New Classification for Pediatric Proximal Fifth Metatarsal Fractures.

Proximal fifth metatarsal fractures are the most common foot fractures in children. Attempts to classify these injuries are misapplied and inadequately predict outcomes. This is the first study to identify factors associated with healing in pediatric fifth metatarsal fractures. In this retrospective cohort study (N = 305), proximal fifth metatarsal fractures were classified on radiographs by location on the bone, alignment (transverse or oblique), displacement (>2 mm), and completion through the bone. Based on the literature, they were secondarily sorted by category: apophyseal, intra-articular metaphyseal, extra-articular metaphyseal, and diaphyseal. Primary outcomes included times to healing, indicated by clinical symptoms, immobilization, and return to sports, as well as radiographic callus formation, bridging, and remodeling. Healing times were compared by ANOVA and linear regression. Location had a significant effect on times of immobilization and return to sports, but alignment, displacement, and completion were not associated with healing. When re-classified, the categories were also associated with immobilization and return to sports. Apophyseal fractures healed fastest and diaphyseal fractures required the most time to heal. There was no difference between extra- and intra-articular fractures. For every year of age, symptoms resolved about 2 days sooner. Neither gender nor body mass index (BMI) was positively or negatively associated with healing times. In conclusion, classifying fractures by apophyseal, metaphyseal, and diaphyseal is the most concise, accurate, and useful system. This is the largest series of nonoperatively treated proximal fifth metatarsal fractures in children and a robust standard to which surgical management can be compared.

Impact of Cost Information on Parental Decision Making: A Randomized Clinical Trial Evaluating Cast Versus Splint Selection for Pediatric Distal Radius Buckle Fractures.

BACKGROUND: Price transparency purports to help patients make high-value health care decisions, however, there is little data to support this. The pediatric distal radius buckle fracture (DRBF) has 2 equally efficacious but not equally priced treatment options (cast and splint), serving as an excellent potential model for studying price transparency. This study uses the DRBF model to assess the impact of up-front cost information on a family's treatment decisions when presented with clinically equivalent treatment options for a low-risk injury. METHODS: Participants age 4 to 14 presenting with an acute DRBF to a hospital-based pediatric orthopaedic clinic were recruited for this randomized controlled trial. Participants were randomized into cost-informed or cost-blind cohorts. All families received standardized information about the injury and treatment options. Cost-informed families received additional cost information. Both groups were allowed to freely choose a treatment. Families were surveyed regarding their decision factors. Cost-blinded families were subsequently presented with the cost information and could change their decision. Independent samples t tests and χ2 tests were utilized to evaluate differences. RESULTS: A total of 127 patients were enrolled (53% cost-informed, 47% cost-blind). The 2 groups did not significantly differ in demographics. Immobilization selection did not differ between groups, with 48% of the cost-informed families selecting the more expensive option (casting), compared with 47% of the cost-blind families. Cost was the least influential factor in the decision-making process according to participant survey, influencing only 9% of families. Only one family changed their decision after receiving cost information, from a splint to a cast. CONCLUSION: Families appear to be cost-insensitive when making medical treatment decisions for low-risk injuries for their child. Price transparency alone may not help families arrive at a decision to pursue high-value treatment in low-risk orthopaedic injuries. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level I.

Simulation Training of Orthopaedic Residents for Distal Radius Fracture Reductions Improves Radiographic Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Most distal radius fractures can be treated with closed reduction and casting in pediatric patients. These skills are traditionally developed treating real patients, however, there is growing interest in the use of simulation training to supplement traditional learning strategies. METHODS: Seventy-eight children with distal radius fractures that underwent closed reduction and casting by novice orthopaedic surgery residents were retrospectively reviewed. Radiographic measures of patients treated by simulation-trained residents were compared with patients treated by residents without simulation training. RESULTS: Patients treated by simulation-trained residents had less residual angulation in the anteroposterior radiograph (3.7 vs. 6.3 degrees, P=0.006) and translation on the lateral (14% vs. 21%, P=0.040) and anteroposterior radiograph (10% vs. 16%, P=0.029). Patients treated by simulation-trained residents also had lower rates of redisplacement (50% vs. 79%, P=0.016). CONCLUSIONS: Loss of reduction is common, particularly when novice trainees perform their first independent reductions. Residents who underwent simulation training had lower rates of loss of reduction, thus simulation training has potential as a supplement to the traditional apprentice model of medical education. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III.

