Examining the Application of the DC-IA-A Diagnostic Criteria for Internet Addiction Disorder in At-Risk College Students.

Internet addiction disorder is a relatively new condition, and the criteria for its diagnosis have been developed only over the last several years. The criteria for Internet addiction remain controversial. We strive to further elucidate the clinical validity of the diagnostic criteria for Internet addiction. To test items of the diagnostic criteria for Internet addiction among adolescents, we conducted a clinical interview study of college students based on longitudinal data on their risky use of the Internet. Forty-one high-risk cases were selected from a 3-year 5-time point longitudinal survey of 716 college freshmen. We examined disputes relevant to symptoms and impairment in the DC-IA-A (Diagnostic Criteria for Internet Addiction among Taiwanese Adolescents). Of the 41 cases, 21 were diagnosed with Internet addiction via a psychiatric interview. In the Internet addiction disorder group, 23.8% of cases had a diagnosis of depression, whereas only 15.0% of the cases in the non-Internet addiction group had a diagnosis of depression. Two major criteria (A8 and A3) had low incidences in these high-risk college students and thus did not help provide a differential diagnosis between the groups. We suggest that A8, 'excessive effort spent on activities necessary to obtain access to the Internet', should be omitted, and that A3, 'tolerance: a marked increase in the duration of Internet use needed to achieve satisfaction', should be modified. A1 and A9 should be discussed regarding their role in the diagnosis of Internet addiction disorder. Additional well-designed studies examining the diagnostic criteria and the relationship between factors are needed.

Examining the diagnostic criteria for Internet addiction: Expert validation.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Internet addiction is the coming problem around the world. The diagnostic criteria for Internet addiction among adolescents (DC-IA-A) has become a widely used measure for assessing the presence of Internet addiction in Taiwan. This study examined the diagnosis criteria for Internet addiction in adolescents by expert evaluation. METHODS: Twenty psychiatrists rated the adequacy of each criterion in DC-IA-A. The content validity and homogeneity reliability proposed by Aiken were calculated. RESULTS: The coefficients content validity and homogeneity reliability showed twenty psychiatrists agreed on each of DC-IA-A as relevant to the diagnosis of Internet addiction, though several criteria need improvements. Two criteria "excessive time spent on Internet activities and leaving the Internet" and "excessive effort spent on activities necessary to obtain access to the Internet" should be omitted, and the criteria of "tolerance" should be modified. CONCLUSION: The diagnostic criteria for Internet addiction among adolescents should be revised to meet the real condition of this population.

Developing Personas of Gamers with Problematic Gaming Behavior among College Students Based on Qualitative Data of Gaming Motives and Push-Pull-Mooring.

Gaming is a popular but possibly problematic activity among college students. To distinguish gamers with potential problematic gaming behaviors (PGB) is crucial to mental health staff. Two studies were conducted that aimed to explore portraits of gamers with PGB in college campuses. The first study selected 20 college students, diagnosed with problematic gaming behaviors, from a longitudinal dataset and semi-structured interviews were conducted for a systematic description of long-term PGB. The second study selected four personas with the richest coding data of internet addiction and depression from 20 gamers. The profiles and life experiences of the personas showed changing processes of gaming motives and push-pull-mooring effects across the years. "Loss of purpose in life" and "desperate to escape from stress or boredom in the real world" were the important push effects. Mooring effects revealed their addiction or depression symptoms and the process of developing the addiction. The dynamics of "push", "pull", and "mooring" effects were clearly indicated in the results suggesting PGB might be a long-term coping strategy and a consequence of depression and loneliness. Dealing with depression and finding real-life goals could help PGB gamers to change the dynamics of their gaming motives and push-pull-mooring effects. The results may help develop interventions for gamers with problematic gaming behaviors.

Frontal Lobe Functions, Demoralization, Depression and Craving as Prognostic Factors and Positive Outcomes of Patients with Heroin Use Disorder Receiving 6 Months of Methadone Maintenance Treatment.

Methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) is a well-established and effective treatment for heroin use disorders. Whether frontal lobe function and demoralization serve as suitable prognostic and outcome assessment factors remains unknown. A quasi-experimental study was conducted with a single-group repeated-measures design at a medical center and mental hospital in Taiwan. We enrolled 70 participants (39 completed treatments and 31 dropped out). Frontal lobe function, demoralization, depression, and craving at three time points were analyzed. There were differences between patients who completed the treatment (n = 39) and those who did not (n = 31). Thirty-nine patients completed the treatment (average age, 45.5 years; 89.7% men; average duration of heroin use, 27.21 years; MMT, 38.18 mg/day). Post-MMT (6 months), frontal lobe function, demoralization, depression, and craving significantly improved. Dropouts had higher frontal lobe function, lower demoralization, higher craving, younger age, and earlier onset age than patients who completed the pretest treatment. Clinicians should be aware of the severity of demoralization. Clinicians may select suitable patients for MMT by assessing frontal lobe function, demoralization, craving, age, and onset age. A 6-month course of MMT improved demoralization, frontal lobe function, depression, and addiction. Six months of treatment was more effective than 3 months. Suitable patient identification and continuous treatment are important in MMT.

The exploration of a screen model for detecting undergraduates at higher risk for developing psychosis: A cross-sectional study in a medical university.

PURPOSE: To examine a screen model for detecting undergraduates with higher risk for developing psychosis (HRDP). DESIGN AND METHODS: A cross-sectional design with convenience sampling was used. The screen model included exploration stage by self-report scales and confirmation stage by face-to-face interviews. FINDINGS: A total of 273 students were detected from 4744 surveys during 4 years. Of them, 120 students with HRDP were identified and 7 had been diagnosed as schizophrenia or bipolar disorders at 12-month follow-up. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: This screen model can be used in early detection for undergraduates with HRDP from large general samples.

Online Team-Based Learning Teaching Strategy for Developing Caring Competencies in Nursing Students under COVID-19 Pandemic Restrictions.

(1) Background: The COVID-19 pandemic impacted education systems globally, and numerous strategies were used to transform education into online learning. Caring is recognized as a core competency in nursing; this competency is difficult to cultivate and measure. This study aimed to explore the effect of online team-based learning (TBL) on cultivating nursing students' caring competency. (2) Method: A mix-methods study design with convenience sampling was used for this study. The intervention was online TBL with field observation. Quantitative data were collected by the modified Peer Caring Measurement (PCM) and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Qualitative data were collected by dialog in social media and analyzed by content analysis. (3) Result: Both the quantitative and qualitative data showed a significant increase in caring competency. A paired t-test of modified PCM showed significant improvement (p < 0.001), and female students had greater learning performances compared with male students in academic and affective dimensions. Three themes emerged, including that online TBL possesses remarkable benefits, students felt in charge of their learning, and changes in the students' caring competency were revealed. (4) Conclusion: This online TBL strategy works well in teaching and fostering caring in an online environment among nursing students, which is necessary under COVID-19 restrictions.