Long-term care, care needs and wellbeing of individuals after cancer in childhood or adolescence (VersKiK): study protocol of a large scale multi-methods non-interventional study.

BACKGROUND: It has been shown previously that a relevant proportion of childhood cancer survivors suffers from late effects, which are often directly related to the cancer itself or its therapy, resulting in particular follow-up needs, additionally burdening healthcare systems. Being diagnosed with cancer at a vulnerable stage of development, this group of cancer survivors is at comparatively higher risk of relapse or subsequent cancer. Although national and international follow-up guidelines based on treatment modalities have been developed, their implementation seems to leave room for improvement. Additionally, they lack a sufficient consideration of the survivors' psychosocial needs, affecting their adherence to them. The aim of the VersKiK study is to provide representative information on late effects in childhood and adolescence cancer survivors in Germany. The main research objectives are: (1) to describe the state of follow-up care among survivors after a cancer diagnosis in childhood or adolescence; (2) to quantify the occurrence of late effects among this group of survivors; (3) to examine the adherence to selected audiological and cardiological follow-up guidelines and to identify factors affecting it; (4) to explore actual follow-up needs of paediatric cancer survivors; (5) to review selected follow-up guidelines with the aim to improve and expand them. METHODS: VersKiK is designed as a mixed-methods non-interventional study. We will use claims data from statutory health insurance companies in combination with individually linked population-based registry data from the German Childhood Cancer Registry (GCCR). This data base will permit us to quantify diagnoses and procedures in comparison to the general population as well as the adherence to existing follow-up guidelines. Additional information will be obtained through interviews with childhood and adolescence cancer survivors and their informal caregivers, as well as in focus groups with healthcare professionals. DISCUSSION: The present study aims to research the actual needs of individuals after cancer diagnosis and treatment in childhood or adolescence - physical, psychological and organisational - in order to improve existing follow-up guidelines. These improvements might further positively affect not only actual care provided to paediatric cancer survivors, but also benefit healthcare systems in general while decreasing consequent medical visits in this group of patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registered at German Clinical Trial Register (ID: DRKS00025960 and DRKS00026092).

Comprehensive assessments and related interventions to enhance the long-term outcomes of child, adolescent and young adult cancer survivors - presentation of the CARE for CAYA-Program study protocol and associated literature review.

BACKGROUND: Improved, multimodal treatment strategies have been shown to increase cure rates in cancer patients. Those who survive cancer as a child, adolescent or young adult (CAYA), are at a higher risk for therapy-, or disease-related, late or long-term effects. The CARE for CAYA-Program has been developed to comprehensively assess any potential future problems, to offer need-based preventative interventions and thus to improve long-term outcomes in this particularly vulnerable population. METHODS: The trial is designed as an adaptive trial with an annual comprehensive assessment followed by needs stratified, modular interventions, currently including physical activity, nutrition and psycho-oncology, all aimed at improving the lifestyle and/or the psychosocial situation of the patients. Patients, aged 15-39 years old, with a prior cancer diagnosis, who have completed tumour therapy and are in follow-up care, and who are tumour free, will be included. At baseline (and subsequently on an annual basis) the current medical and psychosocial situation and lifestyle of the participants will be assessed using a survey compiled of various validated questionnaires (e.g. EORTC QLQ C30, NCCN distress thermometer, PHQ-4, BSA, nutrition protocol) and objective parameters (e.g. BMI, WHR, co-morbidities like hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, diabetes), followed by basic care (psychological and lifestyle consultation). Depending on their needs, CAYAs will be allocated to preventative interventions in the above-mentioned modules over a 12-month period. After 1 year, the assessment will be repeated, and further interventions may be applied as needed. During the initial trial phase, the efficacy of this approach will be compared to standard care (waiting list with intervention in the following year) in a randomized study. During this phase, 530 CAYAs will be included and 320 eligible CAYAs who are willing to participate in the interventions will be randomly allocated to an intervention. Overall, 1500 CAYAs will be included and assessed. The programme is financed by the innovation fund of the German Federal Joint Committee and will be conducted at 14 German sites. Recruitment began in January 2018. DISCUSSION: CAYAs are at high risk for long-term sequelae. Providing structured interventions to improve lifestyle and psychological situation may counteract against these risk factors. The programme serves to establish uniform regular comprehensive assessments and need-based interventions to improve long-term outcome in CAYA survivors. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registered at the German Clinical Trial Register (ID: DRKS00012504, registration date: 19th January 2018).