Collection of Common Knee Patient-reported Outcome Instruments by Automated Mobile Phone Text Messaging in Pediatric Sports Medicine.

BACKGROUND: Patient-reported outcome (PRO) instruments measure health status in a variety of domains. With the proliferation of mobile phones, delivering PROs across patient-friendly platforms (eg, apps, text messaging) may increase completion rates, particularly among children. The purpose of this study was to validate the collection of common knee PROs in sports medicine with text messaging by correlating text-messaging responses with paper delivery in adolescents. METHODS: Patients presenting to a hospital-based pediatric orthopaedic sports medicine clinic with a knee injury were enrolled prospectively. Paper versions of the Pediatric International Knee Documentation Committee (Pedi-IKDC) Subjective Knee Evaluation Form and the Pediatric Functional Activity Brief Scale (Pedi-Fab Scale) were completed during initial clinic visits. Over the next 72 hours, patients completed the text message delivery of the Pedi-IKDC and Pedi-Fab Scale. Correlations between paper and text message delivery of the 2 PROs were assessed. RESULTS: Ninety-one patients (mean age: 16.0±2.0 y; 48% females) enrolled in the text-messaging study, with 55 (60.4%) completing the Pedi-Fab Scale, 48 (52.7%) completing the Pedi-IKDC, and 39 (42.9%) completing both PROs. The intraclass correlation coefficient between the paper and mobile phone delivery of the Pedi-Fab Scale was 0.95 (P<0.001; 95% confidence interval, 0.91-0.97). The intraclass correlation coefficient between the paper and mobile phone delivery of the Pedi-IKDC was 0.96 (P<0.001; 95% confidence interval, 0.93-0.98). Average Pedi-Fab scores on paper (M=12.7) and mobile phone (M=12.3) were not significantly different (P=0.52). Similarly, average Pedi-IKDC scores on paper (M=68.8) and mobile phone (M=67.7) were not significantly different (P=0.41). Average completion time for the text delivered Pedi-Fab and Pedi-IKDC were 102±224 and 159±155 minutes, respectively. High school enrollment (P=0.025), female sex (P=0.036), and race (P=0.002) were significantly associated with text completion of Pedi-IKDC. CONCLUSIONS: Text message delivery using mobile phones permits valid assessment of Pedi-IKDC and Pedi-Fab scores in adolescents. Questionnaire delivery by automated text messaging allows asynchronous response and may increase compliance and reduce the labor cost of collecting PROs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III-prospective cohort study.

Perioperative Ketorolac for Supracondylar Humerus Fracture in Children Decreases Postoperative Pain, Opioid Usage, Hospitalization Cost, and Length-of-Stay.

BACKGROUND: There is a need for improved opioid stewardship in orthopedic surgery through multimodal analgesia strategies. Perioperative administration of ketorolac in children undergoing closed reduction and percutaneous pinning (CRPP) for displaced supracondylar humerus (SCH) fracture may decrease pain, reduce opioid requirements, and decrease hospitalization costs. METHODS: Retrospective case-control investigation of children (aged, 1 to 14) treated with CRPP for closed, modified Gartland type III extension-type SCH fractures at a single children's hospital between 2011 and 2017. Patients that received ketorolac perioperatively (cases) were randomly matched 1:2 by sex and age (±1 y) with patients that did not receive ketorolac (controls). Data abstraction included demographic and perioperative details including inpatient Wong-Baker FACES pain ratings and analgesic requirements. Analysis included 2-tailed Mann-Whitney U and χ tests. RESULTS: In total, 342 patients were studied including 114 cases and 228 controls. Age (mean, 6.2±2.4 y), sex ratio (M:F, 1.28:1), operative time, and number of pins used were equivalent between groups. Mean pain rating at 0 to 29 minutes postoperatively was lower in the ketorolac group (0.7±1.9) than in controls (1.4±2.6, P=0.017), as well as at 30 to 120 minutes postoperatively (1.1±2.3 and 1.7±2.8, respectively, P=0.036), as seen in Figure 1. Patients in the ketorolac group received a lower number of inpatient oxycodone doses (1.0±0.6) than control patients (1.2±0.5, P=0.003). Mean postoperative length-of-stay (LOS) was 50.0% longer for control patients (20.4±11.3 h) than the ketorolac patients (13.6±8.8 h, P<0.001). Ketorolac administration was associated with 40.4% lower inpatient hospitalization cost compared to control patients, providing a 33.8 times return on investment. There was no difference in the 90-day complication rate between patient groups (P=0.905). CONCLUSIONS: The complementary administration of ketorolac reduces postoperative pain and opioid use in children with displaced supracondylar humerus fractures. Perioperative ketorolac is also associated with reduced LOS following CRPP for supracondylar humerus fractures and offers significant cost savings opportunities. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3-Therapeutic: Case-Control Study.

