by multidimensional aspects encompassing physical and emotional well-being, there is limited research on this complex relationship. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the interplay between indicators of physical health (perceived health status and self-care capacity) and emotional well-being (depressive affect and loneliness) on rural older adults' nutritional status. DESIGN: The cross-sectional study was conducted from June 1, 2007, to June 1, 2008. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: A total of 171 community-dwelling older adults, aged 65 years and older, residing within nonmetro rural communities in the United States participated in this study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Participants completed validated instruments measuring self-care capacity, perceived health status, loneliness, depressive affect, and nutritional status. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Structural equation modeling was employed to investigate the complex interplay of physical and emotional health status with nutritional status among rural older adults. The χ2 test, comparative fit index, root mean square error of approximation, and standardized root mean square residual were used to assess model fit. RESULTS: The χ2 test and the other model fit indexes showed the hypothesized structural equation model provided a good fit to the data (χ2 (2)=2.15; P=0.34; comparative fit index=1.00; root mean square error of approximation=0.02; and standardized root mean square residual=0.03). Self-care capacity was significantly related with depressive affect (γ=-0.11; P=0.03), whereas self-care capacity was not significantly related with loneliness. Perceived health status had a significant negative relationship with both loneliness (γ=-0.16; P=0.03) and depressive affect (γ=-0.22; P=0.03). Although loneliness showed no significant direct relationship with nutritional status, it showed a significant direct relationship with depressive affect (ß=.4; P<0.01). Finally, the results demonstrated that depressive affect had a significant negative relationship with nutritional status (ß=-.30; P<0.01). The results indicated physical health and emotional indicators have significant multidimensional associations with nutritional status among rural older adults. CONCLUSIONS: The present study provides insights into the importance of addressing both physical and emotional well-being together to reduce potential effects of poor emotional well-being on nutritional status, particularly among rural older adults with impaired physical health and self-care capacity.

Consideration of forgiveness to enhance the health status of older male prisoners confronting spiritual, social, or emotional vulnerability.

Participants in this study included 261 men, aged 45 and older, residing within state-managed correctional facilities in Oklahoma. Path analysis was used to examine an integrated mediation model. Spiritual ambivalence, loneliness, and depressive affect had direct negative associations with forgiveness, controlling for age, race, education, and type of crime. Forgiveness also maintained a direct positive association with perceived health status, whereas depressive affect maintained a direct negative association with perceived health status. In addition, a significant indirect effect of depressive affect on perceived health through forgiveness emerged. Overall, the model explained 38% of the variance in forgiveness and 23% in perceived health. Greater spiritual ambivalence, loneliness, and depressive affect diminish forgiveness among older male prisoners, yet higher levels of forgiveness, are associated with greater perceived health.

Direct and indirect effects of religiosity on valuation of life through forgiveness and social provisions among older incarcerated males.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Few studies have investigated the influence of religiosity (REL), forgiveness, and social resources on incarcerated individuals' attachment to their lives, or valuation of life (VOL). We tested a model linking REL to VOL through 3 subscales of the Heartland Forgiveness Scale (Self, Others, and Situations) and social provisions (SPS). DESIGN AND METHODS: Cross-sectional data were collected from 261 male prison inmates, aged 45-82, incarcerated in 8 state-managed correctional facilities. Participants were sampled from the prison census database (Oklahoma Department of Corrections or DOC). Exclusion criteria, per the Oklahoma DOC, were those housed in medical or psychiatric units, currently in solitary confinement, or sentenced to death row. RESULTS: To account for possible violations of multivariate normality, we used the Satorra-Bentler chi-square statistic. The final model fit the data well, explaining 57% of the variance in VOL: χ(2) (N = 261; df = 3) = 7.40; p = .06; Comparative Fit Index = .99; root mean squared error of approximation = .08; standardized root mean squared residual = .02. Significant indirect effects of REL on VOL were present through Forgiveness of Others and SPS, and of REL on SPS through Forgiveness of Others. Analyses controlled for age, race, education, perceived physical health, and depressive symptoms. IMPLICATIONS: Implications of the findings for those involved with prisoner care are discussed, particularly therapeutic interventions including process models of forgiveness.

Prisoner health and valuation of life, loneliness, and depressed mood.

OBJECTIVE: To examine valuation of life, loneliness, and depressed mood as mediating the association between age and race/ethnicity and health outcomes among older adult male prisoners. METHODS: Survey of 261 male prisoners ages 45-80 from 8 Oklahoma correctional facilities. RESULTS: African American prisoners report fewer health conditions than White prisoners - a finding mediated by significantly greater valuation of life, less loneliness, and lower depressed mood among African American prisoners. Older prisoners reported more health conditions than younger prisoners independent of other study variables. CONCLUSION: Results suggest improving inmates' internal states will reduce incidence of illness and disease among older male offenders and associated healthcare costs.

Social resources and change in functional health: comparing three age groups.

This study examined the mediating and moderating role of social resources on the association between age and change in functional health for three age groups of older adults. Data were provided by those in their 60s, 80s, and 100s who participated in the first two phases of the Georgia Centenarian study. Analyses confirmed the study's hypothesis that social resources moderated the relationship between age group and change in functional health; in particular, centenarians who experienced the greatest decline in IADLs scored the highest on social resources at time 1. No evidence was found for mediation by social resources or a directional influence by either level of social resources or functional health on change in the other resource. Evidence from this study challenges researchers and service providers to consider the heterogeneity in resources among older adults.

