Assessment of fungal viability after long-wave ultraviolet light irradiation combined with riboflavin administration.

BACKGROUND: Corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL), a technique that combines riboflavin administration with long-wave ultraviolet light irradiation, was primarily developed to increase the biomechanical strength of collagen fibrils of the cornea to avoid the progression of keratoconus. Recently, this method has been proposed to treat selected cases of infectious keratitis. METHODS: To test the protocol used for progressive keratoconus in infectious keratitis, Candida albicans, and Fusarium solani, strains were exposed to irradiation using a wavelength of 365 nm at a power density of 3 mW/cm(2) for 30 min in the presence of riboflavin photosensitizer. All experiments were performed in triplicate. Qualitative and quantitative measurements of fungal viability used plate cultures and an automated trypan blue dye exclusion method respectively. Fungal cell diameter was also assessed in all groups. Statistical analyses were performed using the triplicate values of each experimental condition. RESULTS: Experimental findings of photodynamic therapy applied to the cell inactivation of both yeasts and filamentous fungi were compared with control groups. Qualitative results were corroborated with quantitative findings which showed no statistical significance between challenged samples (experimental groups) and the control group (p-value = 1). In comparison with a control group of live cells, statistical significance was observed when riboflavin solution alone had an effect on the morphologic size of filamentous fungi, while ultraviolet light irradiation alone showed a slight decrease in the cell structure of C. albicans. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of long-wave ultraviolet combined with riboflavin photosensitizer showed no antifungal effect on C. albicans and F. solani. The significant decrease in cell morphology of both filamentous fungi and yeasts submitted to photosensitizing riboflavin and exposure to ultraviolet light, respectively, may be promising in the development and standardization of alternatives for fungal cell inactivation, because of their minimal cytotoxic effects on the corneal surface. The methodological improvement in the preparation and application of individual chemical compounds, such as riboflavin, or physical systems, such as a long-wave light source, as antifungal agents may also assist in establishing promising therapeutic procedures for keratomycosis.

Assessing efficacy of combined riboflavin and UV-A light (365 nm) treatment of Acanthamoeba trophozoites.

PURPOSE: To assess the Acanthamoeba trophozoite viability in vitro and treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis in a hamster model using ultraviolet light A (UV-A) and riboflavin (B2). METHODS: A sample of Acanthamoeba sp. cultured was transferred to a 96-well plate and exposed to B2 and the UV-A light (365 nm wavelength) at a power density of 3 mW/cm(2), 8 mm spot diameter, for 30 minutes. The exposure was done in triplicate. Control groups were prepared in triplicate as well: blank control, UV-A only, riboflavin only, and dead control. Cell viability assessment was done using the trypan blue dye exclusion method. Acanthamoeba keratitis was induced in Chinese hamsters; who were randomly assigned to one of the animal groups: UV-A + B2, propamidine isethionate (Brolene; Sanofi-Aventis, Ellerslie, Auckland, Australia), UV-A + B2 + propamidine isethionate (Brolene), only UV-A, only B2, and blank. Throughout the 14 days after treatment the animals were examined clinically. Histology and clinical scores of all groups were compared. RESULTS: The in vitro study showed no difference between the treatment group UV-A + B2 and the control groups. In the hamster keratitis model a significant improvement of clinical score was observed for the groups propamidine isethionate (Brolene) and UV-A + B2 + propamidine isethionate (Brolene) (P = 0.0067). Also a significant worsening of clinical score was observed in the other groups: UV-A + B2 group (P = 0.0084), only UV-A (P = 0.0078), B2 only (P = 0.0084), and blank (P = 0.0082). No difference was observed between propamidine isethionate (Brolene) and UV-A + B2 + propamidine isethionate (Brolene). CONCLUSIONS: The adjunctive use of UV-A and B2 therapy did not demonstrate antitrophozoite activity; in vivo UV-A and B2 did not demonstrate efficacy in this model.

Occurrence and diversity of Legionellaceae in polar lakes of the Antarctic peninsula.

Legionellaceae is a family of gram-negative, mesophilic, and facultative intracellular parasitic bacteria that inhabits freshwater environments. In this article, the Legionella population of water samples from the North and South Lake, located close to the Brazilian Scientific Station on King George Island, Keller Peninsula, Antarctica has been characterized. Culture onto selective medium and a independent-culture method were applied to the samples. In our attempt to isolate Legionella species from Antarctic lakes, we were able to obtain one L. pneumophila colony by an amoebic coculture procedure followed by plate culture onto a selective medium. In addition, results obtained from phylogenetic inference showed the presence of noncharacterized specimens of Legionella spp. These findings indicated the presence of legionellae in Antarctica and suggest that these bacteria can adapt to extreme conditions and open new possibilities for understanding the survival strategies of mesophilic Legionellaceae living in Antarctic environments. Furthermore, the isolation of these symbiotic bacteria in Antarctic lakes will allow future studies on cold-resistant mechanisms of legionellae in polar environments.

