Opposing roles of TGFß and BMP signaling in prostate cancer development.

SMAD4 constrains progression of Pten-null prostate cancer and serves as a common downstream node of transforming growth factor ß (TGFß) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathways. Here, we dissected the roles of TGFß receptor II (TGFBR2) and BMP receptor II (BMPR2) using a Pten-null prostate cancer model. These studies demonstrated that the molecular actions of TGFBR2 result in both SMAD4-dependent constraint of proliferation and SMAD4-independent activation of apoptosis. In contrast, BMPR2 deletion extended survival relative to Pten deletion alone, establishing its promoting role in BMP6-driven prostate cancer progression. These analyses reveal the complexity of TGFß-BMP signaling and illuminate potential therapeutic targets for prostate cancer.

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells inhibit T cell activation through nitrating LCK in mouse cancers.

Potent immunosuppressive mechanisms within the tumor microenvironment contribute to the resistance of aggressive human cancers to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. One of the main mechanisms for myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) to induce T cell tolerance is through secretion of reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which nitrates tyrosine residues in proteins involved in T cell function. However, so far very few nitrated proteins have been identified. Here, using a transgenic mouse model of prostate cancer and a syngeneic cell line model of lung cancer, we applied a nitroproteomic approach based on chemical derivation of 3-nitrotyrosine and identified that lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK), an initiating tyrosine kinase in the T cell receptor signaling cascade, is nitrated at Tyr394 by MDSCs. LCK nitration inhibits T cell activation, leading to reduced interleukin 2 (IL2) production and proliferation. In human T cells with defective endogenous LCK, wild type, but not nitrated LCK, rescues IL2 production. In the mouse model of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) by prostate-specific deletion of Pten, p53, and Smad4, CRPC is resistant to an ICB therapy composed of antiprogrammed cell death 1 (PD1) and anticytotoxic-T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) antibodies. However, we showed that ICB elicits strong anti-CRPC efficacy when combined with an RNS neutralizing agent. Together, these data identify a previously unknown mechanism of T cell inactivation by MDSC-induced protein nitration and illuminate a clinical path hypothesis for combining ICB with RNS-reducing agents in the treatment of CRPC.

Effect of Qmix and Other Irrigants on Dentin Adhesives in Pulp Chambers of Primary Teeth: SEM Study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of different endodontic irrigants on microleakage of adhesives used within pulp chamber of primary molars. STUDY DESIGN: 72 Primary molars were divided into 6 groups, according to 3 irrigants and 2 adhesives used. After de-roofing the pulp chamber, pulp was extirpated. In 36 samples, pulp chambers were bonded with Xeno V+ after irrigation with either QMix (Group1); 17%EDTA+5%NaOCl (Group2) or normal saline (Group3) and in other half samples, pulp chambers were bonded with SinglebondUniversal after irrigation with either QMix (Group 4); 17%EDTA+5% NaOCl (Group5) or normal saline (Group 6). All the samples were restored with Filtek Z350. Ten teeth from each group were assessed for dye penetration. Two samples in each group were viewed under scanning electron microscope. Data was statistically analyzed using Mann-Whitney and Kruskal Wallis tests at a significance level of P < 0.05. RESULTS: Mean microleakage scores were: Group 1-1.5±0.70, Group 2-1.6±.51, Group 3-2.4±0.96, Group 4-1.2±0.42, Group 5-1.2±0.42, Group 6-1.1±0.32. CONCLUSIONS: Irrigation with QMix significantly reduced the microleakage of XenoV+ but had no significant effect on microleakage of SinglebondUniversal. Irrigation with EDTA/NaOCl or QMix had no detrimental effect on the sealing ability of either of the adhesive tested.

