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The Asia-Pacific region has had decades of progress in reducing malaria cases and deaths. The region is now accelerating its efforts towards malaria elimination by 2030 using a science-based approach by applying evidence-based best practices alongside existing tools. However, there are concerns of knowledge gaps and external factors challenging this goal. The COVID-19 pandemic served as reminder of the need for a holistic approach. This report summarizes the outcomes of the discussions from the "Asia Pacific Conference on Mosquito and Vector Control" held in Chiang Mai, Thailand from 27 to 30 November, 2023. The conference aims to provide insights into recent research, cutting-edge tools, and the strength of the Asia-Pacific regional mosquito and vector control capacity post-COVID-19 pandemic era. The conference featured discussions on mosquito surveillance, monitoring and control; enabling the resolution of local problems with local expertise and forging new partnerships; and exploring recent research advancements in vector control strategies. More than 500 experts from 55 countries attended.
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Control de Mosquitos , Mosquitos Vectores , Control de Mosquitos/métodos , Animales , Humanos , Asia , Malaria/prevención & control , COVID-19/prevención & control , COVID-19/epidemiología , Congresos como AsuntoRESUMEN
The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans L. (Diptera: Muscidae), is a significant insect pest with global veterinary implications due to its capacity to both cause nuisance and transmit disease-causing pathogens to livestock. This study aimed to determine the livestock bedding preferred for use as a development substrate by S. calcitrans larvae and field-collected adults. The result showed that S. calcitrans larvae exhibited a preference (26.7%) for 7-day-old cow manure. Gravid females displayed a pronounced preference (55.0%) for fresh cow manure. As there were eight choices, indifference would result in 12.5% for each bedding substrate. Furthermore, the efficacy of four entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), namely Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar), Heterorhabditis indica Poinar, Karunakar & David (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae), Steinernema siamkayai Poinar, Karunakar & David and Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), against S. calcitrans larvae and the persistence after application to livestock bedding substrates were evaluated under laboratory conditions. In filter paper bioassays, all four EPNs caused 76.7%-100.0% mortality in the second instar larvae of S. calcitrans when applied at 50 and 100 infective juveniles (IJs)/cm2 within 5 days after exposure. For the third instar larvae of S. calcitrans, only H. indica induced high mortalities of 86.6% when applied at 100 IJs/cm2 within 5 days after exposure, while the other EPNs resulted in mortalities of less than 70%. The data further demonstrated that H. bacteriophora, H. indica and S. siamkayai remained present in the substrates linked to S. calcitrans larvae for as long as 7 days after the application of EPNs. This study demonstrates the potential of EPNs as a biologically based control agent against larvae of S. calcitrans, a serious pest and significant vector for various livestock animals.
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Climatic variation is a key driver of genetic differentiation and phenotypic traits evolution, and local adaptation to temperature is expected in widespread species. We investigated phenotypic and genomic changes in the native range of the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus. We first refine the phylogeographic structure based on genome-wide regions (1,901 double-digest restriction-site associated DNA single nucleotide polymophisms [ddRAD SNPs]) from 41 populations. We then explore the patterns of cold adaptation using phenotypic traits measured in common garden (wing size and cold tolerance) and genotype-temperature associations at targeted candidate regions (51,706 exon-capture SNPs) from nine populations. We confirm the existence of three evolutionary lineages including clades A (Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos), B (China and Okinawa), and C (South Korea and Japan). We identified temperature-associated differentiation in 15 out of 221 candidate regions but none in ddRAD regions, supporting the role of directional selection in detected genes. These include genes involved in lipid metabolism and a circadian clock gene. Most outlier SNPs are differently fixed between clades A and C, whereas clade B has an intermediate pattern. Females are larger at higher latitude yet produce no more eggs, which might favor the storage of energetic reserves in colder climate. Nondiapausing eggs from temperate populations survive better to cold exposure than those from tropical populations, suggesting they are protected from freezing damages but this cold tolerance has a fitness cost in terms of egg viability. Altogether, our results provide strong evidence for the thermal adaptation of A. albopictus across its wide temperature range.
