Parental Travel Behaviors and Children's Independent Mobility: A MultiSite Study.

PURPOSE: Children who are allowed greater independent mobility (IM) are more physically active. This study investigated associations between parents' current travel mode to work, their own IM and school travel mode as a child, and their child's IM. METHODS: Children in grades 4 to 6 (n = 1699) were recruited from urban, suburban, and rural schools in Vancouver, Ottawa, and Trois-Rivières. Parents reported their current travel mode to work, IM, and school travel mode as a child. Children self-reported their IM using Hillman's 6 mobility licenses. Multiple imputation was performed to replace missing data. Gender-stratified generalized linear mixed models were adjusted for child age, parent gender, urbanization, and socioeconomic status. RESULTS: The older a parent was allowed to travel alone as a child, the less IM their child had (boys: ß = -0.09, 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.13 to -0.04; girls: ß = -0.09, 95% CI, -0.13 to -0.06). Girls whose parents biked to work (ß = 0.45, 95% CI, 0.06-0.83) or lived in Trois-Rivières versus other sites (ß = 0.82, 95% CI, -0.43 to 1.21) had higher IM. IM increased with each year of age (boys: ß = 0.46, CI, 0.34-0.58; girls: ß = 0.38, 95% CI, 0.28-0.48). CONCLUSION: Parents who experienced IM later may be more restrictive of their child's IM. This may help explain the intergenerational decline in children's IM.

Relationships Among Children's Independent Mobility, Active Transportation, and Physical Activity: A Multisite Cross-Sectional Study.

PURPOSE: Children's independent mobility (IM) may facilitate both active transportation (AT) and physical activity (PA), but previous studies examining these associations were conducted in single regions that provided limited geographical variability. METHOD: We recruited 1699 children (55.0% girls) in 37 schools stratified by level of urbanization and socioeconomic status in 3 regions of Canada: Ottawa, Trois-Rivières, and Vancouver. Participants wore a SC-StepRx pedometer for 7 days and completed a validated questionnaire from which we derived a 6-point IM index, the number of AT trips over a week, and the volume of AT to/from school (in kilometer per week). We investigated relationships among measures of IM, AT, and PA employing linear mixed models or generalized linear mixed models adjusted for site, urbanization, and socioeconomic status. RESULTS: Each unit increase in IM was associated with 9% more AT trips, 19% higher AT volume, and 147 more steps per day, with consistent results across genders. Both measures of AT were associated with marginally higher PA when pooling boys' and girls' data. Children in Vancouver engaged in more AT. PA did not vary across site, urbanization, or socioeconomic status. CONCLUSION: IM was associated with more AT and PA regardless of where children lived, underscoring a need for IM interventions.

Relationships between area-level socioeconomic status and urbanization with active transportation, independent mobility, outdoor time, and physical activity among Canadian children.

BACKGROUND: Active transportation (AT), independent mobility (IM), and outdoor time are promising ways to increase children's physical activity. However, in order to create interventions to increase those forms of physical activity, it is important to understand the relationships between area-level socioeconomic status (SES) and type of urbanization with AT, IM, outdoor time, and physical activity, and this was the aim of the study. METHODS: One thousand six hundred ninety-nine children in grades 4 to 6 (mean age: 10.2 ± 1.0 years) from three Canadian regions participated. AT, IM, and outdoor time were assessed using questionnaires and physical activity was measured using the SC-StepRX pedometer. Area-level SES was assessed using the median household income of the census tract in which the school was located and type of urbanization was determined for each school using standardized procedures. Generalized linear and general linear mixed models were used to examine the relationships. RESULTS: Area-level SES and the type of urbanization were generally not related to AT, IM, or physical activity for either gender. However, we observed that both boys and girls living in lower SES areas had decreased odds of spending > 2 h outdoors on weekend days compared to their peers from higher SES areas. Girls living in suburban or rural areas were more likely to spend > 2 h outdoors on weekdays compared to their urban counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: AT, IM, and physical activity are generally not associated with area-level SES or the type of urbanization in this sample of Canadian children. The finding regarding outdoor time showing that both boys and girls of lower SES areas had decreased odds of spending > 2 h outdoors on weekends compared to their peers from higher SES areas suggest that additional efforts should be implemented to offer outdoor play opportunities in lower SES areas.

Associations Between School Environments, Policies and Practices and Children's Physical Activity and Active Transportation.

BACKGROUND: There is evidence of school-level variability in children's active behaviors. This study investigated the associations between school environments, policies and practices, and children's physical activity (PA) and active school transportation (AST), in a school ecology context. METHODS: We recruited children (N = 1699, age = 10.2 ± 1.0 years, 55.0% girls) in 37 schools from 3 diverse regions of Canada. We then collected data using questionnaires (child, parent) and pedometers. In each school, an official completed a School Health Environment Survey. Multilevel regression models were used to examine associations with children's daily steps, and frequency and volume (frequency*distance) of AST. RESULTS: Between-school variation ranged from 4.7% to 22.2% demonstrating that school environments are associated with children's active behaviors. None of the school environment variables were significantly associated with children's PA or frequency of AST. Nevertheless, their inclusion improved the PA model. Children's volume of AST increased in schools that reported more initiatives to promote AST. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that multiple components are needed to effectively promote active behaviors in children. Schools should determine the areas in which they can improve and assess the feasibility of implementing measures to make their school environments, policies, and practices more conducive to PA and AST.

Influence of weather conditions on children's school travel mode and physical activity in 3 diverse regions of Canada.

