Status and perception of oral health in 6-17-year-old psychiatric inpatients-randomized controlled trial.

AIM: The following are the aims of the study: assessment of oral health status, oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) and the effect of oral health care training over OHRQoL in children and adolescents hospitalized with mental disorders. METHODOLOGY: This randomized case controlled prospective interventional study involved 81 child and adolescent psychiatric inpatients (CAP) aged between 6 and 17 years (mean age 10.6 ± 2.4 years), compared to 81 mentally healthy patients attending routine dental examinations (DC group) matched according to age and sex of the CAP group. Oral examinations were performed by two calibrated dentists. OHRQoL was assessed with the German version of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire. CAP inpatients were randomly divided in two equal subgroups, an intervention (IG) and a non-intervention group (non-IG). The IG received oral health care training at admission to the hospital. RESULTS: CAP inpatients, especially those with stress-related disorders, revealed significantly higher caries prevalence and experience than DC patients. Although OHRQoL did not differ from the German reference values, CAP inpatients compensated higher impairment due to oral symptoms and functional limitations with lower impairment due to emotional and social well-being. OHRQoL increased in all CAP patients during hospitalization, regardless of receiving oral health care training. CONCLUSION: Poorer oral health of CAP inpatients was not accompanied by higher impairment of OHRQoL. Oral problems seem to be overshined by better self-perceived emotional and social well-being. OHRQoL was not improved by individualized oral health care training. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Children and adolescents with mental disorders are at risk for oral diseases and need referral to dental services.

[Health-related self-help of immigrants in Germany. Chances, barriers, potential]. / Gesundheitsbezogene Selbsthilfe bei Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund. Chancen, Barrieren, Potenziale.

Migrants in Germany participate in health-related self-help groups nearly as frequently as native-born Germans--as long as they have good German language skills and are widely integrated into the main society. However, the situation is different for those migrants who are not or only slightly integrated. Mother-tongue self-help groups of ethnic minorities would offer good chances for health-related self-management and coping; however, these groups are rare. This can partly be explained by the lack of knowledge of many migrants about support possibilities for self-help groups, also because the term "self-help" has no equivalent in many languages. On the other hand, there are many barriers for self-help activities: false shame attributed to certain health problems, fear of de-anonymization in ethnic communities, different concepts of health and illness, a lack of judging the potential of one's own competencies and self-efficacy, and particularly illiteracy. This article describes the relevance of self-help among migrants with special regard to self-organized migrant networks and outlines the current state of discussion within the self-help stakeholders. Finally, potential multipliers, networking examples and qualification measures for promotion of health-related self-help among migrants are presented.

[Development, situation and perspective of self-help support in Germany]. / Entwicklung, Situation und Perspektiven der Selbsthilfeunterstützung in Deutschland.

Self-help groups and self-help associations are an important part of the social security system. In Germany, self-help contact points, senior citizen centers, volunteer agencies, citizen centers and multi-generation houses combine citizen participation with innovative professional services. Unfortunately, there is no guarantee of continuous financial support for these important, locally administered institutions. There are about 280 self-help contact points and more than 400 federal self-help associations that support and promote self-help in Germany. Healthy communities, healthy workplaces and healthy people need a decentralized system of self-help programs operated at local and regional levels, in districts and towns. Thereby, professional support systems that operate self-help programs and promote citizen participation in the self-help programs must be managed in a similar regional format. New forms of cooperation from the regional and local governments, private companies, and citizen engagement already exist. Additionally, regional projects of integrated maintenance systems with the regional health maintenance institutions have been established. Currently, the central challenges of the self-help programs are quality development, inclusion of people with social disadvantages and of people with migrational background. The essential prerequisites for this work are continuous financial support and a politically supported infrastructure, which is in fact an important health investment.

[The ulm emergency algorithm for the acute treatment of drug-induced, bradykinin-mediated angioedema]. / Ulmer Notfallalgorithmus: die Akuttherapie von medikamenteninduzierten bradykininvermittelten Angioödemen.