Health-related quality of life in paediatric patients with congenital heart defects: association with the type of heart defect and the surgical technique.

The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of a number of surgical interventions for a various congenital cardiac defects (CHDs) on self-reported HRQoL. METHODS: Patients who had received corrective surgery of several congenital heart defects (surgical VSD closure, Fallot, TGA after atrial or arterial switch or Fontan-type circulation for univentricular AV-connection) were interviewed in the office of their home peadiatric cardiologist. HRQoL in children along 7 dimensions was assessed using a standardised questionnaire (PEDQoL); information on the medical case history of each respondent was also collected. STATISTICS: HRQoL was assessed in the questionnaire by asking about the frequency (never, rarely, often, always) of specific negative experiences; more frequent experiences indicate a lower quality of life. Frequency expressions were transformed into numerical values (25, 50, 75, 100%), and mean values for HRQoL were calculated for each patient and for each domain. Differences in HRQoL among patients with different types of interventions were analysed using the Mann-Whitney Test or the Kruskal-Wallis Test as appropriate; p values <0.05 were considered to indicate significant differences, while p values <0.1 were considered to indicate notable trends. RESULTS: Patients: 169 patients (60% male, 40% female) were part of the study. The mean age was 11.6 years; 50 patients had surgical VSD closure, 52 surgeries for Tetralogy of Fallot (22 transannular patch, 18 no transannular patch, 12 inaccurate description), 40 had complete transposition of the great arteries (28 atrial switch, 12 arterial switch), 22 had a Fontan-type procedure for univentricular AV-connection. HRQoL differed little among patients with different CHDs for the items "relation to friends," "interactions in the affected families", and "own body image". For other items, notable differences emerged: patients with univentricular hearts rated their physical capacity worse and showed a tendency towards negative ratings in other domains. On the other hand, patients after Fallot or TGA correction tended to rate their HRQoL in several domains as relatively high. Focusing on the mode of surgery for Fallot repair, respectively, TGA correction the only significant difference was found for "physical capacity" in TGA (atrial vs. arterial repair). Mustard patients tended to rate most items worse. Physical capacity was rated worst by patients with a Fontan circulation. Repeated surgery led to lower ratings for all domains except "physical capacity" and "body image". CONCLUSIONS: Different surgical techniques for CHD do not affect children's and adolescents' self-reported HRQoL to the extent that one would expect. This observation is in line with observations in groups of children with different chronic diseases. Specialised psychosocial support is necessary in order to maintain this positive self-evaluation and to ensure patients are able to lead autonomous personal and professional lives.

EURAMOS-1, an international randomised study for osteosarcoma: results from pre-randomisation treatment.

BACKGROUND: Four international study groups undertook a large study in resectable osteosarcoma, which included two randomised controlled trials, to determine the effect on survival of changing post-operative chemotherapy based on histological response. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with resectable osteosarcoma aged ≤40 years were treated with the MAP regimen, comprising pre-operatively of two 5-week cycles of cisplatin 120 mg/m(2), doxorubicin 75 mg/m(2), methotrexate 12 g/m(2) × 2 (MAP) and post-operatively two further cycles of MAP and two cycles of just MA. Patients were randomised after surgery. Those with ≥10% viable tumour in the resected specimen received MAP or MAP with ifosfamide and etoposide. Those with <10% viable tumour were allocated to MAP or MAP followed by pegylated interferon. Longitudinal evaluation of quality of life was undertaken. RESULTS: Recruitment was completed to the largest osteosarcoma study to date in 75 months. Commencing March 2005, 2260 patients were registered from 326 centres across 17 countries. About 1334 of 2260 registered patients (59%) were randomised. Pre-operative chemotherapy was completed according to protocol in 94%. Grade 3-4 neutropenia affected 83% of cycles and 59% were complicated by infection. There were three (0.13%) deaths related to pre-operative chemotherapy. At definitive surgery, 50% of patients had at least 90% necrosis in the resected specimen. CONCLUSIONS: New models of collaboration are required to successfully conduct trials to improve outcomes of patients with rare cancers; EURAMOS-1 demonstrates achievability. Considerable regulatory, financial and operational challenges must be overcome to develop similar studies in the future. The trial is registered as NCT00134030 and ISRCTN 67613327.