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Aedes , Aclimatación , Adaptación Fisiológica/genética , Aedes/genética , Animales , Frío , Femenino , GenómicaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The mosquito landing rate measured by human landing catches (HLC) is the conventional endpoint used to evaluate the impact of vector control interventions on human-vector exposure. Non-exposure based alternatives to the HLC are desirable to minimize the risk of accidental mosquito bites. One such alternative is the human-baited double net trap (HDN), but the estimated personal protection of interventions using the HDN has not been compared to the efficacy estimated using HLC. This semi-field study in Sai Yok District, Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand, evaluates the performance of the HLC and the HDN for estimating the effect on Anopheles minimus landing rates of two intervention types characterized by contrasting modes of action, a volatile pyrethroid spatial repellent (VSPR) and insecticide-treated clothing (ITC). METHODS: Two experiments to evaluate the protective efficacy of (1) a VPSR and (2) ITC, were performed. A block randomized cross-over design over 32 nights was carried out with both the HLC or HDN. Eight replicates per combination of collection method and intervention or control arm were conducted. For each replicate, 100 An. minimus were released and were collected for 6 h. The odds ratio (OR) of the released An. minimus mosquitoes landing in the intervention compared to the control arm was estimated using logistic regression, including collection method, treatment, and experimental day as fixed effects. RESULTS: For the VPSR, the protective efficacy was similar for the two methods: 99.3%, 95% CI (99.5-99.0) when measured by HLC, and 100% (100, Inf) when measured by HDN where no mosquitoes were caught (interaction test p = 0.99). For the ITC, the protective efficacy was 70% (60-77%) measured by HLC but there was no evidence of protection when measured by HDN [4% increase (15-27%)] (interaction test p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Interactions between mosquitoes, bite prevention tools and the sampling method may impact the estimated intervention protective efficacy. Consequently, the sampling method must be considered when evaluating these interventions. The HDN is a valid alternative trapping method (relative to the HLC) for evaluating the impact of bite prevention methods that affect mosquito behaviour at a distance (e.g. VPSR), but not for interventions that operate through tarsal contact (e.g., ITC).
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Anopheles , Piretrinas , Animales , Humanos , Vestuario , Estudios Cruzados , Control de Mosquitos/métodos , Mosquitos Vectores , Piretrinas/farmacología , TailandiaRESUMEN
Additional vector control tools are needed to supplement current strategies to achieve malaria elimination and control of Aedes-borne diseases in many settings in Thailand and the Greater Mekong Sub-region. Within the next decade, the vector control community, Kasetsart University (KU), and the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation must take full advantage of these tools that combine different active ingredients with different modes of action. Pu Teuy Mosquito Field Research Station (MFRS), Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University (KU), Thailand was established in 2001 and has grown into a leading facility for performing high-quality vector biology and control studies and evaluation of public health insecticides that are operationally relevant. Several onsite mosquito research platforms have been established including experimental huts, a 40-m long semi-field screening enclosure, mosquito insectary, field-laboratory, and living quarters for students and researchers. Field research and assessments ranged from 'basic' investigations on mosquito biology, taxonomy and genetics to more 'applied' studies on responses of mosquitoes to insecticides including repellency, behavioural avoidance and toxicity. In the course of two decades, 51 peer-reviewed articles have been published, and 7 masters and 16 doctoral degrees in Entomology have been awarded to national and international students. Continued support of key national stakeholders will sustain MFRS as a Greater Mekong Subregion centre of excellence and a resource for both insecticide trials and entomological research.