Knowledge, attitude & practice on human papillomavirus vaccination: A cross-sectional study among healthcare providers.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Cervical cancer is a major health problem and a leading cause of death among women in India. Of all the associated risk factors, high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infections being the principal aetiologic agent, two HPV vaccines are in use for the control of cervical cancer. The present study was undertaken to explore the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) on HPV vaccination among the healthcare providers in India. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 590 healthcare professionals from 232 hospitals and 80 PHCs of nine districts of Delhi-NCR (National Capital Region). A total of 590 (526 female, 64 male) healthcare providers were surveyed. RESULTS: Only 47 per cent of respondents recommended young women to get vaccinated against HPV. Majority of respondents (81%) were found to be aware about the existence of vaccines for cervical cancer prevention. District-wise, highest (88.3%) awareness about the existence of vaccines against HPV was reported from Gautam Budh Nagar and lowest (64%) in Faridabad. Although 86 per cent of gynaecologists were aware about the names of HPV vaccines available in the market, only 27 per cent of paramedical staff had this knowledge. There was a significant difference between the respondents from government and private sectors regarding their awareness about HPV vaccines. Lack of awareness about the principal cause, risk factors and symptoms for cervical cancer and HPV vaccination was significantly (P< 0.05) reported in the respondents from paramedical staff category. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: The findings reinforce continued medical education of healthcare providers, particularly those from the government sector on HPV vaccination for cervical cancer prevention. Public education is also pertinent for a successful HPV vaccination programme in the country.

Evaluation of the Dentinal Shear Bond Strength and Resin Interface in Primary Molars after Pre-Treatment with Various Dentin Bio-Modifiers: An In Vitro Study.

Dentine adhesives have demonstrated great success with permanent teeth. Though the results in primary teeth are not well documented, some studies have demonstrated lower values of bond strength in primary teeth than those found in permanent teeth. The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the effect of grape seed extract (6.5%) (Herbal Bio Solutions, Delhi, India), glutaraldehyde (5%) (Loba Chemie PVT. LTD., Mumbai), hesperidin (0.5%) (Herbal Bio Solutions, Delhi, India), and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (tooth mousse) (GC Corporation, Alsip, IL, USA) on the shear bond strength of dentine of primary teeth and to evaluate the resin tags at the resin tooth interface. Seventy-five caries-free human primary molars were collected, and their occlusal surfaces were ground flat. Dentin surfaces were etched using phosphoric acid. Then teeth were randomly assigned in sequential order to five groups according to the dentinal treatment method: Group I (Control group) (no treatment), Group II (5% glutaraldehyde), Group III (6.5% grape seed extract), Group IV (0.5% hesperidin), and Group V (CPP-ACP). Ten teeth from each group were assigned for Shear Bond Strength and five for SEM analysis. ANOVA and a post hoc least significant difference test (p < 0.05) were used for statistical analysis of the collected data. The grape seed extract group showed significantly increased shear bond strength than the control group (p < 0.05), and the mean length of resin tags in different dentine bio modifiers groups was also statistically significant (p < 0.05). The use of dentin bio modifiers such as 5% glutaraldehyde, 6.5% grape seed extract, 0.5% hesperidin, and CPP-ACP in the bonding process for primary teeth did not improve the dentinal bond strength.

Comparative Evaluation of Shear Bond Strength of Tricalcium Silicate-based Materials to Composite Resin with Two Different Adhesive Systems: An In Vitro Study.