Development of curative therapies for Ewing sarcomas by interdisciplinary cooperative groups in Europe.

Curative therapies for Ewing sarcoma have been developed within cooperative groups. Consecutive clinical trials have systematically assessed the impact and timing of local therapy and the activity of cytotoxic drugs and their combinations. They have led to an increase of long-term disease-free survival to around 70% in patients with localized disease. Translational research in ES remains an area in which interdisciplinary and international cooperation is essential for future progress. This article reviews current state-of-the art therapy, with a focus on trials performed in Europe, and summarizes novel strategies to further advance both the cure rates and quality of survival.

Health related quality of life after corrective surgery for congenital heart disease.

UNLABELLED: After corrective surgery for congenital heart defects (CHD) many patients suffer from residual defects, some with reduced cardiorespiratory capacity and possible impairment of their health related quality of life (HRQoL). The aim of our study is to evaluate, how children after surgery for CHD rate their HRQoL. METHOD: A standardised questionnaire deve-loped for self-rating in children between 8 and 18 years and dealing with 7 different domains concerning the HRQoL (friends, family, physical functioning, cognition, body image, emotional function and autonomy) was independently answered from patients and their parents during an outpatient visit at their pediatric cardiologist throughout Germany. RESULTS: 173 patients (40% female, 60% male, mean age 11.6 years) were interviewed, 167 questionnaires could be evaluated. The mean time interval after surgery was 9.8±3.4 years. Patient had had surgery for complete different types of CHD (ventricular septal defects n=50, Tetralogy of Fallot n=51, univentricular heart n=26, transposition of great arteries n=40). The results were compared with those of an age-matched control group (n=169). Patients with CHD reported a better HRQoL than the controls for all items (p<0.01). There was no significant gender specific difference. After puberty, the rating for most items, except of "body image", had become very similar compared to controls. Pa-rents assessed their children significantly worse in 3 domains (friends, body image and emotion; p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Children with congenital heart defects are able to develop coping structures, that enable them to live a normal life from their individual point of view. Integration in psychosocial structures seems to be rather normal when compared to healthy controls. Many patients considered their HRQoL as even better.

Testicular germ cell tumors in adolescents - results of the protocol MAHO 98 and the identification of good risk patients.

BACKGROUND: In adolescents aged 10-15 years germ cell tumors of the testis (TGCT) are rare and information for a risk adapted therapy limited. AIMS OF THE STUDY: The protocol MAHO 98 for patients (pts) with TGCTs is stratified according to age, stage and histology. Pts ≥ 10 years received after tumororchiectomy 2 courses (crs) PVB and restaging. Residual tumor was resected and therapy continued in regard to inital stage and response. Chemotherapy: PVB: cisplatin (20 mg/m²/day 1-5), vinblastine (3 mg/m²/day 1+2), and bleomycin (15 U/m²/day 1-3). For consolidation 1 crs PVB has been given to stage II patients with CR. In case of PR, 2 crs PEB (vinblastine substituted by etoposide 100 mg/m²/day 1-3) or relapse 3 crs PEI (bleomycin substituted by ifosfamide 1 500 mg/m²/day 1-5) were given. RESULTS: Between Jan 1998 and Dec 2005, 34 pts (≥ 10 year) were registered, 31 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Median age: 15;6 years; months (range 13;5-20;2 ). Lugano staging: IA n=14, IB n=2, IC n=3, IIA n=4, IIB n=6, IIC n=1, IIIC n=1. The stage IIIC pt received preoperative chemotherapy, all other pts had tumororchiectomy first. Residual tumor after 2 crs PVB was detected in 4 pts and was resected. Late relapses occurred in 2 pts and were cured by additional therapy. All patients are surviving. CONCLUSION: Young patients with TGCT stage I and II have an excellent prognosis and further reduction of therapy has to be considered.