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Anopheles , Insecticidas , Animales , Entomología , Humanos , Control de Mosquitos , Mosquitos Vectores , TailandiaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The objective of mass antimalarial drug administration (MDA) is to eliminate malaria rapidly by eliminating the asymptomatic malaria parasite reservoirs and interrupting transmission. In the Greater Mekong Subregion, where artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum is now widespread, MDA has been proposed as an elimination accelerator, but the contribution of asymptomatic infections to malaria transmission has been questioned. The impact of MDA on entomological indices has not been characterized previously. METHODS: MDA was conducted in 4 villages in Kayin State (Myanmar). Malaria mosquito vectors were captured 3 months before, during, and 3 months after MDA, and their Plasmodium infections were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. The relationship between the entomological inoculation rate, the malaria prevalence in humans determined by ultrasensitive PCR, and MDA was characterized by generalized estimating equation regression. RESULTS: Asymptomatic P. falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections were cleared by MDA. The P. vivax entomological inoculation rate was reduced by 12.5-fold (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6-100-fold), but the reservoir of asymptomatic P. vivax infections was reconstituted within 3 months, presumably because of relapses. This was coincident with a 5.3-fold (95% CI, 4.8-6.0-fold) increase in the vector infection rate. CONCLUSION: Asymptomatic infections are a major source of malaria transmission in Southeast Asia.
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Antimaláricos/uso terapéutico , Infecciones Asintomáticas/terapia , Malaria Falciparum/tratamiento farmacológico , Malaria Falciparum/epidemiología , Malaria Vivax/tratamiento farmacológico , Malaria Vivax/epidemiología , Infecciones Asintomáticas/epidemiología , Reservorios de Enfermedades/parasitología , Humanos , Incidencia , Malaria Falciparum/transmisión , Malaria Vivax/transmisión , Mosquitos Vectores/parasitología , Mianmar/epidemiología , Plasmodium falciparum , Plasmodium vivax , Prevalencia , Estaciones del AñoRESUMEN
The capacity of mosquitoes to resist insecticides threatens the control of diseases such as dengue and malaria. Until alternative control tools are implemented, characterizing resistance mechanisms is crucial for managing resistance in natural populations. Insecticide biodegradation by detoxification enzymes is a common resistance mechanism; however, the genomic changes underlying this mechanism have rarely been identified, precluding individual resistance genotyping. In particular, the role of copy number variations (CNVs) and polymorphisms of detoxification enzymes have never been investigated at the genome level, although they can represent robust markers of metabolic resistance. In this context, we combined target enrichment with high-throughput sequencing for conducting the first comprehensive screening of gene amplifications and polymorphisms associated with insecticide resistance in mosquitoes. More than 760 candidate genes were captured and deep sequenced in several populations of the dengue mosquito Ae. aegypti displaying distinct genetic backgrounds and contrasted resistance levels to the insecticide deltamethrin. CNV analysis identified 41 gene amplifications associated with resistance, most affecting cytochrome P450s overtranscribed in resistant populations. Polymorphism analysis detected more than 30,000 variants and strong selection footprints in specific genomic regions. Combining Bayesian and allele frequency filtering approaches identified 55 nonsynonymous variants strongly associated with resistance. Both CNVs and polymorphisms were conserved within regions but differed across continents, confirming that genomic changes underlying metabolic resistance to insecticides are not universal. By identifying novel DNA markers of insecticide resistance, this study opens the way for tracking down metabolic changes developed by mosquitoes to resist insecticides within and among populations.
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Aedes/efectos de los fármacos , Aedes/genética , Genoma de los Insectos , Genómica , Resistencia a los Insecticidas , Animales , Análisis por Conglomerados , Amplificación de Genes , Genómica/métodos , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Insecticidas/farmacología , Dosificación Letal Mediana , Familia de Multigenes , Mutación , Nitrilos/farmacología , Polimorfismo Genético , Piretrinas/farmacología , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Transcripción GenéticaRESUMEN
Background: The modalities of malaria transmission along the Thailand-Myanmar border are poorly understood. Here we address the relevance of using a specific Anopheles salivary biomarker to measure the risk among humans of exposure to Anopheles bites. Methods: Serologic surveys were conducted from May 2013 to December 2014 in 4 sentinel villages. More than 9400 blood specimens were collected in filter papers from all inhabitants at baseline and then every 3 months thereafter, for up to 18 months, for analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The relationship between the intensity of the human antibody response and entomological indicators of transmission (human biting rates and entomological inoculation rates [EIRs]) was studied using a multivariate 3-level mixed model analysis. Heat maps for human immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses for each village and survey time point were created using QGIS 2.4. Results: The levels of IgG response among participants varied significantly according to village, season, and age (P<.001) and were positively associated with the abundance of total Anopheles species and primary malaria vectors and the EIR (P<.001). Spatial clusters of high-IgG responders were identified across space and time within study villages. Conclusions: The gSG6-P1 biomarker has great potential to address the risk of transmission along the Thailand-Myanmar border and represents a promising tool to guide malaria interventions.