Children who engage in active school transportation (AST) have higher levels of physical activity (PA). Climate and weather were shown to influence adults' daily travel behaviours, but their influence on children's AST and PA has been less examined. This study examined the influence of weather conditions on children's AST and overall PA. Children in grades 4 to 6 (N = 1699; age, 10.2 ± 1.0 years) were recruited in schools located in urban, suburban and rural areas, stratified by area-level socioeconomic status, in 3 different regions of Canada (Trois-Rivières, Québec; Ottawa, Ontario; Vancouver, British Columbia). Mode of school travel was self-reported and physical activity was measured using a pedometer. We used publicly available data on total precipitation and early morning temperature. AST increased with temperature only among girls. Daily precipitation was negatively associated with boys' and girls' PA while warmer temperature was associated with increased PA on weekend days. We also observed that season and region moderated the relationship between weather conditions and children's physical activity behaviours. Our results suggest that daily weather variations influence children's AST and PA to a greater extent than seasonal variations. Interventions designed to help children and families adapt to weather-related barriers to AST and PA are needed. Novelty: In Canada, weather conditions may influence children's active behaviours daily. Associations between weather conditions, choice of travel mode and physical activity vary by sex, season, and region. Weather affects children's PA differently during the week than on weekends.

Tackling Childhood Overweight: Parental Perceptions of Stakeholders' Roles in a Community-Based Intervention.

Introduction. Collaborative efforts among communities, schools, parents, and health professionals are needed to prevent childhood obesity, which touches one third of Canadian youth. The purpose of this case study was to obtain parents' experience and perceptions about stakeholder roles in a multidisciplinary community-based intervention aiming to tackle childhood overweight. Methods. Data were collected from semistructured interviews with 10 parents following their participation in a community-based program designed to help families with overweight children adopt a healthier lifestyle. Results and Discussion. All parents preferred a multidisciplinary health team to monitor their children's health. They expect that a physician or a pediatrician could diagnose overweight, explain results to parents, and refer families to resources. The team could also include professionals from health and education such as nutritionists/dietitians, nurses, physical education teachers, psychologists, kinesiologists, and social workers. Parents' own perceived role would consist of instructing and reinforcing their children about healthy behaviors, role modeling for a healthy lifestyle, and seeking for professional help when needed. Conclusion. Parents involved in a support group with overweight child consider their own role as crucial to help changing their family lifestyle. They also prefer a multidisciplinary team that can address different aspects of overweight/obesity. However, the physician was perceived as having the central role in mobilizing a group of stakeholders around youth with overweight/obese, including the parents. A further step would be to understand barriers and facilitators to collaboration among health professionals in childhood overweight prevention and treatment.

Correlates of Children's Physical Activity: A Canadian Multisite Study.

PURPOSE: To inform future physical activity (PA) interventions among children, we investigated the correlates of PA among 8- to 12-yr-olds in three regions of Canada: Ottawa, Trois-Rivières, and Vancouver. METHODS: We recruited 1699 children (55.0% girls) in 37 schools located in urban, suburban, and rural areas that differed in socioeconomic status. Children wore a sealed SC-StepRx pedometer capable of measuring moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) for seven consecutive days. Children and one of their parents/guardians completed a questionnaire that captured multiple potential PA correlates. Publicly available data on weather and neighborhood walkability were obtained. Multiply-imputed gender-stratified linear mixed models were used to examine the correlates of daily step counts and MVPA while controlling for age, site, type of urbanization, and area-level socioeconomic status. RESULTS: Each additional hour spent outdoors was associated with higher PA in boys (+769 steps per day; +3.7 min MVPA per day) and girls (+596 steps per day; +3.5 min·d). Boys' PA declined with age (-500 steps per day; -3.7 min·d). Boys were less active if they had a long-standing injury/illness (-1862 steps per day; -3.7 min·d) or their parents reported driving to work (-835 steps per day; -4.4 min·d), were worried about traffic (-982 steps per day; -6.4 min·d), or about other people in their neighborhood (-1250 steps per day). Girls speaking neither English nor French at home were less active (-620 steps per day; -3.7 min·d). In girls, each degree Celsius increase in morning temperature was associated with 77 additional steps per day, and each kilometer increase in active school travel distance was associated with 0.5 more MVPA minutes per day. CONCLUSION: Consistent with previous studies, our results suggest that PA interventions should aim to increase outdoor time. The observed gender differences in PA correlates suggest the need for a gender-sensitized approach to PA promotion.

Correlates of Children's Independent Mobility in Canada: A Multi-Site Study.

Globally, physical inactivity is a concern, and children's independent mobility (CIM) may be an important target behavior for addressing the physical inactivity crisis. The aim of this study was to examine correlates of CIM (8-12 years old) in the Canadian context to inform future interventions. CIM was measured via parent surveys. Individual, social, and environmental correlates of CIM were examined using a social-ecological framework. 1699 participants' data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and gender-stratified linear mixed-effects models while controlling for site, area-level socioeconomic status, and type of urbanization. Individual correlates including child grade (ß = 0.612, p < 0.001), language spoken at home (ß = -0.503, p < 0.001), car ownership (ß = -0.374, p < 0.05), and phone ownership (ß = 0.593, p < 0.001) were associated with CIM. For boys, parental gender (ß = -0.387, p < 0.01) was negatively associated with CIM. Parents' perceptions of safety and environment were significantly associated with CIM. Location (i.e., site) was significantly associated with CIM (ref: Trois-Rivières; Ottawa (ß = -1.188, p < 0.001); Vancouver (ß = -1.216, p < 0.001)). Suburban environments were negatively associated with boys' independent mobility (ß = -0.536, p < 0.05), while walkability (400 m ß = 0.064, p < 0.05; 1600 m ß = -0.059, p < 0.05) was significantly associated with girls' independent mobility only. Future research and interventions should consider targeting "modifiable factors" like children's and parents' perceptions of neighborhood safety and environment.