Childhood craniopharyngioma - changes of treatment strategies in the trials KRANIOPHARYNGEOM 2000/2007.

BACKGROUND: Prognosis in childhood cranio-pharyngioma, is frequently impaired due to sequelae. Radical surgery was the treatment of choice for decades. Even at experienced facilities radical surgery can result in hypothalamic disorders such as severe obesity. OBJECTIVE: We analyzed, whether treatment strategies for childhood craniopharyngioma patients recruited in GPOH studies have changed during the last 12 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We compared the grade of pre-surgical hypothalamic involvement, treatment, degree of resection and grade of surgical hypothalamic lesions between patients recruited in KRANIOPHARYNGEOM 2000 (n=120; 2001-2007) and KRANIOPHARYNGEOM 2007 (n=106; 2007-2012). RESULTS: The grade of initial hypothalamic involvement was similar in patients treated 2001-2007 and 2007-2012. The realized treatment was more radical (p=0.01) in patients recruited 2001-2007 (38%) when compared with patients treated 2007-2012 (18%). In patients with pre-surgical involvement of anterior/posterior hypothalamic areas, the rate of hypothalamus-sparing operations resulting in no (further) hypothalamic lesions was higher (p=0.005) in patients treated 2007-2012 (35%) in comparison with the 2001-2007 cohort (13%). Event-free-survival rates were similar in both cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: A trend towards less radical surgical approaches is observed, which was accompanied by a reduced rate of severe hypothalamic lesions. Radical surgery is not an appropriate treatment strategy in patients with hypothalamic involvement. Despite previous recommendations to centralize treatment at specialized centers, a trend towards further decentralization was seen.

DICER1 hotspot mutations in non-epithelial gonadal tumours.

BACKGROUND: Non-epithelial gonadal tumours largely comprise sex cord-stromal tumours (SCSTs) and germ cell tumours (GCTs). Specific somatic mutations in DICER1, a microRNA maturation pathway gene, have been identified in these tumours. We conducted a study that aimed to confirm, refine and extend the previous observations. METHODS: We used Sanger sequencing to sequence the RNase IIIa and IIIb domains of DICER1 in 154 gonadal tumours from 135 females and 19 males, as well as 43 extra-gonadal GCTs from 26 females and 17 males. RESULTS: We identified heterozygous non-synonymous mutations in the RNase IIIb domain of DICER1 in 14/197 non-epithelial tumours (7.1%). Mutations were found in 9/28 SCSTs (32%), 5/118 gonadal GCTs (4.2%), 0/43 extra-gonadal GCTs and 0/8 miscellaneous tumours. The 14 mutations affected only five residues: E1705, D1709, E1788, D1810 and E1813. In all five patients where matched and constitutional DNA was available, the mutations were only somatic. There were no mutations found in the RNase IIIa domain. CONCLUSION: More than half (8/15) of Sertoli-Leydig cell tumours (SLCTs) harbour DICER1 mutations in the RNase IIIb domain, while mutations are rarely found in GCTs. Genetic alterations in SLCTs may aid in classification and provide new approaches to therapy.

Testicular sex cord stromal tumors: analysis of patients from the MAKEI study.

BACKGROUND: In children and adolescents, testicular sex cord stromal tumors (TSCSTs) are rare. There is only limited information available regarding their clinical presentation, biology, and prognosis. METHODS: Between 1993 and 2009, 42 patients were prospectively reported to the cooperative MAHO and MAKEI studies on childhood germ cell tumors. Based on standardized documentation, data on epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic features, histopathological differentiation, therapy, and follow-up were evaluated. RESULTS: During the study period, a gradual increase of the documentation of these rare tumors was observed. Palpable, indolent testicular swelling was the most common clinical finding. In three patients, retention of the testis was observed. Two patients showed sexual precocity, and one patient showed a 45X/46XY mosaic. Juvenile granulosa cell tumors (n = 16) and Sertoli cell tumor (n = 15) were the leading histopathological subtypes. The first were commonly diagnosed during the first weeks of life (median age: 6(0-162) days, the latter during infancy (median 7(0-14) months, P < 0.05). Other histological diagnoses included Leydig cell and Large Cell Calcifying Sertoli cell tumors (both n = 3) and not-otherwise-specified TSCSTs (n = 5), which were diagnosed during childhood and adolescence. All tumors were limited to the testis; there were no metastases. Treatment was surgical, only. After a median follow-up of 3.8 years, no relapse was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnosis and therapy of testicular tumors should be planned in accordance with the recommendations of the respective childhood germ cell tumor protocols. High inguinal orchiectomy is safe and constitutes definitive therapy. Diagnostic work-up and follow-up should also consider potentially associated tumor predisposition syndromes.

