Sapphire advanced mitigation process: wet etch to expose sub-surface damage and increase laser damage resistance and mechanical strength.

A novel, to the best of our knowledge, method of wet chemical etching of sapphire workpieces (such as optics, wafers, windows, and cones), called the sapphire advanced mitigation process (or sapphire AMP), has been developed that exposes sub-surface mechanical damage created during the optical fabrication process and significantly enhances the surface laser damage resistance ($ \gt {2{\times}}$>2×) and mechanical strength (up to $\sim{2.6{\times}}$∼2.6×). Sapphire AMP involves first treating the workpiece with a mixture of sulfuric and phosphoric acid $([{\rm H_{2}{\rm SO_{4}}}]:[{\rm H_{3}{\rm PO_{4}}}]=1:3)$([H2SO4]:[H3PO4]=1:3) at 220°C, followed with phosphoric acid at 160°C, then with sodium hydroxide base (NaOH) and surfactant at 40°C, and finally with a high-pressure deionized water spray rinse. Sapphire AMP has been demonstrated on both A- and C-plane sapphire workpieces. The mechanism of this etch process involves the reaction of the sapphire $({\rm Al_{2}}{\rm O_{3}})$(Al2O3) surface with sulfuric acid $({\rm H_{2}}{\rm SO_{4}})$(H2SO4) forming aluminum sulfate $[{{\rm Al}_2}{({{\rm SO}_4})_3}]$[Al2(SO4)3], which has low solubility. The high phosphoric acid content in the first and second steps of sapphire AMP results in the efficient conversion of ${{\rm Al}_2}{({{\rm SO}_4})_3}$Al2(SO4)3 to aluminum phosphate $({\rm AlPO_{4}})$(AlPO4), which is very soluble, greatly reducing reaction product redeposition on the workpiece surface. Sapphire AMP is shown to expose sub-surface mechanical damage on the sapphire surface created during the grinding and polishing processes, whose etched morphology has either isotropic or anisotropic evolution depending on the nature of the initial surface damage. Sapphire AMP was also designed to remove the key known surface, laser absorbing precursors (namely, foreign chemical impurities, the fracture surface layer of preexisting sub-surface damage, and reaction product or foreign species redeposition or precipitation). Static and sliding indention induced surface microfractures on sapphire are shown after sapphire AMP to have a significant decrease in the fast photoluminescence intensity (a known metric for measuring the degree of laser damaging absorbing precursors). In addition, the onset of laser damage (at 351 nm 3 ns) on sapphire AMP treated workpieces was shown to increase in fluence from $\sim{4}$∼4 to $ \gt {9}.{5}\;{{\rm J/cm}^2}$>9.5J/cm2. Finally, biaxial ball-on-ring mechanical tests on sapphire disks showed an increase in the failure stress from 340 MPa (with pre-existing 28 µm flaws) to $\sim{900}\;{\rm MPa}$∼900MPa after sapphire AMP, which is attributed to the blunting of the surface microfractures.

Killer-cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptor (KIR) gene profiles modify HIV disease course, not HIV acquisition in South African women.

BACKGROUND: Killer-cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIR) interact with Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) to modify natural killer- and T-cell function. KIR are implicated in HIV acquisition by small studies that have not been widely replicated. A role for KIR in HIV disease progression is more widely replicated and supported by functional studies. METHODS: To assess the role of KIR and KIR ligands in HIV acquisition and disease course, we studied at-risk women in South Africa between 2004-2010. Logistic regression was used for nested case-control analysis of 154 women who acquired vs. 155 who did not acquire HIV, despite high exposure. Linear mixed-effects models were used for cohort analysis of 139 women followed prospectively for a median of 54 months (IQR 31-69) until 2014. RESULTS: Neither KIR repertoires nor HLA alleles were associated with HIV acquisition. However, KIR haplotype BB was associated with lower viral loads (-0.44 log10 copies/ml; SE = 0.18; p = 0.03) and higher CD4+ T-cell counts (+80 cells/µl; SE = 42; p = 0.04). This was largely explained by the protective effect of KIR2DL2/KIR2DS2 on the B haplotype and reciprocal detrimental effect of KIR2DL3 on the A haplotype. CONCLUSIONS: Although neither KIR nor HLA appear to have a role in HIV acquisition, our data are consistent with involvement of KIR2DL2 in HIV control. Additional studies to replicate these findings are indicated.