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Anopheles/inmunología , Biomarcadores/sangre , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Proteínas de Insectos/inmunología , Malaria/diagnóstico , Proteínas y Péptidos Salivales/inmunología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Animales , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios de Cohortes , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Mordeduras y Picaduras de Insectos , Malaria/sangre , Malaria/terapia , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mianmar , Tailandia , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Malaria is common in hilly, forested areas along national borders in Southeast Asia. Insecticide resistance in malaria vectors has been detected in a few countries in the Greater Mekong sub-region (GMS), representing a threat to malaria control and prevention. This study aims to determine the insecticide resistance status of Anopheles mosquitoes in Ubon Ratchathani province, northeastern Thailand, where increasing number of malaria cases were reported recently. METHODS: Mosquitoes were collected in 2013-2015 using human landing and cattle bait collections in six sites during both the rainy and dry seasons. Mosquitoes were first morphologically identified to species and their susceptibility status to deltamethrin (0.05%), permethrin (0.75%) and DDT (4%) investigated, according to WHO guidelines. Bioassays with the synergists PBO and DEF were carried out to address the role of detoxifying enzymes in insecticide resistance. DNA sequencing of a fragment of the voltage-gated sodium channel gene was carried out to detect knock-down resistance (kdr) substitutions at position 1014 in resistant species. RESULTS: Due to low vector abundance, complete bioassays (n ≥ 100 mosquitoes) were only achieved for Anopheles hyrcanus s.l., which was resistant to all insecticides tested (mortality ranged from 45 to 87%). Suspected resistance to DDT was found in Anopheles barbirostris s.l. (mortality 69%), but it was susceptible to deltamethrin (mortality 97-100%) and permethrin (mortality 100%). Although insufficient number of primary vectors were collected, results showed that Anopheles dirus s.l. and Anopheles maculatus s.l. were susceptible to deltamethrin (mortality 100%). Anopheles nivipes and Anopheles philippinensis were susceptible to all three insecticides. PBO significantly increased mortality to deltamethrin and permethrin in pyrethroid-resistant An. hyrcanus s.l. None of the sequenced specimens presented the L1014F or L1014S mutation. DISCUSSION: This study shows that insecticide resistance is present in potential malaria vectors in northeastern Thailand. The absence of kdr mutations in all Anopheles species tested suggests that metabolic resistance is the main mechanism of pyrethroid resistance. This study provides new findings about insecticide susceptibility status of potential malaria vectors in northeastern Thailand that are deemed important to guide malaria vector control.
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Anopheles/efectos de los fármacos , Resistencia a los Insecticidas , Insecticidas/farmacología , Animales , Malaria/prevención & control , Mosquitos Vectores/efectos de los fármacos , TailandiaRESUMEN
The evolutionary and taxonomic status is important for understanding speciation events and phylogenetic relationships between closely related vector and nonvector species. This information is useful for targeting important disease vector species groups for the development of novel genetic-based vector and pathogen control methods. In this study, different phylogenetic analyses were performed to reconstruct phylogenetic trees for the primary malaria vectors in Thailand based on sequence information of 4 DNA fragments from the nuclear and mitochondrial regions. The primary Anopheles species in the subgenus Cellia involved in malaria transmission in Thailand separate clearly into 3 distinct clades: the Leucosphyrus group, Minimus subgroup, and Maculatus group. The phylogenetic trees based on different reconstructed algorithms and different gene regions provided congruent phylogenetic status of the mosquito species studied. The phylogenetic relationships of malaria vector species examined followed similar patterns based on morphological characters. An estimate of the divergence time among the Anopheles species infers that they were present during the Eocene and Miocene periods (>41 million years ago). Congruent phylogenetic analysis of malaria vectors is presented with different algorithms and gene regions. The nuclear TOLL6 fragment appears useful for molecular phylogenetic, species DNA barcode, and Anopheles population genetic analyses.