Background: Establishing a strong bond between the pulp capping agent and the restorative material is crucial to the success of the procedure. Without this bond, there is a risk of bacterial infiltration into the pulp, leading to treatment failure. In the past, calcium hydroxide was commonly used for such treatments, but it faced challenges, including poor adhesion to dentin, dissolution over time, and the development of multiple tunnel defects. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), introduced to dentistry in 1993, offered an alternative but came with drawbacks like challenging handling and extended setting times. However, in recent times, several new calcium silicate-based materials have emerged to address MTA's limitations. Two notable examples are Biodentine and MTA Plus. Biodentine, for instance, exhibits excellent sealing ability, while MTA Plus distinguishes itself with a finer particle size compared to traditional MTA. These innovative materials offer promising solutions to enhance the efficacy of pulp capping procedures. Aim: Therefore, in this research, we conducted a comparative analysis of the shear bond strength (SBS) between composite resin and three materials-MTA, MTA Plus, and Biodentine. We examined the effects of applying two distinct adhesive systems in order to evaluate their influence on the bond strength. Materials and methods: A total of 60 acrylic blocks were evenly distributed into three groups, each containing 20 blocks-group I received Biodentine, group II was assigned MTA, and group III received MTA Plus. The respective test materials were compacted into the holes within the blocks. Following this, the samples were incubated for a period of 72 hours. Subsequently, the samples were divided into two subgroups, each consisting of 10 blocks-the self-etch and the total-etch subgroup. The SBS values were then carefully measured for analysis. Result: The SBS of the Biodentine group demonstrated a significantly higher value when compared to the other groups. It's worth noting that when the self-etch adhesive system was employed, the SBS of all the groups experienced a significant reduction. Conclusion: Biodentine cement proves to be an effective choice for pulp capping procedures, regardless of the specific adhesive system employed. Notably, the total-etch adhesive system consistently yields higher bond strength when compared to the self-etch adhesive system. How to cite this article: Kumar V, Showkat I, Manuja N, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Shear Bond Strength of Tricalcium Silicate-based Materials to Composite Resin with Two Different Adhesive Systems: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(S-3):S272-S277.

Comparative Evaluation of Flexural Strength of Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement and Glass Ionomer Cement Modified with Chitosan, Titanium Dioxide Nanopowder and Nanohydroxyapatite: An In Vitro Study.

Aim: To evaluate the effect of different add-ons on the flexural strength (FS) of glass ionomer cement (GIC). Materials and methods: Around 72 samples were fabricated and divided among the following six different groups: group I-control (conventional GIC-nonmodified), group II-GIC powder modified with 3% titanium dioxide (TiO2) and liquid is unmodified, group III-powder modified with 10% nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) and liquid is unmodified, group IV-powder is unmodified and Liquid is modified with 10% chitosan (CH), group V-powder is modified with 3% TiO2 and liquid is modified with 10% CH, and group VI-powder is modified with 10% nHA and liquid is modified with 10% CH. The samples were then subjected to a three-point bending test on a universal testing machine for the evaluation of FS. The results obtained were analyzed statistically using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. Result: The mean FS value of group V depicts significantly high FS among all groups (29.42 ± 3.35). A significant difference was present in FS amongst all the groups that is groups V>II>IV>VI>III>I. Conclusion: Glass ionomer cement (GIC) powder can be modified with nHA, nanotitanium, and GIC liquid can be modified with CH to improve its FS. Clinical significance: Glass ionomer cement (GIC) supplemented with additives like nanoparticles (NPs) and CH can be used as an enhanced filling material due to its potential antibacterial properties and in areas with a high masticatory load. How to cite this article: Showkat I, Chaudhary S, Sinha AA, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Flexural Strength of Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement and Glass Ionomer Cement Modified with Chitosan, Titanium Dioxide Nanopowder and Nanohydroxyapatite: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(S-1):S72-S76.

Effect of mode of delivery and feeding practices on acquisition of oral Streptococcus mutans in infants.

OBJECTIVE: It is a well-established fact that colonization of S. mutans occurs early in life. The purpose of this study is to determine the correlation between mode of delivery and other associating factors with colonization of oral S. mutans in the infants. METHODS: The newborns were divided into two groups according to the mode of delivery: Infants who were delivered by either caesarean section (Group-C) or vaginally (Group-V). A total number of 60 mother-infant pairs were included and followed for 1 year. The swab samples were collected for the detection of S. mutans. RESULTS: Analysis of data demonstrated the possible influence of prolonged bottle feeding (P = 0.007), socioeconomic status (P = 0.00030) and tasting of food by the mothers (P = 0.0065) on the initial acquisition of S. mutans in the oral cavity of infants. CONCLUSION: The causes for initial acquisition of oral S. mutans in infants were postnatal factors like feeding and oral hygiene practices.

Treatment of Class II division I malocclusion having severe crowding, proclination with noncomplaint fixed functional appliance therapy, and frictionless mechanics.