Risk of comorbid health impairment among older male inmates.

This investigation originated from a pilot survey of 261 state prison inmates, aged 45 to 82, in Oklahoma. Logistic regression analyses were computed to assess the relationship of sociodemographic characteristics, physical and mental health, and lifestyle behaviors to comorbid health impairment. (odds ratio (OR) = 1.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.13, 1.77]), smoking (OR = 2.82, 95% CI [1.10, 7.30]), and church attendance (OR = 1.23, 95% CI [1.00, 1.50]) were associated with increased odds of comorbid health impairment. Perceived health (OR = 0.38, 95% CI [0.23, 0.66]), mobility (OR = 0.25, 95% CI [0.09, 0.70]), and physical exercise (OR = 0.56, 95% CI [0.35, 0.88]), were associated with reduced odds of comorbid health impairment. Education, smoking, and church attendance represent key indicators of comorbid health impairment, whereas perceived health, mobility, and physical exercise are more likely to reduce multiple health impairments.

Exploring Positive and Negative Affect as Key Indicators of Life Satisfaction among Centenarians: Does Cognitive Performance Matter?

The aim of this investigation was to determine how cognitive performance was associated with positive and negative affect and life satisfaction over time. This study involved a secondary longitudinal analysis of cross-section data collected at Phase I (1988-1992) and during an 18-month longitudinal followup at Phase II (1992-1998) of the Georgia Centenarian Study. Participants included N = 137 centenarians at Time 1 and N = 68 survivors at Time 2. Significant stability in cognitive impairment existed at Time 1 and Time 2 for positive (ß = .55, P < .01) and negative affect (ß = .54, P < .01) models. Negative affect at Time 1 was associated with lower life satisfaction at Time 1 (ß = -.42, P < .01 ). In addition, cognitive impairment at Time 2 was associated with decreased positive emotionality at Time 2 (ß = -.39, P > .01). Furthermore, greater positive affect at Time 2 was associated with greater satisfaction with life at Time 2 (ß = .35, P < .01). It appears that positive emotionality contemporaneously influences the association between cognitive impairment and life satisfaction among centenarians. Implications relative to improving life satisfaction among centenarians are discussed.

Comparing the Support-Efficacy Model among Centenarians Living in Private Homes, Assisted Living Facilities, and Nursing Homes.

We investigated the influence of social relations on health outcomes in very late life by examining the support-efficacy convoy model among older adults who resided in three different residential environments (centenarians in private homes, n = 126; centenarians in assisted living facilities, n = 55; centenarians in nursing homes, n = 105). For each group, path analytic models were employed to test our hypotheses; analyses controlled for sex, mental status, education, perceived economic sufficiency, and activities of daily living. The hypothesized relationships among the models' variables were unique to each of the three groups; three different models fit the data depending upon residential environment. The direct and indirect effects of social relations assessments were positive for the mental and physical health of very old adults, suggesting that participants welcomed the support. However, residential status moderated the associations between the assessments of social relations, self-efficacy, and both outcomes, physical and mental health.

Age differences and changes in resources essential to aging well: a comparison of sexagenarians, octogenarians, and centenarians.

THIS STUDY EXAMINED CHANGE OVER TIME IN FIVE RESOURCES ASSESSED BY THE DUKE OARS MULTIDISCIPLINARY FUNCTIONAL ASSESSMENT QUESTIONNAIRE: social, economic, mental, physical, and functional resources. Two hundred and one participants in the Georgia Centenarian Study provided data for this longitudinal study: 70 sexagenarians, 63 octogenarians, and 68 centenarians. Those in their 60s and 80s were followed up within 60 months; due to mortality attrition, centenarians were followed up within 20 months. Centenarians experienced the lowest levels of resources relative to those in their 80s and 60s. Over time they primarily experienced loss in activities of daily living, highlighting that the ability to maximize gains and mitigate losses over time for older adults is highly associated with various resources essential to well-being. Findings suggest that older adults'-especially the very old-resources should be concurrently assessed in a multidimensional analysis by researchers and practitioners who work with older adults in various settings.

Stress and depression among older residents in religious monasteries: do friends and God matter?

The purpose of this investigation was to explore how friendship and attach-0 ment to God provide protective benefits against stress and depression. Participants included 235 men and women, age 64 and older, residing in religious monasteries affiliated with the Order of St. Benedict. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were completed to assess main and moderating effects of friendship and attachment to God relative to the influence of stress on depressive symptomology. Lower degree of friendship closeness (beta = -.12, p < .10) and greater insecurity with God (beta = -.15, p < .01) were directly associated with greater depressive symptoms. A significant three-way interaction (Stress x Friendship x Attachment to God) also existed relative to depressive symptoms (beta = .14, p < .05). Three "stress-buffering" mechanisms emerged relative to the influence of stress on depressive symptomology. First, a greater degree of friendship closeness in combination with less secure attachment to God represented a greater risk for depressive symptoms. Second, greater friendship closeness in combination with greater secure attachment to God reduced the risk for depressive symptoms. Third, lower degree of friendship closeness combined with less secure attachment to God diminished the noxious effects of stress on depressive symptoms. This has implications relative to how social and spiritual resources can be used to reduce stress and improve quality of life for older adults residing in religious communities.