BACKGROUND: Bradykinin-mediated, drug-induced edema like ACE-inhibitor-induced angioedema (ACEi AE) is almost exclusively located in the head and neck region and is potentially life threatening. To date, there are no guidelines or officially-approved treatments available for this pathology. OBJECTIVES: We sought to provide a structured therapeutic algorithm for the acute treatment of drug-induced bradykinin-mediated angioedema. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed data (especially the course of disease and therapy) of all patients with acute angioedema, who presented to the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery at the University of Ulm (2010-2015). We also conducted a literature review on PubMed with the terms "acute angioedema", "angioedema emergency", "ACE angioedema", "bradykinin angioedema" and "angioedema therapy". Other fundamental references were the recent German guidelines "hereditary angioedema", "anaphylaxis" and "airway management". RESULTS: An emergency algorithm was generated as a flowchart for the acute therapy of bradykinin-mediated drug-induced angioedema was generated. We focused on the decision criteria for intubation/airway management and pharmacological therapy: antihistamines and glucocorticoids versus anti-bradykinin treatment. Furthermore, recommendations for inpatient monitoring have been derived. CONCLUSION/DISCUSSION: To date, therapy of drug-induced bradykinin-mediated angioedema is performed according to an "off-label" use and without officially-approved guidelines. The presented emergency algorithm provides a first approach for a structured therapeutic concept for a potentially life-threatening pathology.

Feasibility of yoga as a complementary therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes: The Healthy Active and in Control (HA1C) study.

OBJECTIVES: This study:Healthy Active and in Control (HA1C), examined the feasibility and acceptability of yoga as a complementary therapy for adults with Type-2 Diabetes (T2DM). DESIGN: A 2-arm randomized clinical trial comparing Iyengar yoga with a supervised walking program. SETTING: Hospital based gym-type facility and conference rooms. INTERVENTIONS: Participants were randomized to a 12-week program of either; (1) a twice weekly Iyengar yoga, or (2) a twice-weekly program of standard exercise (SE). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcomes assessed feasibility and acceptability, including enrollment rates, attendance, study completion, and participant satisfaction. Secondary outcomes included HbA1c, physical activity, and measures of diabetes-related emotional distress, self-care and quality of life (QOL). Assessments were conducted at baseline, end of treatment, 6-months and 9-months post-enrollment. RESULTS: Of 175 adults screened for eligibility, 48 (30 women, 18 men) were eligible and enrolled. The most common reasons for ineligibility were orthopedic restrictions, HbA1c levels <6.5 and BMI > 42. Session attendance was high (82% of sessions attended), as was follow-up completion rates (92%). Program satisfaction rated on a 5-point scale, was high among both Yoga (M = 4.63, SD = 0.57) and SE (M = 4.77, SD = 0.52) participants. Overall 44 adverse events (26 Yoga, 18 SE) were reported. Of these, six were deemed "possibly related" (e.g., neck strain, back pain), and 1 "probably related" (ankle pain after treadmill) to the study. Yoga produced significant reductions in HbA1c. Median HbA1c at 6 months was 1.25 units lower for Yoga compared to SE (95% CI: -2.54 -0.04). Greater improvements in diabetes self-care, quality of life, and emotional distress were seen among Yoga participants than among SE participants. Increases in mindfulness were seen in Yoga but not in SE. CONCLUSIONS: The yoga intervention was highly feasible and acceptable, and produced improvements in blood glucose and psychosocial measures of diabetes management.

Effect of position and height of a mobile core type artificial disc on the biomechanical behaviour of the lumbar spine.