Our Objective was to treat a patient having proclined, protruded teeth along with a Class II Skeletal malocclusion. 0.022 × 0.028 inch MBT Brackets were placed, and leveling alignment was commenced. Individual canine retraction was carried out in both arches, followed by retraction of the incisors in the upper arch with a Burrstone's T Loop. E2Z Forsus fatigue resistance appliance was given for the correction of Class II malocclusion. Proclination, protrusion, and crowding were corrected along with Class II Skeletal base. Individual canine retraction along with frictionless mechanics and noncompliant functional correction has sufficient potential to prevent anchor loss and correct a Class II skeletal base.

Dental pulp neuropathophysiology.

Mechanisms of pulpal pathophysiology are complex and the low compliance environment in which the dental pulp is allocated, further enhances the complexity of this process. Although it is known that it involves the interaction of the immune cells, pulpal cells, cytokines, chemokines and multiple neuropeptides but still there are many gaps in our current knowledge. The understanding of the biochemical and molecular pathways involved in the pulpal inflammation is important so that it can be used clinically to keep the dental pulp vital and healthy. It may thus provide an opportunity to develop potentially new treatment modalities for the inflamed dental pulp in future.

Antibiotic prescriptions in pediatric dentistry: A review.

Most commonly prescribed drugs in pediatric dentistry are "Antibiotics." Among Dentists, there is a trend toward overuse of antibiotics for nonindicated clinical conditions. This insufficient knowledge of the appropriate clinical indications for antibiotic prescriptions promotes the overuse of antibiotics and contributes to the emergence of antibiotic resistance among children. According to the various surveys done on the dental students, dentists and pediatric dentists on the antibiotic prescribing practices, overall, adherence to the professional clinical guidelines was low. There was a wide variation in dosages for all the antibiotics prescribed and for prolonged periods which were inconsistent with the recommendations. This paper reviews the current literature from the year 2000 to 2019. An electronic literature search was conducted in MEDLINE/PubMed, EBSCO host, and Google Scholar databases. The data was also collected manually from comprehensive textbooks. Some recommendations were also based on the opinion of experienced researchers and clinicians. Thus, this review aims at highlighting clinical indications, dosages, and duration of therapeutic antibiotic prescriptions for orofacial infections in the pediatric outpatients and at the same time creating an awareness, regarding the necessity of strictly adhering to the clinical guidelines for antibiotic prescriptions.

Oral Venous Malformation in an 18-Month-Old Child.

Venous malformations (VMs) are part of the spectrum of vascular malformations composed of ectatic venous channels. VMs of the oral cavity in pediatric patients are relatively rare but reportedly carry a higher rate of rupture than in adults. We describe the management of an 18-month-old boy with VM who presented with a localized dome-shaped swelling measuring approximately 9.4 mm by 7.4 mm in the anterior third of the palate. Management with sclerotherapy using an intralesional injection of three percent sodium tetradecyl sulphate was used to treat the lesion with minimum armamentarium, cost, and complication. (J Dent Child 2019;86(3):169-72).

Comparative evaluation and applicability of three different regression equation-based mixed dentition analysis in Northern Uttar Pradesh population.

AIMS: This study aims to examine the accuracy and comparative correlation of three regression equation-based mixed dentition analysis in children of Moradabad city, North Uttar Pradesh. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Tanaka-Johnston, Bernabe-Flores-Mir, and Ling-Wong regression equations were developed from a sample of North European, Peru, and Southern Chinese children population, respectively. Hence, it becomes questionable when applied to children of Moradabad city situated in North Uttar Pradesh, India. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study was conducted on a sample of 100 school going children, age range is 11-14 years with complete permanent teeth except third molars. The mesiodistal crown dimensions of all erupted incisors, canines, premolars, and molars were measured with digital calipers with a calibration accuracy of 0.01 mm. The actual tooth measurements were then compared with predicted values using Tanaka-Johnston, Bernabe-Flores-Mir, and Ling-Wong regression equations, respectively using paired t-test. RESULTS: The mean difference between the actual and estimated values of canines and premolars using Tanaka-Johnston, Bernabe-Flores-Mir, and Ling-Wong were clinically and statistically significant (P< 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Mesiodistal dimensions of male samples are larger than female samples. All the three regression equations are not accurately applicable to this population.

