Association of C-Reactive Protein With Bacterial and Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Associated Pneumonia Among Children Aged <5 Years in the PERCH Study.

BACKGROUND.: Lack of a gold standard for identifying bacterial and viral etiologies of pneumonia has limited evaluation of C-reactive protein (CRP) for identifying bacterial pneumonia. We evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of CRP for identifying bacterial vs respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) pneumonia in the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) multicenter case-control study. METHODS.: We measured serum CRP levels in cases with World Health Organization-defined severe or very severe pneumonia and a subset of community controls. We evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of elevated CRP for "confirmed" bacterial pneumonia (positive blood culture or positive lung aspirate or pleural fluid culture or polymerase chain reaction [PCR]) compared to "RSV pneumonia" (nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal or induced sputum PCR-positive without confirmed/suspected bacterial pneumonia). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to assess the performance of elevated CRP in distinguishing these cases. RESULTS.: Among 601 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative tested controls, 3% had CRP ≥40 mg/L. Among 119 HIV-negative cases with confirmed bacterial pneumonia, 77% had CRP ≥40 mg/L compared with 17% of 556 RSV pneumonia cases. The ROC analysis produced an area under the curve of 0.87, indicating very good discrimination; a cut-point of 37.1 mg/L best discriminated confirmed bacterial pneumonia (sensitivity 77%) from RSV pneumonia (specificity 82%). CRP ≥100 mg/L substantially improved specificity over CRP ≥40 mg/L, though at a loss to sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS.: Elevated CRP was positively associated with confirmed bacterial pneumonia and negatively associated with RSV pneumonia in PERCH. CRP may be useful for distinguishing bacterial from RSV-associated pneumonia, although its role in discriminating against other respiratory viral-associated pneumonia needs further study.

Regulatory convergence and harmonization: barriers to effective use and adoption of common standards.

Objective To evaluate 1) the level of use and adoption of eight Technical Documents (TDs) published by the Pan American Network for Drug Regulatory Harmonization (PANDRH) member states and 2) identify the hurdles that can prevent countries from successfully adopting a common standard. Methods An in-depth analysis of the incorporation of PANDRH Technical Document No. 1 ("TDNo1") recommendations in member states' national requirements was carried out. Results The results illustrate the role of PANDRH in promoting convergence/harmonization among its members. Conclusions The study results show that the rate of use of TDs varied greatly by product/area and country. Timing, TD content, and product/area, and, more importantly, national capacities, are critical determinants of the level of TD guideline adoption. While PANDRH TDs have proven instrumental for the harmonization/convergence of member states' national requirements, as shown by the level of convergence across a majority of the national requirements issued for vaccine licensing, several countries had yet to incorporate common standards due, in large part, to weak national regulatory capacities. Therefore, harmonization/convergence initiatives should include the strengthening of national regulatory capacities as part of their core strategy, which will, in turn, allow for the incorporation and deployment of common standards in all participating countries.

Regulatory convergence and harmonization: barriers to effective use and adoption of common standards / La convergencia y la armonización regulatorias: barreras en el uso y la adopción eficaces de normas comunes

Objective. To evaluate 1) the level of use and adoption of eight Technical Documents (TDs) published by the Pan American Network for Drug Regulatory Harmonization (PANDRH) member states and 2) identify the hurdles that can prevent countries from successfully adopting a common standard. Methods. An in-depth analysis of the incorporation of PANDRH Technical Document No. 1 (“TDNo1”) recommendations in member states’ national requirements was carried out. Results. The results illustrate the role of PANDRH in promoting convergence/harmonization among its members. Conclusions. The study results show that the rate of use of TDs varied greatly by product/area and country. Timing, TD content, and product/area, and, more importantly, national capacities, are critical determinants of the level of TD guideline adoption. While PANDRH TDs have proven instrumental for the harmonization/convergence of member states’ national requirements, as shown by the level of convergence across a majority of the national requirements issued for vaccine licensing, several countries had yet to incorporate common standards due, in large part, to weak national regulatory capacities. Therefore, harmonization/convergence initiatives should include the strengthening of national regulatory capacities as part of their core strategy, which will, in turn, allow for the incorporation and deployment of common standards in all participating countries.