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Anopheles/clasificación , Mosquitos Vectores/clasificación , Animales , Anopheles/genética , Malaria/transmisión , Mosquitos Vectores/genética , Tipificación de Secuencias Multilocus , Filogenia , TailandiaRESUMEN
A novel noncontact repellency assay system (NCRAS) was designed and evaluated as a possible alternative method for testing compounds that repel or inhibit mosquitoes from blood feeding. Deet and Aedes aegypti were used in a controlled laboratory setting. Using 2 study designs, a highly significant difference were seen between deet-treated and untreated skin placed behind the protective screens, indicating that deet was detected and was acting as a deterrence to mosquito landing and probing behavior. However, a 2nd study showed significant differences between protected (behind a metal screen barrier) and unprotected (exposed) deet-treated forearms, indicating the screen mesh might restrict the detection of deet and thus influences landing/biting response. These findings indicate the prototype NCRAS shows good promise but requires further evaluation and possible modification in design and testing protocol to achieve more desirable operational attributes in comparison with direct skin-contact repellency mosquito assays.
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Aedes , DEET , Repelentes de Insectos , Control de Mosquitos/métodos , Animales , Femenino , HumanosRESUMEN
Essential oils extracted from 4 different plant species--citronella (Cymbopogon nardus), hairy basil (Ocimum americanum), sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum), and vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides)-were investigated for their irritant and repellent activities against Anopheles minimus, using an excito-repellency test system. Pure essential oils were used in absolute ethanol at the concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, 2.5%, and 5% (v/v) compared with deet. At the lowest concentration of 0.5%, hairy basil displayed the best irritant and repellent effects against An. minimus. Citronella and vetiver at 1-5% showed strong irritant effects with>80% escape, while repellent effects of both oils were observed at 1% and 2.5% citronella (73-89% escape) and at 5% vetiver (83.9% escape). Sweet basil had only moderate irritant action at 5% concentration (69.6% escape) and slightly repellent on test mosquitoes (<50% escape). The results found that hairy basil, citronella, and vetiver are promising potential mosquito repellent products for protection against An. minimus.
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Anopheles/efectos de los fármacos , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Repelentes de Insectos/farmacología , Insectos Vectores/efectos de los fármacos , Malaria/transmisión , Aceites de Plantas/farmacología , Animales , Femenino , Repelentes de Insectos/química , Malaria/epidemiología , Aceites Volátiles/química , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Aceites de Plantas/química , Tailandia/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
A study of the behavioral responses of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles minimus to 3 Cambodian plant extracts at 3 different concentrations (1%, 2.5%, and 5%) was performed using an excito-repellency test system. These 3 plants were Strophanthus scandens, Capparis micracantha, and Dioscorea hispida, selected according to traditional healer's knowledge, bibliographic studies and market surveys. Results showed that S. scandens leaves' hexane extract was the only one to exert repellency against Ae. aegypti with 23.3% of escaped mosquitoes at a concentration of 5%. Capparis micracantha was responsible for an irritant activity against An. minimus with 20.2% of escaped mosquitoes at a concentration of 2.5% and 22.8% escaping at a concentration of 5%. Dioscorea hispida showed an irritant activity on both mosquito species with 23.2% of escaped Ae. aegypti at a concentration of 5% and about 20% of escaped An. minimus at 2.5% and 5%. This is the first report on the irritant and repellent activities of S. scandens , D. hispida , and C. micracantha against mosquito species.