High fluence laser damage precursors and their mitigation in fused silica.

The use of any optical material is limited at high fluences by laser-induced damage to optical surfaces. In many optical materials, the damage results from a series of sources which initiate at a large range of fluences and intensities. Much progress has been made recently eliminating silica surface damage due to fracture-related precursors at relatively low fluences (i.e., less than 10 J/cm(2), when damaged by 355 nm, 5 ns pulses). At higher fluence, most materials are limited by other classes of damage precursors which exhibit a strong threshold behavior and high areal density (>10(5) cm(-2)); we refer to these collectively as high fluence precursors. Here, we show that a variety of nominally transparent materials in trace quantities can act as surface damage precursors. We show that by minimizing the presence of precipitates during chemical processing, we can reduce damage density in silica at high fluence by more than 100 times while shifting the fluence onset of observable damage by about 7 J/cm(2). A better understanding of the complex chemistry and physics of cleaning, rinsing, and drying will likely lead to even further improvements in the damage performance of silica and potentially other optical materials.

The impact of personality disorders on legally supervised community treatment: a systematic literature review.

Mental health needs are common among community corrections offenders and many are enrolled in some form of supervised or mandated treatment. One category of mental health problem which may be germane to both treatment completion and recidivism among those in legally supervised treatment is the diagnosis of Personality Disorder (PD). This systematic review reports on sixteen studies comprised of full or mixed legally-supervised samples of offender in community-based treatment and examines the impact of PDs on treatment completion. These studies were difficult to compare because of the differences in program setting, definition of treatment completion, definition of PD, method of PD assessment and type of treatment, among other variables. The impact of antisocial personality disorder in treatment was a common focus, and other PDs were rarely assessed. The relevance of DSM PD categories to offender management in community corrections as well as the limitations of the current PD diagnostic categories is discussed.

A new therapy (MP29-02) is effective for the long-term treatment of chronic rhinitis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: MP29-02 (Dymista), a novel intranasal formulation of azelastine hydrochloride (AZE) and fluticasone propionate (FP), is significantly better than first-line therapy for the treatment of moderate-to-severe seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR), and is well tolerated following 52 weeks of continuous use in chronic rhinitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term efficacy of MP29-02 versus FP in patients with chronic rhinitis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In total, 612 chronic rhinitis patients (perennial allergic rhinitis [PAR], n = 424; nonallergic rhinitis, n=188) aged 12 years or older were enrolled into this open-label, parallel-group study and randomized to MP29-02 (1 spray/nostril bid) or FP nasal spray (2 sprays/nostril qd) for 52 weeks. Efficacy was assessed by change from baseline in PM reflective total nasal symptom score (rTNSS), time to first achieve 100% PM rTNSS reduction from baseline, and percentage of symptom-free days in the total and PAR populations posthoc. RESULTS: MP29-02 reduced patients' PM rTNSS from baseline significantly more than FP, from Day 1 up to and including week 28 (-2.88 vs -2.53; P = .0048), with treatment difference maintained for 52 weeks. Fluctuation in significance after week 28 might be explained, at least in part, by decreasing sample size, permitted according to ICH guidelines. By Day 1 almost twice as many MP29-02-patients were symptom free. After 1 month, 71.1% of MP29-02 patients experienced 100% rTNSS reduction (60.3% for FP), and did on a median of 9 days faster (P=.0024). Over 52 weeks MP29-02 patients experienced 8.4% more symptom-free days (P = .0005). These results were mirrored in the PAR subpopulation. CONCLUSION: These results confirm MP29-02's wide therapeutic spectrum and assert its consistent superiority over an intranasal corticosteroid.

Use of dried blood spots for the determination of genetic variation of interleukin-10, killer immunoglobulin-like receptor and HLA class I genes.