Phylogenetic study of legionella species in pristine and polluted aquatic samples from a tropical Atlantic forest ecosystem.

Legionella species are ubiquitous bacteria in aquatic environments. To examine the effect of anthropogenic impacts and physicochemical characteristics on the Legionellaceae population, we collected water from two sites in the Itanhaém River system in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. One sample was collected from an upstream pristine region, the other from a downstream estuarine region moderately affected by untreated domestic sewage. Cultures on a selective medium failed to isolate Legionella species. Culture-independent methods showed that water from the estuarine aquatic habitat contained DNA sequences homologous to the 16S ribosomal DNA gene of Legionella pneumophila and non-pneumophila species. In pristine water, only two sequences related to L. pneumophila were detected. The results suggest that salinity and anthropogenic factors, such as wastewater discharge, favor a diversity of Legionella species, whereas pristine freshwater selects for Legionella pneumophila.

Detection of Legionella pneumophila in water and biofilm samples by culture and molecular methods from man-made systems in São Paulo - Brazil

Legionella pneumophila is a pathogenic bacteria associated to aquatic habitat of natural and artificial environments. Clinical cases of legionellosis have been reported in Brazil but there is a lack of information about the incidence and concentration of this bacterium in environmental sources. Thus, the present study was designed to evaluate the occurrence of legionellae in São Paulo city, Brazil, using different methods of detection and identification. Sixty-seven water and biofilm samples from natural reservoirs and man-made systems were collected and analyzed for the presence of Legionella spp by culturing onto a selective medium, coculture in axenic free-living amoebae and direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) assay. Results showed that freshwater of reservoirs did not contain legionellae, Legionella pneumophila was isolated from man-made systems, with predominance of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 strains. Although there was no statistical difference among the proposed detection methods, the plate culture method yielded a higher number of L. pneumophila positive samples, followed by amoebic coculture procedure and direct fluorescent antibody assay. Results of PCR and sequencing reactions revealed that application of macrophage infectivity potentiator gene as a molecular marker was an important tool for the identification of environmental isolates of L. pneumophila. The agreement among the three detection methods-when all methods yielded similar results- and the prevalence of a single Legionella species in the sampled man-made systems could suggest that the occurrence of this bacterium had been influenced by the higher concentration of metallic ions dissociated in water of those systems than in natural reservoirs. Thus, the results of this study revealed that the water of man-made systems in Sao Paulo may serve as a reservoir for L. pneumophila and other microorganism, including free-living protozoans.

Legionella pneumophila é uma bactéria patogênica associada à habitats aquáticos de ambientes naturais e artificiais. Casos clínicos de legionelose têm sido descritos no Brasil, mas a incidência e concentração desta bactéria em fontes ambientais ainda são pouco conhecidas. Assim, o presente estudo foi desenvolvido para avaliar a ocorrência de bactérias do gênero Legionella na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, utilizando diferentes métodos de isolamento e identificação. Sessenta e sete amostras de água e biofilme de reservatórios naturais e sistemas artificiais de climatização de ambientes interiores foram coletadas e analisadas quanto à presença de Legionella spp por métodos de cultivo em meio-de-cultura seletivo, cocultivo com amebas de vida livre axênicas e ensaios de imunofluorescência direta (IFD). Os resultados demonstraram que bactérias do gênero Legionella não foram detectadas em reservatórios naturais de água, Legionella pneumophila foi isolada de sistemas artificiais de climatização, com predominância de cepas de Legionella pneumophila sorogrupo 1. Apesar de não ter havido diferença estatística significante entre os métodos de detecção propostos, o método de cultivo em placa produziu o melhor resultado quanto ao número de amostras positivas para L. pneumophila, seguido do procedimento de cocultivo com amebas e ensaio de imunofluorescência direta. Os resultados das reações de PCR e sequenciamento revelaram que a aplicação do gene potencializador de infecção em macrófagos como marcador molecular foi um importante implemento na identificação de isolados ambientais de L. pneumophila. A concordância existente entre os três métodos de detecção - quando todos os métodos produziram resultados similares - e a prevalência de uma espécie de Legionella nos sistemas artificiais amostrados poderia sugerir que a ocorrência desta bactéria tenha sido influenciada pela maior concentração de íons metálicos dissociados na água daqueles sistemas do que...