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Aedes , Anopheles , Capparis , Dioscorea , Repelentes de Insectos , Extractos Vegetales , Strophanthus , Animales , Cambodia , FemeninoRESUMEN
The repellent and irritant effects of three essential oils-clove, hairy basil, and sweet basil-were compared using an excito-repellency test system against an insecticide-resistant strain of Aedes aegypti (L.) females from Pu Teuy, Kanchanaburi Province. DEET was used as the comparison standard compound. Tests were conducted under field and controlled laboratory conditions. The most marked repellent effect (spatial noncontact assay) among the three test essential oils was exhibited by sweet basil, Ocimum basilicum L. (53.8% escaped mosquitoes in 30-min exposure period) under laboratory conditions while hairy basil, Ocimum americanum L. and clove, Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merill et. L.M. Perry from laboratory tests and sweet basil from field tests were the least effective as repellents (0-14%). In contrast, the contact assays measuring combined irritancy (excitation) and repellency effects found the best contact irritant response to hairy basil and DEET in field tests, whereas all others in laboratory and field were relatively ineffective in stimulating mosquitoes to move out the test chambers (0-5.5%). All three essential oils demonstrated significant differences in behavioral responses between field and laboratory conditions, whereas there was no significant difference in contact and noncontact assays for DEET between the two test conditions (P > 0.05).
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Aedes/efectos de los fármacos , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Repelentes de Insectos/farmacología , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Animales , DEET/farmacología , FemeninoRESUMEN
Monitoring insecticide resistance of Aedes albopictus is required for implementing effective dengue and chikungunya vector control in Thailand. The World Health Organization standard susceptibility test for adult mosquitoes was used to determine the baseline susceptibility of a pyrethroid-susceptible laboratory strain of Ae. albopictus to 5 different pyrethroids (deltamethrin, permethrin, bifenthrin, cypermethrin, and α-cypermethrin). Subsequently, the respective established diagnostic doses (0.026% deltamethrin, 1.024% permethrin, 0.570% bifenthrin, 0.237% cypermethrin, and 0.035% α-cypermethrin) were used to test field-collected Ae. albopictus from Rayong, Koh Chang, and Pong Nom Ron. As expected, the laboratory strain was completely susceptible to all pyrethroid insecticides at the established concentrations. Rayong mosquitoes were found to be highly susceptible to bifenthrin, cypermethrin, and α-cypermethrin. Koh Chang mosquitoes were susceptible to only deltamethrin and permethrin. Pong Nom Ron mosquitoes were resistant to all pyrethroids tested. Routine assessment of these baseline results should guide future resistance monitoring to pyrethroid insecticides in Ae. albopictus in Thailand.
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Aedes/efectos de los fármacos , Resistencia a los Insecticidas , Insecticidas/farmacología , Piretrinas/farmacología , Aedes/genética , Animales , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Control de Mosquitos , TailandiaRESUMEN
Leishmaniasis is prevalent mainly in the southern provinces of Thailand where sand flies are considered to be an important vector. Sand flies were collected using Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps in Satun Province from June 2013 to July 2014. A total of 1,982 sand flies (1,228 females and 754 males) were collected. Only female sand flies were identified to the species level and were tested for Leishmania infection using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Morphological identification revealed 2 genera and 9 species: Phlebotomus stantoni, P. argentipes, Sergentomyia gemmea, S. indica, S. barraudi, S. iyengari, S. bailyi, S. perturbans, and S. silvatica. S. gemmea (57.2%) was the most abundant species. The diversity of sand flies was highest in Thung Wa District. The sand flies were most abundant late in the hot season and early in the rainy season (April to June). The highest number of sand flies was collected in June. Significant correlations between the number of female sand flies and rainfall and between S. gemmea and rainfall were found. Of the female sand flies tested, none were positive for Leishmania spp.