Effective childhood cancer treatment: the impact of large scale clinical trials in Germany and Austria.

In Germany and Austria, more than 90% of pediatric cancer patients are enrolled into nationwide disease-specific first-line clinical trials or interim registries. Essential components are a pediatric cancer registry and centralized reference laboratories, imaging review, and tumor board assistance. The five-year overall survival rate in countries where such infrastructures are established has improved from <20% before 1950 to >80% since 1995. Today, treatment intensity is tailored to the individual patient's risk to provide the highest chances of survival while minimizing deleterious late effects. Multicenter clinical trials are internationalized and serve as platforms for further improvements by novel drugs and biologicals.

Testicular germ cell tumors in boys <10 years: results of the protocol MAHO 98 in respect to surgery and watch & wait strategy.

UNLABELLED: In 1982 the GPOH opened the 1st protocol for germ cell tumors (GCTs) of the testis (MAHO 82). Here the results of the 5th version (MAHO 98) will be offered for boys <10 year of age.In MAHO 98 watch and wait (w&w) strategy after inguinal tumororchiectomy was widened from 2 to 10-year-old boys with YST stage IA (group I); other invasive measures were omitted. Thus the prognostic impact of a non-recommended surgery like transscrotal operation +/- conventional biopsy (group II) can be evaluated.Clinical diagnosis and staging by ultrasound and tumor marker. In blurry cases, a frozen section was recommended to confirm the diagnosis by histology intraoperatively. Indications for adjuvant chemotherapy were: YST stage IA without elevated AFP, YST stage>IA and all mixed malignant GCTs.From 1998 till 2005 128 boys <10 years with a testicular GCT were registered. HISTOLOGY: YST n=76, teratoma n=46, mixed malignant GCT n=6. Tumor stage IA: n=101. All teratoma patients survive event-free. At all, only 19/82 patients with a malignant GCT received chemotherapy including 5 patients with a tumor progress after w&w (2/49 group I and 3/15 group II patients, respectively) and 1 patient (YST IIIA) with relapse after adjuvant chemotherapy. Transscrotal surgery (n=18) or tumorenucleation (n=6) remained without event. Indeed all patients survived.Prognosis of boys <10 year with a testicular GCT is excellent as ~80% will be cured by high inguinal tumororchiectomy alone. w&w is feasible and safe even after not recommended surgery if suitable follow-up is assured at least in stage IA cases.

VersKiK: Study protocol of an observational registry-based study on the current state of follow-up care and adherence to follow-up guidelines after cancer in childhood or adolescence.

BACKGROUND: This article describes the study design of the quantitative part of the VersKiK study, The primary objectives of this study are to examine the occurrence of late effects in survivors of childhood or adolescent cancer (module 1), investigate health-related vulnerabilities and medical service utilization within this survivor group (modules 1 and 3), and assess the alignment between documented follow-up care for cardiological and audiological late effects with guideline recommendations, along with evaluating the extent of adherence among paediatric cancer survivors (module 3). METHODS: This is a non-interventional retrospective observational cohort study. It is based on stochastically linked insurance claims data from approximately 150,000 statutory insured persons with information concerning around 25,000-30,000 cancer survivors recorded in the German Childhood Cancer Register (GCCR). To explore adherence to selected follow-up guidelines, intention to treat treatment data from clinical study groups for particular diagnostic entities will be additionally included. DISCUSSION: The growing group of survivors after cancer in childhood and adolescence is representing a special population with an increasing demand for life-long healthcare services through relative high probability of late effects. Currently, there is a limited evidence in Germany on utilization of corresponding medical services and adherence to follow-up guidelines. With this study design, we are aiming to address these gaps and, consequently, suggest improvements to existing follow-up guidelines and follow-up care provision in Germany.