Optimal methods for using dried blood spots (DBSs) for population genetics-based studies have not been well established. Using DBS stored for 8 years from 21 pregnant South African women, we evaluated three methods of gDNA extraction with and without whole-genome amplification (WGA) to characterize immune-related genes: interleukin-10 (IL-10), killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I. We found that the QIAamp DNA mini kit yielded the highest gDNA quality (P< 0.05; Wilcoxon signed rank test) with sufficient yield for subsequent analyses. In contrast, we found that WGA was not reliable for sequence-specific primer polymerase chain reaction (SSP-PCR) analysis of KIR2DL1, KIR2DS1, KIR2DL5 and KIR2DL3 or high-resolution HLA genotyping using a sequence-based approach. We speculate that unequal template amplification by WGA underrepresents gene repertoires determined by sequence-based approaches.

Severe chronic allergic (and related) diseases: a uniform approach--a MeDALL--GA2LEN--ARIA position paper.

Concepts of disease severity, activity, control and responsiveness to treatment are linked but different. Severity refers to the loss of function of the organs induced by the disease process or to the occurrence of severe acute exacerbations. Severity may vary over time and needs regular follow-up. Control is the degree to which therapy goals are currently met. These concepts have evolved over time for asthma in guidelines, task forces or consensus meetings. The aim of this paper is to generalize the approach of the uniform definition of severe asthma presented to WHO for chronic allergic and associated diseases (rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, chronic urticaria and atopic dermatitis) in order to have a uniform definition of severity, control and risk, usable in most situations. It is based on the appropriate diagnosis, availability and accessibility of treatments, treatment responsiveness and associated factors such as comorbidities and risk factors. This uniform definition will allow a better definition of the phenotypes of severe allergic (and related) diseases for clinical practice, research (including epidemiology), public health purposes, education and the discovery of novel therapies.

Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genotyping and HLA killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor-ligand identification by real-time polymerase chain reaction.

The effector function of natural killer (NK) cells is modulated by surface expression of a range of killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) that interact with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I ligands. We describe the use of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays that allow easy and quick detection of 16 KIR genes and the presence/absence of KIR-ligands based on allelic discrimination at codon 80 in the HLA-A/B Bw4 and HLA-C C1/C2 genes. These methods overcome the tedious and expensive nature of conventional KIR genotyping and HLA class I typing using sequence-specific primer (SSP) PCR, sequence-specific oligonucleotide (SSO) hybridization or sequence-based typing (SBT). Using these two cost-effective assays, we measured the frequencies of KIRs, KIR-ligands and KIR/KIR-ligand pairs in a cohort of Black women recruited in South Africa.

Analgesic efficacy and safety of the diclofenac epolamine topical patch 1.3% (DETP) in minor soft tissue injury.

The diclofenac epolamine topical patch 1.3% was designed to deliver analgesic concentrations of diclofenac to an underlying soft tissue injury site, while limiting systemic exposure to diclofenac. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated the safety and efficacy of the diclofenac epolamine topical patch for the treatment of acute pain due to minor soft tissue injury. Patients (18-65 years, inclusive) with clinically significant minor soft tissue injuries (mild or moderate sprain, strain, or contusion) incurred within 7 days of study entry and having pain scores ≥ 5 on a Visual Analog Scale of 0-10 were enrolled. Patients were randomized to receive the diclofenac epolamine topical patch (n=207) or placebo patch (n=211) application twice daily for 14 days or until pain resolution. Patients recorded pain scores every 12 h at the time of patch removal using the Visual Analog Scale. Investigator-assessed global response to therapy was also evaluated. Safety data were collected throughout the study. Twice-daily treatment with diclofenac epolamine topical patch produced a statistically significant reduction in mean pain score relative to baseline by an additional 18.2% in the diclofenac epolamine topical patch group (0.435 ± 0.268) compared with the placebo group (0.532 ± 0.293) (p=0.002; overall) beginning after application of the second patch. Consistent with this treatment effect, median time to pain resolution was shortened by 2 days in the diclofenac epolamine topical patch group relative to the placebo group (p=0.007). These results were reinforced independently by investigators who reported treatment as good or excellent for 58% of diclofenac epolamine topical patch-treated patients compared with 49% in the placebo patch group (p=0.008). The most common adverse events were treatment site related (n=16, 7.9% diclofenac epolamine topical patch; n=12, 5.8% placebo patch). Most (80%) patients reported tolerability as excellent or good. In conclusion, the diclofenac epolamine topical patch provides effective, rapid pain relief for the treatment of acute pain from minor soft tissue injury and appears generally safe and well tolerated.