The extent of natural disc removal and the implant position and height of an artificial disc with a mobile core were studied for their effects on intersegmental rotation, intradiscal pressure, and facet joint force. A validated finite element model of the lumbar spine was used. The model was loaded with the upper body weight, a follower load, and muscle forces to simulate standing, flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. The implant position was varied up to 2 mm in an anterior and posterior direction and up to 3 mm in a lateral direction. Three different implant heights were simulated. The effect of removing the lateral parts of the annulus was also studied. The implant position and height markedly affect intersegmental rotation and facet joint forces but have hardly any influence on intradiscal pressure in the adjacent discs. Removing the lateral parts of the annulus increases intersegmental rotation and facet joint force mainly for lateral bending and axial rotation. The calculated translation of the mobile implant core is about 1 mm at most, and thus its effect is often overestimated. Great care should be taken to choose the optimal implant height and to insert the implant in the best position for each individual patient.

Port-site incisional hernia - A case series of 54 patients.

BACKGROUND: The increased use of laparoscopy has resulted in certain complications specifically associated with the laparoscopic approach, such as port-site incisional hernia (PIH). Until today, it is not finally clarified if port-site closure should be performed by fascia suture or not. Furthermore, the optimal treatment strategy in PIH (suture vs. mesh) is still widely unclear. The aim of this study was to present our experience with PIH in two independent departments and to derive possible treatment strategies from these results. METHODS: Between 2003 and 2013, 54 patients were operated due to port-site incisional hernia in two surgical centres. Their data were collected and retrospectively analyzed depending on surgical technique of port-site hernia repair (Mesh repair group, n = 13 vs. Suture only group, n = 41). RESULTS: Port site incisional hernia occurred in 96% (52 patients) after the use of trocars with 10 mm or larger diameter. Patients treated with mesh repair had significantly higher body mass index (BMI) (32 ± 9 vs. 27 ± 4; p = 0.023) and significantly higher rates of cardiac diseases (77% vs. 39%; p = 0.026) than patients in the suture only group. Mean fascial defect size was significantly larger in the Mesh repair group than in the Suture only group (31 ± 24 mm vs. 24 ± 32 mm; p = 0.007) and mean time of operation was significantly longer in patients operated with mesh repair (83 ± 47 min vs. 40 ± 28 min; p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in mean hospital stay (3 ± 4 days; p = 0.057) and hernia recurrence rates (9%; p = 0.653) between study groups. Mean time of follow up was 32 ± 35 months. CONCLUSIONS: In Port sites of 10 mm and larger diameter fascia should be closed by suture, whereas the risk of hernia development in 5 mm trocar placements seems to be a rare complication. Port-site incisional hernia should be treated by suture or mesh repair depending on fascial defect size and the patients' risk factors regarding preexisting deseases and body mass index.

Serum cell death biomarker mirrors liver cancer regression after transarterial chemoembolisation.

BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents an increasing health problem with limited therapeutic options. In patients with intermediate disease stage, transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE) is widely applied. Treatment response is routinely assessed by imaging techniques according to the international response evaluation criteria in solid tumours (RECIST), which consider tumour regression or additionally tumour necrosis (modified RECIST). Evaluation of treatment response, however, by these methods is time- and cost-intensive and usually performed at earliest several months following TACE. AIM: To investigate the suitability of novel non-invasive cell death biomarkers for an earlier prediction of TACE response. METHODS: We analysed activation of pro-apoptotic caspases and the proteolytic cleavage of the caspase substrate CK-18 in liver tissues and sera from HCC patients by immunohistochemistry, a luminometric substrate assay and ELISA. RESULTS: Both caspase activity and caspase-cleaved CK-18 fragments were elevated in HCC patients compared to healthy controls. CK-18 serum levels significantly increased during the first 3 days and peaked at day two following TACE. Interestingly, we found significant differences in CK-18 levels between patients with and without tumour regression. Detection of CK-18 fragments revealed a promising performance for the early prediction of TACE response with an area under the curve value of 0.76. CONCLUSIONS: Caspase-cleaved CK-18 levels mirror liver cancer regression and allow an earlier prediction of TACE response. The concordance with mRECIST suggests that the detection of CK-18 levels immediately after TACE might be used as a short-term decision guide to continue or change HCC therapy.

Epithelial tumor cells in bone marrow of patients with colorectal cancer: immunocytochemical detection, phenotypic characterization, and prognostic significance.

A monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed against the cytokeratin (CK) polypeptide no. 18 specifically expressed in cells derived from simple epithelia was used to detect epithelial tumor cells in bone marrow aspirates. Of 156 patients with colorectal carcinoma, 42 presented with cells at the time of primary surgery. The incidence of positive findings varied considerably with the size and the localization of the primary tumor, the involvement of regional lymph nodes, and the presence of clinically manifest metastases. Applying a sensitive double-staining procedure, we could demonstrate that epithelial cells in bone marrow showed a heterogeneic expression of receptors for epidermal growth factor (EGF-R) and transferrin (Tf-R) as well as of the proliferation-associated Ki67 antigen. Also human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I antigens differed widely in their expression on the CK-positive cells. Clinical follow-up studies on 85 patients showed a significantly higher relapse rate in patients presenting with CK-positive cells in their bone marrow at the time of primary surgery. Twenty-three patients were monitored for the presence or absence of CK-positive cells in bone marrow over time. The majority of monitored patients (18 of 23) exhibited a constant pattern of immunocytochemical findings during the time of observation. Thus, the technique may be useful in identifying high-risk patients as well as in monitoring adjuvant therapeutic trials.

Does prostatic ductal adenocarcinoma exist?

Prostatic ductal (endometrioid) adenocarcinoma has been considered a distinct pathologic and clinical entity since it was first described more than 30 years ago. Its current status as a unique neoplasm is controversial, however, because it has considerable histologic overlap with typical acinar adenocarcinoma, particularly in small specimens such as needle biopsies. There are also conflicting views regarding its clinical behavior. We recently encountered a series of typical peripheral zone cancers of the prostate gland with prominent papillary or cribriform pattern that apparently did not involve the large periurethral prostatic ducts or verumontanum. To determine the incidence of these "ductal features" in nonductal carcinoma, we reviewed the findings in 338 consecutive totally embedded whole-mount prostatectomy specimens with typical clinical and pathologic features of acinar carcinoma. We defined carcinoma with significant "ductal features" as one that displayed papillary or cribriform pattern involving an arbitrarily defined aggregate focus at least 5 mm in diameter. Anti-keratin 34beta-E12 immunohistochemical staining for basal cells allowed exclusion of areas of papillary or cribriform pattern of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. We identified carcinoma with ductal features (papillary or cribriform growth) in 17 prostatectomy specimens (5% of cases) exclusively in the peripheral zone without involving the periurethral region. Papillary pattern was present in 11 of these cases (65%) and cribriform pattern in 10 (59%), including 4 cases (24%) with both patterns. Of 11 needle biopsy specimens available for examination from these 17 cases, 4 (36%) contained at least focal papillary or cribriform pattern of carcinoma. We conclude that adenocarcinoma arising in the peripheral zone of the prostate gland may display ductal carcinoma features (papillary or cribriform growth) classically associated with ductal adenocarcinoma. These findings, together with the recognized near-constant association of prostatic ductal adenocarcinoma and typical prostate cancer, suggest that ductal adenocarcinoma results from spread of typical prostatic acinar carcinoma into the large accommodating periurethral ducts and stroma, and that there are no unique histologic features other than site of growth. Identification of papillary or cribriform growth of cancer in prostate needle biopsies usually results from peripheral zone adenocarcinoma and not ductal adenocarcinoma.

Hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency virus infection in street youths in Toronto, Canada.

Hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency virus are transmitted by venereal contact or by the sharing of used needles during drug use. A questionnaire was administered to street youths admitting to prostitution and to a group denying prostitution, as well as to sexually active adolescents who lived with their family and were attending an adolescent medical clinic. The age, gender, race, number of sexual partners, condom use, illicit drug use, anal intercourse and admission to prostitution were recorded for each of the subjects. Serology was obtained for hepatitis B markers and human immunodeficiency virus antibody. Multiple regression analysis was performed to determine the factors which might predict hepatitis B serologic status. A single subject, who admitted to prostitution, was found to be human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive. Seven of 43 (16%) admitted prostitutes compared with 1 of 44 (2%) other street youth and none of 27 controls demonstrated anti-hepatitis B surface antibodies. The higher rate of seropositivity in admitted prostitutes was statistically significant (P less than 0.0097). Two seropositive prostitutes had IgM hepatitis B core antibody suggesting recent infection. Two factors, number of partners (P less than 0.0007) and practice of anal intercourse (P less than 0.05), were identified in the multiple regression analysis as predictive of seropositivity. Thus adolescents who live on the street are at increased risk for becoming infected with hepatitis B virus. The difficulty in ensuring vaccine coverage in this population would support calls for including hepatitis B vaccination as part of childhood immunization.

The impact of depression on smoking cessation in women.

INTRODUCTION: Cigarette smoking poses unique, but preventable health risks to women. Identification of barriers to womens' quitting is essential to tailor interventions accordingly. Major depression, whether historical, current, or subsyndromal, may present unique challenges to women quitting smoking. Although several reviews discuss women and smoking in general, this review focuses exclusively on the role of depression in womens' smoking. OBJECTIVES: The goals of this review are to (1) discuss and synthesize the current findings on the association between smoking and depression in women in general, and in particular subgroups of women (underserved, premenstrual, postpartum, menopausal), (2) discuss physician-assisted, pharmacologic, behavioral interventions for mood management, and (3) propose future avenues for intervention, research, and policy. IMPACT OF DEPRESSION: Major depression may influence smoking cessation in women because (1) depression is twice as common among women as men, (2) history of depression and negative affect have been associated with smoking treatment failure, (3) quitting smoking is especially difficult during certain phases of the reproductive cycle, phases that have also been associated with greater levels of dysphoria, and (4) subgroups of women who have a high risk of continuing to smoke (underserved, less educated, low SES) also have a high risk of developing depression. CONCLUSIONS: Since many women who are depressed (or who have developed depression during prior quit attempts) may be less likely to seek formal cessation treatment, practitioners have a unique opportunity to persuade their patients to quit. We discuss patient-treatment matching.

Efficient downstream processing of maltodextrin phosphorylase from Escherichia coli and stabilization of the enzyme by immobilization onto hydroxyapatite.

Downstream processing by biospecific chromatography of maltodextrin phosphorylase from Escherichia coli, overexpressed in E. coli, was substantially improved by a novel approach using ceramic hydroxyapatite. Wild-type and a less active mutant enzyme were purified from crude bacterial cell extracts in one efficient separation step that yielded phosphorylase in purity > 95% in at least 90% recoveries. At pH 6.9 and 25 degrees C, wild-type and mutant phosphorylases eluted from the hydroxyapatite column at a phosphate concentration of 0.4 M whereas calcium ions failed to displace the enzymes. The dynamic capacity for phosphorylase binding in the presence of bulk proteins was approximately 3 mg enzyme ml-1 matrix. The interaction of E. coli phosphorylase with hydroxyapatite seems to be mediated by surface amino groups, so that the bound enzyme retained almost full catalytic activity. Compared to the soluble enzyme, immobilization onto hydroxyapatite resulted in a more than 30-fold stabilization of wild-type phosphorylase against thermal and proteolytic inactivation and thus could improve the operational stability of phosphorylase during conversion of polysaccharide to glucose 1-phosphate.

Theories and techniques for promoting physical activity behaviours.

The primary goal of this article is to review theoretical models utilised in designing physical activity interventions for healthy adults. Physical activity offers numerous benefits for improved physical and psychological health. However, the majority of the population is sedentary and therefore at increased risk for morbidity and mortality. Many techniques have been developed for intervening with physical activity behaviours, some of which are based on theoretical models. While some of these models show more promise than others, no model is sufficient to thoroughly explain exercise behaviours or how to best intervene. In the final section, recommendations for future research are presented, and promising areas of development in physical activity interventions are discussed. This is not an exhaustive review of theoretical models but rather focuses on models most commonly applied to physical activity.