Post-Operative Splinting Versus Casting of Pediatric Supracondylar Humerus Fractures.

Background Supracondylar humerus fractures (SCH) are common upper extremity fractures in children and are usually treated by closed reduction and percutaneous pinning. Post-operative management may cause complications, but the difference between cast and splint has not been closely investigated. Purpose Our objective was to compare casting and splinting of SCH fractures with respect to post-operative complications. Patients and methods We reviewed 1,146 pediatric SCH fractures that were reduced, percutaneously pinned, and immobilized by cast or splint. Open fractures, openly reduced fractures, and pre-operative neurological injuries were excluded. Over the course of immobilization, we noted if the initial cast or splint was maintained and if the patient returned due to complications. Results Post-operative casting was performed on 1,091 (95.2%) fractures and 55 (4.8%) were splinted. Age was a significant factor, increasing the likelihood of splinting by 12% with each year of age (p = 0.023). A total of 28 patients (2.4%) returned for unscheduled visits due to immobilization complaints, infection, and pain, but the rate difference between cast and splint was negligible. Reoperation was required for five patients (0.4%), and more likely for splinted fractures (p = 0.021). After controlling for age, splinting was still associated with reoperation (OR: 15.1, p = 0.004). Conclusions Although complications inevitably exist, both casting and splinting are effective immobilization methods. Both resulted in few complications such as post-operative discomfort, pain, infection, loss of reduction, or damage. It was difficult to evaluate significance with few splinted cases, but considering no major differences between splinted and casted fractures, clinicians should consider splinting to reduce the cost associated with casting.

Postoperative Pain and Opioid Use in Children with Supracondylar Humeral Fractures: Balancing Analgesia and Opioid Stewardship.

BACKGROUND: Effective postoperative analgesia remains a priority in orthopaedic surgery, but concerns with regard to opioid diversion and misuse have brought overdue attention to improving opioid stewardship. Normative data for postoperative pain and opioid use are needed to guide and balance these dual priorities. We aimed to characterize postoperative pain and opioid use for an archetypal pediatric orthopaedic procedure: closed reduction and percutaneous pinning of a supracondylar humeral fracture. METHODS: Children at a single pediatric trauma center who underwent closed reduction and percutaneous pinning of a supracondylar humeral fracture were enrolled and were prospectively followed. Validated pain scores (Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale) and opioid utilization data were collected using an automated text message-based protocol on postoperative days 1 to 7, 10, 14, and 21. Data were analyzed with descriptive and univariate statistics. RESULTS: Eighty-one patients with a mean age (and standard deviation) of 6.1 ± 2.1 years (62% of whom were male) were enrolled, including 53.1% who had Type-II fractures and 46.9% who had Type-III fractures. The mean pain ratings were highest on arrival to the emergency department (3.5 ± 3.5 points) and the morning of postoperative day 1 (3.5 ± 2.4 points). By postoperative day 3, the mean pain rating decreased to <2 (1.8 ± 1.8 points) and the mean opioid doses decreased to <1 dose (0.8 ± 1.2 doses). Postoperative opioid use decreased in parallel to reported pain (r = 0.972; p < 0.001). The interquartile range of opioid use was 1 to 7 doses, and patients used only 24.1% of the prescribed opioids (mean, 4.8 ± 5.6 doses used and 19.8 ± 7.1 doses prescribed). There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in pain ratings or opioid use by fracture classification, age, or sex. CONCLUSIONS: Following closed reduction and percutaneous pinning for supracondylar humeral fracture, pain levels and opioid usage decrease to a clinically unimportant level by postoperative day 3. Patients who report pain scores of ≥6 points following discharge are outliers and should be screened for compartment syndrome or ischemia. Patients used <25% of prescribed opioid medication, suggesting the potential for overprescription and opioid diversion. A prescription for 7 opioid doses after discharge should allow adequate postoperative analgesia in the majority of patients while improving narcotic stewardship. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.