Research protections for diverted mentally ill individuals: should they be considered prisoners?

The number of diversion programs for the mentally ill has increased dramatically over the past decade. These programs serve the valuable goal of reducing the growing population of incarcerated mentally ill persons by providing supervised community treatment. Research within these programs, critical for improving outcomes for these vulnerable individuals, is complicated by the fact that participants may have legal statuses which carry significant coercive leverage. In this way their ability to freely consent to research may be limited. In this paper, the authors describe the practice of diversion and review relevant research on coercion, informed consent and decisional capacity among the mentally ill and imprisoned. Current legal protections for prisoners are then discussed in the light of a recent proposal to broaden the legal definition of "prisoner" for research purposes to include community corrections populations, thus including diverted individuals. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Targeting criminal recidivism in mentally ill offenders: structured clinical approaches.

Decreasing criminal recidivism in justice-involved individuals with mental illness, is among the most consistently desired outcomes by programs, policy makers and funding agencies. Evidence-based practices with track records of effectiveness in treating mental illness and co-occurring substance abuse, while important clinically, do not necessarily address criminal recidivism. Addressing recidivism, therefore, may require a more targeted criminal justice focus. In this paper, we describe recent challenges to decriminalization approaches and review factors associated with recurrent criminal behavior. In particular, we focus on structured clinical interventions which were created or adapted to target the thoughts and behaviors associated with criminal justice contact.

Emotional Intelligence: Changes Over the First Year of Physician Assistant Education.

PURPOSE: To investigate emotional intelligence (EI) development in physician assistant (PA) students as they progress through their didactic education. METHODS: Data were gathered through an online survey of EI distributed to a purposeful sample of 5 institutions with similar curriculum length and start dates. Program directors forwarded the survey to students at the start of their didactic education (pretest). Follow-up surveys were distributed via email to the students at the end of their didactic education (posttest). The survey consisted of 33 items related to 4 subscales of EI. Participants' age, gender, and previous healthcare experience were gathered. Five repeated measures ANOVAs were calculated for each EI summary score. Independent sample t-tests were conducted between pretest scores and a previously established EI mean. RESULTS: A total of 192 first-year students were solicited. A sample of 68 (16 males; 52 females) served as participants. No results were attained for gender or age due to unbalanced sample sizes. Significant results were realized for total EI and the Managing Others' Emotions subscale. CONCLUSION: Participants with more than one healthcare experience demonstrated significantly high emotional intelligence on the pretest. Participants with one healthcare experience demonstrated a significant increase in total EI and the Managing Others' Emotions subscale. The main limitation of the study was the attrition of participants between measures. Future research is needed to assess EI at the end of the clinical year, after a period of clinical experience, and to determine which educational activities are most likely to enhance EI.

KNOWLEDGE OF VESTIBULAR OCULAR DYSFUNCTION AND UTILIZATION OF VESTIBULAR OCULAR MOTOR SCREENING (VOMS) TOOL COMPONENTS AMONG PROFESSIONAL SPORTS LEAGUE ATHLETIC TRAINERS.

BACKGROUND: The Vestibular Ocular Motor Screen (VOMS) is a relatively new measurement tool intended for the non-vestibular practitioner to identify vestibular ocular dysfunction (VOD) following sport related concussion (SRC). Specific knowledge of VOD and usage of the VOMS among athletic trainers in professional sports leagues is currently unknown. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine knowledge of VOD following SRC and utilization of the VOMS tool and other vestibular ocular tests and measures among athletic trainers in professional sports. STUDY DESIGN: Cross Sectional Study. METHODS: A total of 117 athletic trainers from Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, the National Football League and Major League Soccer, with a mean of 17 ± 9 years in the athletic training profession were surveyed via Qualtrics™ with a response rate of 33%. The survey contained three primary sub-sections; demographics, knowledge of vestibular ocular deficits following SRC, and VOMS component utilization at baseline, acute and return-to-play phases of management. Total knowledge scores as well as percentage of utilization based on concussion management stages were calculated. RESULTS: The average percentage correct on the knowledge items was 56% (range of 30% to 65%). There was no difference in knowledge score among athletic trainers with formal post-professional concussion training (p = 0.29) compared to those with no formal training. There was no relationship found between total years practicing and total knowledge score, r = -.128, (p = 0.17). Smooth pursuit testing was the most commonly utilized (70%) in clinical practice and Visual Motion Sensitivity (VMS) was the least utilized (17%). Balance assessment measures to examine vestibular functioning remained the highest utilized examination technique at all-time points in management of SRC. CONCLUSION: The range of correct responses from 30% to 65% indicates that at the time of survey the participants had decreased knowledge of VOD following SRC. There was low overall utilization of all VOMS components despite recent evidence showing good sensitivity and low false positive rates in SRC. The results of this study identify an opportunity for future training specific to vestibular-ocular impairments and assessment following concussion injury. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 2c.