Hormonal milieu affects tailflick latency in female rats and may be attenuated by access to sucrose.

The steroid hormones estrogen (E) and progesterone (P) are known to modify pain sensitivity; however, the relative role of each of these hormones in this process is not well understood. To systematically investigate the effects of E and P on nociception, pain sensitivity was assessed under several hormone conditions. Tailflick (TF) latencies were measured every other day in 10 cycling female rats and 10 female rats during luteal functioning (pseudopregnancy). Thirty ovariectomized (OVX) rats were tested for TF latency following administration of 10 micrograms estradiol benzoate (EB) and either 0.0, 0.5, or 1.0 mg of P. Significant differences in TF latency were seen across days of the estrous cycle but not during luteal functioning. Tailflick latencies during luteal functioning were elevated relative to latencies in normally cycling animals. Among OVX rats, those administered EB and P (1.0 mg) displayed significant reductions in TF latency compared to vehicle controls. As a separate line of research indicated that consumption of highly palatable foods modified pain sensitivity, whether chronic sucrose consumption might overide the influence of hormones on nociception was examined. Ovariectomized rats given EB and P (0.0, 0.5, or 1.0 mg) were allowed chronic exposure to a 32% sucrose solution. Our preliminary findings suggest that chronic sucrose consumption attenuates hormonally induced differences in nociception.

Mineral content of the diet alters sucrose-induced obesity in rats.

The effects of dietary mineral levels on caloric intake, nutrient choice, body weight, adipose tissue weight, interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT) weight, and thermogenic capacity, and plasma insulin and glucose levels were examined in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. In Experiments 1 and 2, rats were fed a purified diet with zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), and selenium (Se) added, or the same diet without the addition of these minerals. In Experiment 3, the effects of Zn and Cr were examined separately. In all experiments, half of the rats in each diet group were given a 32% sucrose solution in addition to their standard diet and water. Rats given sucrose consumed more calories and gained more weight than rats not given sucrose. However, mineral levels altered the effects of sucrose on these measures. Added minerals increased percent sucrose intake, reduced weight gain and feed efficiency, increased GDP binding in IBAT mitochondria, improved glucose tolerance, and reduced plasma insulin levels. The reduction in weight gain and increased feed efficiency found when Zn alone was added to the diet was independent of sucrose condition. In comparison, the alterations observed in these measures when Cr alone was added to the diet varied as a function of sucrose availability.

Acceptability of computer assessments among ethnically diverse, low-income smokers.

PURPOSE: To examine the acceptability of computer-based assessments among an ethnically diverse, low-income population of primary care patients. Although computers have been used to provide assessments and interventions in health care settings, members of ethnic minority and low-income households have less access to computers than other groups, and therefore the acceptability of computers as a health care assessment and delivery tool needs to be examined. DESIGN: We examined the acceptability of computers for providing assessments of smoking history, nicotine dependence, and other related variables among an ethnically diverse, low-income primary care population. No intervention was used in this study. SETTING: Three inner-city primary care clinics located in hospitals were used as sites for this study. These hospitals were located in areas of the city where low-income and ethnic minority households are overrepresented relative to the total population. SUBJECTS: Adult male and female smokers (n = 522) were recruited while awaiting appointments in each primary care clinic. MEASURES: A questionnaire assessing smoking rate, patterns, history, motivation to quit smoking, and other smoking-related variables was administered using either a paper-and-pencil format or a laptop computer. RESULTS: Frequency counts, analysis of variance, and chi 2 tests were used where appropriate. Most subjects (78.5%) used the computer to complete the baseline survey. Almost all subjects (92%) rated the computer "very easy" or "easy" to use. Subjects who were Spanish-speaking, were born outside the United States, or were Hispanic tended to rate the program as slightly less easy to use than other subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Computer-based assessments appear highly acceptable to individuals in low-income populations.