Comparison of Dermatoglyphic Pattern among Cleft and Noncleft Children: A Cross-sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Oral clefts are among the common congenital birth defects with a broad phenotypic gamut. Since the epidermal ridges of the fingers and palms as well as the facial structures like lip, alveolus, and palate are formed from the same embryonic tissues during the same embryonic period, the genetic and environmental factors responsible for causing cleft lip and palate might also affect dermatoglyphic patterns. AIM: Thus, study was undertaken to compare the dermato-glyphic pattern of children with orofacial clefts and normal children and to determine the correlation of dermatoglyphics with orofacial clefts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Total study sample consisted of 120 children in the age group of 3 to 16 years being divided into study and control groups. Dermatoglyphic data obtained from both control and study groups were then subjected to statistical analysis. RESULTS: Statistically no significant difference was found in the dermatoglyphic pattern and atd angle for both the groups. CONCLUSION: It was observed that dermatoglyphics in orofacial clefts may not be distinctive. Further, large-scale studies are recommended to confirm the same. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Mayall SS, Chaudhary S, Kaur H, Manuja N, Ravishankar T, Sinha AA. Comparison of Derma-toglyphic Pattern among Cleft and Noncleft Children: A Cross-sectional Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(3):245-249.

Effect of ACP-CPP Chewing Gum and Natural Chewable Products on Plaque pH, Calcium and Phosphate Concentration.

INTRODUCTION: Numerous epidemiological studies have documented dental caries as the major public health problems throughout the world. It is gradually increasing in the underdeveloped and developing countries especially in children due to increasing popularity of refined sugars. AIM: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of natural chewable products (Tulsi, sesame seeds, fennel seeds, coconut) and ACP-CPP chewing gum on plaque pH, calcium and phosphate concentration. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A randomized controlled trial, with a cross-over study design, was conducted. Ten subjects aged 15-17 years who agreed to refrain from oral hygiene practice for 48 hours prior to the sample collection were selected for the study. The baseline plaque pH, calcium and phosphate was measured and repeated after 5 and 30 minutes. It was ensured that each study participant was subjected to all the products making an effective sample of ten subjects per product. The data was statistically analysed. RESULTS: The mean pH in all the study groups increased after 5 minutes and 30 minutes compared to baseline, except for coconut group at 30 minutes and fennel group at 5 minutes. Highest increase in plaque calcium concentration was found in fennel group followed by recaldent and sesame, respectively. Whereas, the highest increase in plaque phosphate was found in recaldent group followed by sesame group and fennel group respectively. CONCLUSION: Plant products can be effective, inexpensive, easily accessible methods of maintaining oral health. Further studies are recommended to confirm long term effects.

Child abuse: Cross-sectional survey of general dentists.

BACKGROUND: Child abuse continues to be a social menace causing both physical and emotional trauma to benevolent children. Census has shown that nearly 50-75% of child abuse include trauma to mouth, face, and head. Thus, dental professionals are in strategic position to identify physical and emotional manifestations of abuse. AIM: A cross-sectional survey was undertaken to assess knowledge and attitude of dental practitioners regarding child abuse and to identify the barriers in reporting the same. METHODS: With prior consent, a 20-question survey including both multiple choice and dichotomous (Yes/No) questions was mailed to 120 state-registered general dentists, and the data collected were subjected to statistical analysis. RESULTS: Overall response rate to the questionnaires was 97%. Lack of knowledge about dentist's role in reporting child abuse accounted to 55% in the reasons for hesitancy to report. Pearson chi-square test did not show any significant difference between male and female regarding reason for hesitancy to report and legal obligation of dentists. CONCLUSION: Although respondent dentists were aware of the diagnosis of child abuse, they were hesitant and unaware of the appropriate authority to report. Increased instruction in the areas of recognition and reporting of child abuse and neglect should be emphasized.