Chemoreception in Nassarius obsoletus: the role of specific stimulatory proteins.

Proteins in human plasma and oyster fluid induce a strong feeding response in the marine snail Nassarius obsoletus. Purified human serum albumin induces a 50 percent positive response at concentrations of 1 to 2 x 10(-9) molar. Adsorbed fatty acids markedly decrease the effectiveness of albumin. From oyster fluid a major glycoprotein has been isolated which accounts for essentially the entire stimulatory activity of the fluid and is effective at concentrations of approximately 1 to 2 x 10(-10) molar. These findings provide evidence that specific proteins in extremely low concentrations may play a major role in chemoreception in aquatic animals.

Occupational Outcomes of Obesity Surgery-Do the Employed Return to Work, and Do the Unemployed Find Work?

BACKGROUND: Bariatric surgery offers excellent weight loss results and improvement in obesity-associated comorbidities. Many patients undergoing surgery are of working age, and so an understanding of any relationship between occupational outcomes and surgery is essential. The aim of this study was to ascertain the occupational outcomes of patients undergoing bariatric surgery at a high-volume centre. METHODS: A retrospective search was performed of a prospectively maintained consecutive electronic database. We collected data on patient demographics and employment status before and after bariatric surgery. All patients with a documented employment status within 30 months of surgery were included. Patients were divided into three groups: within 6 months post-operatively, 7-18 months post-operatively, and 19-30 months post-operatively. RESULTS: A total of 1011 patients were included. Median age was 47 years (range 18-78). Pre-operatively, 59.5% (444/746) were employed compared to 69.9% (707/1011) post-operatively (p < 0.05). The number of unemployed fell from 36.6% (273/746) pre-operatively to 21% (212/1011) post-operatively. The improvement in employment status was seen at all durations of follow-up. For those in employment pre-operatively, approximately 90% were still in employment at each subsequent follow-up. For those patients who were unemployed pre-operatively, approximately 40% were in employment at each subsequent follow-up. A significant improvement in the percentage employed was seen in all working age groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This is the largest study worldwide looking at employment outcomes following bariatric surgery. It demonstrates a significant increase in number of employed patients following bariatric surgery. Interestingly, it also showed that some patients employed pre-operatively become unemployed afterwards.

The role of perireceptor events in chemosensory processes.

In a review of vertebrate olfaction, Getchell et al. coined the term 'perireceptor events' to denote processes, ancillary to both receptor activation and transduction, that influence the entry, exit or residence time of odorant molecules in the receptor environment. The present review describes recent advances in our understanding of perireceptor events and shows that these processes are integral components of chemical sensing systems of organisms as diverse as bacteria, slime molds, yeast, insects, crustaceans and mammals. Moreover, it emphasizes that perireceptor processes are essential components of chemical sensing systems, rather than simply interesting adjuncts to the 'main events' of receptor activation and transduction.

Structured Assessment of Correctional Adaptation (SACA): a measure of the impact of incarceration on the mentally ill in a therapeutic setting.