Objetivo. Evaluar (1) la medida en que se usan y se han adoptado ocho documentos técnicos (DT) publicados por los estados miembros de la Red Panamericana para la Armonización de la Reglamentación Farmacéutica (Red PARF) y (2) definir los obstáculos que pueden impedir que los países adopten una norma común. Métodos. Se realizó un análisis minucioso de la incorporación de las recomendaciones contenidas en el Documento Técnico No. 1 (“DTNo1”) de la Red Panamericana para la Armonización de la Reglamentación Farmacéutica en los requisitos nacionales de los estados miembros. Resultados. Los resultados ilustran el papel que desempeña la Red Panamericana para la Armonización de la Reglamentación Farmacéutica en la promoción de la convergencia y armonización entre sus miembros. Conclusiones. Los resultados del estudio indican que el uso de los DT varía enormemente según el producto o el área y el país. El momento, el contenido del DT, el producto o área y, lo que es más importante, la capacidad nacional son factores determinantes del grado de adopción de las directrices contenidas en los DT. Si bien los DT de la Red Panamericana para la Armonización de la Reglamentación Farmacéutica han sido decisivos en la armonización y convergencia de los requisitos nacionales de los estados miembros, como demuestra el grado de convergencia de la mayor parte de los requisitos nacionales emitidos para la concesión de licencias para vacunas, varios países no habían incorporado normas comunes todavía debido, en gran parte, a una capacidad de reglamentación nacional deficiente. Por lo tanto, las iniciativas en pro de la armonización y convergencia deben comprender el fortalecimiento de la capacidad de reglamentación nacional como parte de su estrategia central, lo cual permitirá, a su vez, que se incorporen y desplieguen normas comunes en todos los países participantes.

Regulatory convergence and harmonization: barriers to effective use and adoption of common standards / La convergencia y la armonización regulatorias: barreras en el uso y la adopción eficaces de normas comunes

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate 1) the level of use and adoption of eight Technical Documents (TDs) published by the Pan American Network for Drug Regulatory Harmonization (PANDRH) member states and 2) identify the hurdles that can prevent countries from successfully adopting a common standard. Methods An in-depth analysis of the incorporation of PANDRH Technical Document No. 1 (“TDNo1”) recommendations in member states’ national requirements was carried out. Results The results illustrate the role of PANDRH in promoting convergence/harmonization among its members. Conclusions The study results show that the rate of use of TDs varied greatly by product/area and country. Timing, TD content, and product/area, and, more importantly, national capacities, are critical determinants of the level of TD guideline adoption. While PANDRH TDs have proven instrumental for the harmonization/convergence of member states’ national requirements, as shown by the level of convergence across a majority of the national requirements issued for vaccine licensing, several countries had yet to incorporate common standards due, in large part, to weak national regulatory capacities. Therefore, harmonization/convergence initiatives should include the strengthening of national regulatory capacities as part of their core strategy, which will, in turn, allow for the incorporation and deployment of common standards in all participating countries.

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar (1) la medida en que se usan y se han adoptado ocho documentos técnicos (DT) publicados por los estados miembros de la Red Panamericana para la Armonización de la Reglamentación Farmacéutica (Red PARF) y (2) definir los obstáculos que pueden impedir que los países adopten una norma común. Métodos Se realizó un análisis minucioso de la incorporación de las recomendaciones contenidas en el Documento Técnico No. 1 (“DTNo1”) de la Red Panamericana para la Armonización de la Reglamentación Farmacéutica en los requisitos nacionales de los estados miembros. Resultados Los resultados ilustran el papel que desempeña la Red Panamericana para la Armonización de la Reglamentación Farmacéutica en la promoción de la convergencia y armonización entre sus miembros. Conclusiones Los resultados del estudio indican que el uso de los DT varía enormemente según el producto o el área y el país. El momento, el contenido del DT, el producto o área y, lo que es más importante, la capacidad nacional son factores determinantes del grado de adopción de las directrices contenidas en los DT. Si bien los DT de la Red Panamericana para la Armonización de la Reglamentación Farmacéutica han sido decisivos en la armonización y convergencia de los requisitos nacionales de los estados miembros, como demuestra el grado de convergencia de la mayor parte de los requisitos nacionales emitidos para la concesión de licencias para vacunas, varios países no habían incorporado normas comunes todavía debido, en gran parte, a una capacidad de reglamentación nacional deficiente. Por lo tanto, las iniciativas en pro de la armonización y convergencia deben comprender el fortalecimiento de la capacidad de reglamentación nacional como parte de su estrategia central, lo cual permitirá, a su vez, que se incorporen y desplieguen normas comunes en todos los países participantes.