Molecular genetic analysis of bilateral ovarian germ cell tumors.

BACKGROUND: Ovarian germ cell tumors (oGCTs) are rare and highly heterogeneous with regard to their clinical and histologic appearance. The risk of tumor development is higher in children with aberrant sexual differentiation. Development of gonadoblastomas is seen in young women with 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis. At least 50 % of gonadoblastomas may develop into malignant oGCTs, mostly dysgerminomas. In this study, we evaluated bilateral oGCTs in clinically inapparent patients for sex chromosomal aberrations. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed tumor samples of 15 patients with synchronous bilateral oGCTs enrolled onto the consecutive MAKEI trials for non-testicular GCTs. Paraffin embedded samples from the Kiel German Childhood Tumor Registry were evaluated for the presence of Y-chromosomal sequences. Molecular genetic techniques included comparative genomic hybridization, polymerase chain reaction, and fluorescence in situ hybridization. RESULTS: Among 15 patients with bilateral oGCTs, Y-chromosomal DNA sequences were detected in 6 tumors. Both mature teratomas were negative for Y-chromosomal DNA. Thus, 5 of 12 malignant oGCTs and 1 immature teratoma (with elevated AFP) showed Y-chromosomal material. A 45(X,0) karyotype could not be demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS: These investigations provide additional insight into the development of oGCTs: mature teratomas, which develop from postmeiotic germ cells, are not associated with gonadal dysgenesis. Bilateral immature teratomas, dysgerminomas and mixed malignant oGCTs may frequently show Y-chromosomal DNA, indicating underlying but clinically inapparent gonadal dysgenesis. Thus, the presence of aberrant Y-chromosomal sequences appears to be involved in tumor development in about half of these patients.

Assessing quality of life in long-term survivors after ¹²5I brachytherapy for low-grade glioma in childhood.

Quality of life (QOL) is important for the survivors of malignancies. We investigated health-related QOL in 51 patients treated with iodine-125 (¹²5I) brachytherapy for childhood low-grade gliomas. Instruments included a questionnaire on life situation, German versions of PEDQOL (8-18 years), EORTC QLQ-30 and head and neck module H&N-35 (>18 years), strength and difficulties questionnaire, "Fertigkeitsskala Münster Heidelberg", and an adapted Rankin score. The time lapsed since ¹²5I-brachytherapy was 134 months (median, range: 29-293 months). 57% of the patients were over 18 years of age, 34% were 11-17 years old and 8% were younger. 14 had undergone other treatments after ¹²5I brachytherapy. Over half of the >18 year olds reported residual problems; 68% were disabled, 38% to a severe degree. Many of the young adults still lived with their parents and 17% were jobless. 43% of the children/adolescents needed rehabilitative treatment, 20% visited special schools and 71% were disabled, 33% severely. The patients and their caregivers rated their QOL as not different from that of the normal population. However, many QOL dimensions correlated to the severity of disability. Comparison of QOL outcomes between different treatment measures would require a prospective study controlling for the most important factors of influence.

TCERG1L allelic variation is associated with cisplatin-induced hearing loss in childhood cancer, a PanCareLIFE study.

In children with cancer, the heterogeneity in ototoxicity occurrence after similar treatment suggests a role for genetic susceptibility. Using a genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach, we identified a genetic variant in TCERG1L (rs893507) to be associated with hearing loss in 390 non-cranial irradiated, cisplatin-treated children with cancer. These results were replicated in two independent, similarly treated cohorts (n = 192 and 188, respectively) (combined cohort: P = 5.3 × 10-10, OR 3.11, 95% CI 2.2-4.5). Modulating TCERG1L expression in cultured human cells revealed significantly altered cellular responses to cisplatin-induced cytokine secretion and toxicity. These results contribute to insights into the genetic and pathophysiological basis of cisplatin-induced ototoxicity.