Clinicians have observed that psychiatric patients with correctional histories evidence attitudes and behaviors that seem adaptive in penal environments but are maladaptive in mental health settings. This study sought to assess the reliability and concurrent validity of a rating scale designed to measure correctional adaptation using a sample of 64 patients from a state psychiatric hospital. Scale ratings were obtained through structured interviews, whereas predictor variables were gleaned from chart review and self-report. The scale demonstrated good interrater reliability (ICC = .83) and acceptable internal consistency (alpha= .67). Of the variables evaluated, two were significantly correlated with Structured Assessment of Correctional Adaptation (SACA) total scores, total months sentenced to prison or jail (r = .26), and frequency of disciplinary tickets while in prison or jail (r = .31). Stepwise regression analyses revealed only the latter variable significantly predicted SACA score (R = .31), F(1, 58) = 6.27, p < .05. Clinical implications of these findings, the scale, and the construct of correctional adaptation are discussed.

Treatment Attrition of Probationers With Mental Illness From an Enhanced Day Reporting Center.

Treatment completion is an important outcome for both mental health and criminal justice agencies tasked with managing offenders with mental illness in the community. Previous research has shown that greater degrees of criminogenic risk factors (e.g., specific criminal history variables) predict treatment non-completion among legally mandated populations. However, most studies were conducted with offenders without mental illness. In this study, demographic (e.g., age, gender), clinical (e.g., psychiatric diagnosis), and criminogenic risk factors (measured using the Level of Service Inventory-Revised [LSI-R]) were compared by treatment completion status using 167 probationers with mental illness treated at an enhanced day reporting center. Bivariate and multivariate (i.e., forward entry logistic regression) analyses revealed that while the LSI-R total score was unrelated to treatment completion, higher scores on the LSI-R Alcohol and Drug use subscale (odds ratio [OR] = 1.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.01, 1.54]) and older age (OR = 1.04, 95% CI = [1.00, 1.09]) were significantly predictive of non-completion.

Preoperative endoscopy may reduce the need for revisional surgery for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease following laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy is a safe and effective bariatric operation, but postoperative reflux symptoms can sometimes necessitate revisional surgery. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is the preferred operation in morbidly obese patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. In 2011, we introduced preoperative endoscopy to assess for hiatus hernia or evidence of oesophagitis in conjunction with an assessment of gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms for all patients undergoing bariatric surgery with a view to avoid sleeve gastrectomy for these patients. A prospectively maintained database was used to identify patients who underwent sleeve gastrectomy before and after we changed the unit policy. The need for revisional surgery in patients with troublesome gastro-oesophageal reflux disease was examined. Prior to 2011, 130 patients underwent sleeve gastrectomy, and 11 (8.5%) of them required conversion to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for symptomatic reflux disease. Following the policy change, 284 patients underwent sleeve gastrectomy, and to date, only five (1.8%) have required revisional surgery (p = 0.001). Baseline demographics were comparable between the groups, and average follow-up period was 47 and 33 months, respectively, for each group. Preoperative endoscopy and a detailed clinical history regarding gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms may improve patient selection for sleeve gastrectomy. Avoiding sleeve gastrectomy in patients with reflux disease and/or hiatus hernia may reduce the incidence of revisional surgery.

Mini Gastric Bypass: first report of 125 consecutive cases from United Kingdom.

Mini Gastric Bypass is a promising bariatric procedure with multiple apparent benefits. Ours is the first unit within the National Health Service of the United Kingdom to be routinely performing this procedure. This retrospective cohort study reports our experience with first 125 procedures. Data were retrospectively analysed from a prospective database. Information was further supplemented by interviewing team members, contacting patients' general practitioners and telephonic follow-up. The mean follow-up was 11.4 months. There were 86 (68.8%) females and the mean age was 45 (range 20-70) years. Mean weight and body mass index was 135.8 (range 85-244) kilograms and 48.1 (range 34.5-73.8) kg m(-2) , respectively. The mean operating time was 92.4 (range 45-150) minutes and the mean post-operative hospital stay was 2.2 (range 2-17) days. There was no leak, one 30-day reoperation and no mortality in this study. Three patients required late reoperations and four patients developed marginal ulcers. At 6 months follow-up (n = 114), 27.5 (range 11.4-47.4) % total body weight loss and 60.1 (range 23.2-117.5) % excess body weight loss was seen. The figures at 12 months follow-up (n = 65) were 36.8 (range 23.7-55.4) % and 79.5 (range 44.9-138.3) %, respectively. This study demonstrates early safety and efficacy of Mini Gastric Bypass in a carefully selected British obese population in a high-volume centre.