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Distribución Animal , Insectos Vectores/fisiología , Leishmania/aislamiento & purificación , Psychodidae/fisiología , Animales , ADN Protozoario/análisis , ADN Espaciador Ribosómico/análisis , Femenino , Insectos Vectores/clasificación , Insectos Vectores/parasitología , Leishmania/genética , Masculino , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Dinámica Poblacional , Psychodidae/clasificación , Psychodidae/parasitología , Estaciones del Año , TailandiaRESUMEN
The objective of this study was to compare the behavioral responses (contact irritancy and noncontact spatial repellency) between susceptible and resistant populations of Aedes aegypti (L.) (=Stegomyia aegypti) to essential oils, citronella, and eucalyptus, Eucalyptus globulus, extracts, using an excito-repellency test system. N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) was used as the standard reference repellent. Mosquitoes included two long-standing insecticide susceptible colonies (U.S. Department of Agriculture and Bora Bora) and two pyrethroid-resistant populations recently obtained from Phetchabun and Kanchanaburi provinces in Thailand. Both DEET and citronella produced a much stronger excitation ("irritancy") and more rapid flight escape response in both pyrethroid-resistant populations compared with the laboratory populations. Noncontact repellency was also greater in the two resistant populations. Eucalyptus oil was found to be the least effective compound tested. Differences in responses between long-established pyrethroid-susceptible colonies and newly established and naturally resistant colonies were clearly demonstrated. These findings also demonstrate the need for further comparisons using natural pyrethroid-susceptible populations for elucidation of factors that might contribute to different patterns of escape behavior.
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Aedes , Eucalyptus , Insecticidas , Aceites de Plantas , Piretrinas , Animales , Femenino , Resistencia a los InsecticidasRESUMEN
Knowledge on test conditions that may influence behavioral responses of mosquitoes is critical when excito-repellency tests are conducted. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of test time differences on normal circadian activity and behavioral responses of field and colonized Aedes aegypti (L.) (=Stegomyia aegypti) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say to DEET, one of the most common synthetic repellent active ingredients available. Two field populations of Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus from Kanchanaburi and Nonthaburi provinces, respectively, and two long-standing laboratory populations, Ae. aegypti obtained from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and Cx. quinquefasciatus from the Ministry of Public Health, Thailand, were used. Each population was exposed to DEET during two different periods of time (0900-1500 hours) and (2100-0300 hours). Both field and laboratory Cx. quinquefasciatus showed marked differences in spatial repellent escape responses between day and nighttime periods but none in direct contact tests. No significant differences between day and nighttime testing periods were observed with field or laboratory Ae. aegypti, except a higher daytime escape response from noncontact DEET treatment. This study indicates that test time may influence the behavioral avoidance responses and is a potential confounder of excito-repellency evaluations.
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Aedes , Ritmo Circadiano , Culex , DEET , Repelentes de Insectos , Animales , Conducta Animal , FemeninoRESUMEN
Volatile pyrethroids exert a range of both lethal and behavioral effects on mosquitoes through the passive release of insecticides into the atmosphere. We investigated the protective efficacy (PE) of transfluthrin-treated jute (TI-jute) and cotton (TI-cotton) fabrics, worn at the back of a protective black vest, against laboratory-reared pyrethroid susceptible and resistant strains of Aedes aegypti (L.) in a semifield system (SFS). Each fabric (1,029 cm2) was treated with 1.79 mg/cm2 of transfluthrin as the intervention. Human landing collections were conducted by 2 collectors seated in designated treatment and control compartments of the SFS. The trials were conducted for 41 days, with 16 days partitioned into morning and evening phases. Furthermore, we examined blood feeding behavior and fecundity of the surviving mosquitoes post-exposure. Results showed that in the morning, the PE of TI-jute (49.4%) was higher than that of TI-cotton (36.8%). TI-jute demonstrated a lower PE of 9.6% against the transfluthrin-resistant strain. Remarkably, a significantly higher number of eggs were laid by the transfluthrin-resistant mosquitoes that survived the intervention (36.5 eggs/female) compared to the control group (11.8 eggs/female). These findings suggest that TI-jute can help protect against bites and alter the life traits of Ae. aegypti. The study highlights that the timing of the intervention during the day affected the efficacy of TI-jute and TI-cotton, while sublethal exposure to transfluthrin stimulated egg production in the resistant strain. These are critical challenges that warrant attention in vector control strategies. Investigating this phenomenon in mosquito reproduction necessitates future research at a molecular level.