Evaluation of motivationally tailored vs. standard self-help physical activity interventions at the workplace.

PURPOSE: This study compares the efficacy of a self-help intervention tailored to the individual's stage of motivational readiness for exercise adoption with a standard self-help exercise promotion intervention. DESIGN: Interventions were delivered at baseline and 1 month; assessments were collected at baseline and 3 months. SETTING: Eleven worksites participating in the Working Healthy Research Trial. SUBJECTS: Participants (n = 1559) were a subsample of employees at participating worksites, individually randomized to one of two treatment conditions. INTERVENTION: Printed self-help exercise promotion materials either (1) matched to the individual's stage of motivational readiness for exercise adoption (motivationally tailored), or (2) standard materials (standard). MEASURES: Measures of stage of motivational readiness for exercise and items from the 7-Day Physical Activity Recall. RESULTS: Among intervention completers (n = 903), chi-square analyses showed that, compared to the standard intervention, those receiving the motivationally tailored intervention were significantly more likely to show increases (37% vs. 27%) and less likely to show either no change (52% vs. 58%) or regression (11% vs. 15%) in stage of motivational readiness. Multivariate analyses of variance showed that changes in stage of motivational readiness were significantly associated with changes in self-reported time spent in exercise. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first prospective, randomized, controlled trial demonstrating the efficacy of a brief motivationally tailored intervention compared to a standard self-help intervention for exercise adoption. These findings appear to support treatment approaches that tailor interventions to the individual's stage of motivational readiness for exercise adoption.

Body image evaluations in women smokers.

While body image has been found to be an important predictor for several health behaviors (abnormal dieting. weight regain, exercise), only one study to date has examined body image attitudes in women smokers (Australian sample) with results suggesting that women smokers feel less attractive than nonsmokers. The purpose of the present study was to compare body image in women smokers to normative samples of women. Subjects were 136 women (89.0% White, M age = 39.85, 74% employed. 52% married, body mass index [BMI] = 25.54) entering a randomized clinical smoking cessation trial. Subjects completed the Appearance Evaluation and Fitness Orientation subscales of the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire and the Silhouette Choosing Task. Pooled t-tests showed that subjects scored significantly lower on Appearance Evaluation (t = -6.58, p < .01) and Fitness Orientation (t = -5.55, p < .01) than the normative sample. For the silhouette choosing task, the present sample reported a significantly higher current silhouette (t = 2.29, p < .05) and dissatisfaction score (t = 4.04, p < .01) than the comparative sample. There were no significant differences on the ideal or attraction scores. Results suggest that women smokers may be more dissatisfied with their bodies than women in general. Possible implications include that smoking may adversely affect body image and/or body image concerns may negatively impact cessation attempts.

Exercise effects on withdrawal and mood among women attempting smoking cessation.

This study investigated both acute and longer term ("chronic") effects of vigorous exercise training on affect, nicotine withdrawal, and cigarette craving among women enrolled in a smoking cessation research study. All subjects participated in a 12-week cognitive behavioral smoking cessation program and were randomly assigned to attend three sessions per week of either a vigorous exercise program or contact control. Measures of positive and negative affect, cigarette craving, and nicotine withdrawal were administered immediately before, and again immediately after the final exercise or contact session each week of the program. Study I enrolled 24 women who had been assigned to the exercise condition. Significant reductions in negative affect, nicotine withdrawal and cigarette craving were observed following exercise most weeks of the program. No significant changes in positive affect were observed. In Study II this protocol was repeated among 62 women (44 exercise, 18 contact control) in two consecutive cohorts of the larger study. Significant reduction were observed in negative affect, nicotine withdrawal and cigarette craving during most weeks of the program among exercise subjects but not contact condition subjects. No chronic (baseline to posttreatment) changes in positive or negative affect, cigarette craving or withdrawal symptoms were observed in either study. Vigorous exercise appears to produce acute improvements in withdrawal symptoms, cigarette craving, and negative affect among sedentary women attempting to quit smoking.