Brain metastases in children and adolescents with extracranial germ cell tumor - data of the MAHO/MAKEI-registry.

BACKGROUND: We analyzed 15 children and adolescents with extracranial germ cell tumor (GCT) and brain metastases reported to the MAHO/MAKEI registry. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1982 and 2009, 2 077 patients were prospectively enrolled onto the MAHO/MAKEI studies (overall survival: 0.88+/-0.03). All patients with advanced malignant GCTs received cisplatin-based chemotherapy (overall survival: 0.81+/-0.04 (734/823). RESULTS: 15 patients with brain metastases were reported; in 6 of them at diagnosis and 9 respectively during follow-up (6 weeks-28 months after end of therapy, mean=10 months). Most patients were male (13/15) and adolescent (10/15). 8 patients suffered from mediastinal GCTs. Pure Choriocarcinoma (CC) or CC in combination with other histologies was diagnosed in 12 patients. Clinical symptoms were reported in most patients. In all patients with secondary brain metastases the previously normalised tumor markers AFP and/ or HCG increased again prior to the onset of neurological symptoms. Only 1 of the patients with primary brain metastases survived, whereas 4 of 9 with secondary metastases are in remission after additional treatment. CONCLUSION: The risk for intracranial metastases increases with age, male gender and mediastinal or testicular primary site and choriocarcinoma histology. Development of neurological symptoms at initial diagnosis or during follow-up should lead to rapid clinical re-evaluation including CNS imaging and assessment of tumor markers. Treatment of brain metastases includes intensified chemotherapy and surgical resection, irradiation has to be considered in special clinical situations.

Proton beam therapy for loco-regional control of a recurrent mixed malignant germ cell tumor of the skull in a 22-month-old girl.

BACKGROUND: Germ cell tumors (GCT) situated in the head and neck region are very rare and occur predominantely in newborns or young infants. Recurrent CTs are often resectable only by mutilating surgery and the need for alternative treatment strategies is obvious. In this situation radiation therapy is the most important treatment option for loco-regional tumor control, but bear in this area the risk of possible impairment of brain function and face deformation as long term effects. CASE REPORT: In a girl with a connatal expansive growing teratoma of the skull the tumor recurred in spite of repeated surgery as mixed malignant GCT at the age of 15 months. Tumor control could not be achieved with chemotherapy and additional surgery seemed not promising. Therefore high dose proton beam therapy (PT) (54 Gy) has been administered to the child at the age of 22 months and led to local tumor control with only mild side effects. CONCLUSION: PT treatment may be an option for specific clinical conditions in germ cell tumors where local tumor control cannot be achieved by chemotherapy and/or surgery and long lasting side effects of conventional radiotherapy due to tumor localization and age have to be considered. However, PT should be implemented in treatment protocols for specific situations to guarantee supervised application, central documentation and follow-up.

Quality of survival assessment in European childhood brain tumour trials, for children below the age of 5 years.

The highest incidence rate of childhood brain tumours is in children below the age of five years, who are particularly vulnerable to the effects of treatments. The assessment of quality of survival (QoS) in multiple domains is essential to compare the outcomes for different tumour types and treatment regimens. The aim of this position statement is to present the domains of health and functioning to be assessed in children from birth to five years, to advance the collection of a common QoS data set in European brain tumour trials. The QoS group of the European Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP-E) Brain Tumour group conducted consensus discussions over a period of six years to establish domains of QoS that should be prioritised in clinical trials involving children under 5 years. The domains of health and functioning that were agreed to affect QoS included: medical outcomes (e.g. vision, hearing, mobility, endocrine), emotion, behaviour, adaptive behaviour, and cognitive functioning. As for children aged five years and older, a 'core plus' approach is suggested in which core assessments are recommended for all clinical trials. The core component for children from birth to three years includes indirect assessment which, in this age-group, requires proxy assessment by a parent, of cognitive, emotional and behaviour variables and both direct and indirect endocrine measures. For children from four years of age direct cognitive assessment is also recommended as 'core'. The 'plus' components enable the addition of assessments which can be selected by individual countries and/or by, age-, treatment-, tumour type- and tumour location-specific trials.