Estimation of changes in nickel and chromium content in nickel-titanium and stainless steel orthodontic wires used during orthodontic treatment: An analytical and scanning electron microscopic study.

INTRODUCTION: The biocompatibility of orthodontic dental alloys has been investigated over the past 20 years, but the results have been inconclusive. The study compares standard 3 M Unitek nickel-titanium (NiTi) and stainless steel archwires with locally available JJ orthodontics wires. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) study of surface changes and complexometric titration to study compositional change was performed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten archwires each of group 1-3 M 0.016" NiTi, group 2-JJ 0.016" NiTi, group 3-3 M 0.019" *0.025" SS and group 4-JJ SS contributed a 10 mm piece of wire for analysis prior to insertion in the patient and 6 weeks post insertion. SEM images were recorded at ×2000, ×4000 and ×6000 magnification. The same samples were subjected to complexiometric titration using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid to gauge the actual change in the composition. OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS: The SEM images of all the archwires showed marked changes with deep scratches and grooves and dark pitting corrosion areas post intraoral use. 3M wires showed an uniform criss-cross pattern in as received wires indicating a coating which was absent after intraoral use. There was a significant release of Nickel and Chromium from both group 3 and 4. Group 2 wires released ions significantly more than group 1 (P = 0.0). CONCLUSION: Extensive and stringent trials are required before certifying any product to be used in Orthodontics.

Association of child temperament with early childhood caries.

BACKGROUND: Psychological variable may affect early childhood caries (ECC), but this aspect has not been explored satisfactorily. This study evaluates the child temperament as a risk predictor for ECC. AIM: To find the association of child temperament with ECC. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: The study is a cross-sectional survey of 1300 school children aged 3 - 6 years from Moradabad city. This survey was conducted during March 2008 to April 2009. The survey assessed the child temperament and analyzed its association with ECC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Children were examined for the evidence of caries, using dmft (decayed missing filled teeth) index based on W.H.O standard criteria (1997). Child temperament was assessed on the basis of five factors; namely, Sociability, Emotionality, Energy level, Attentivity and Rhythmicity using Malhotra Temperament Schedule MTS. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyse the data. Significance was deemed at p≤0.05. RESULTS: Out of 1,300 parents involved in filling questionnaire for assessment of child temperament, 1053 (81%) responded and their children were included in study. No caries were found in 731 (69%), while 322 (31%) had evidence of caries in one or more teeth. Of the five temperament factors, Sociability, Energy score, Attentivity and Rhythmicity significantly associated with ECC levels. No correlation could be established with emotionality. CONCLUSION: The children with ECC were found less sociable, less energetic, highly distractible and less rhythmic as compared to children without ECC.

Bond strength and interfacial morphology of different dentin adhesives in primary teeth.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the interfacial morphology and the bond strength produced by the three-step, two-step and single-step bonding systems in primary teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Occlusal surfaces of 72 extracted human deciduous teeth were ground to expose the dentin. The teeth were divided into four groups: (a) Scotchbond Multipurpose (3M, ESPE), (b) Adh Se (Vivadent), (d) OptiBond All-in-One (Kerr) and (e)Futurabond NR (VOCO, Cuxhaven, Germany). The adhesives were applied to each group following the manufacturer's instructions. Then, teeth from each group were divided into two groups: (A) For viewing interfacial morphology (32 teeth), with 8 teeth in each group, and (B) For measurement of bond strength (40 teeth), with 10 teeth in each group. All the samples were prepared for viewing under SEM. The statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 15.0 software. RESULTS: Observational measurement of tag length in different adhesives revealed that Scotchbond had the most widely spread values with a range from 12.20 to 89.10µm while OptiBond AIO had the narrowest range (0 to 22.50). The bond strength of Scotchbond Multipurpose was significantly higher (7.4744±1.88763) (p<0.001) as compared to Futurabond NR (3.8070±1.61345), Adhe SE (4.4478 ± 1.3820) and OptiBond-all-in-one (4.4856±1.07925). CONCLUSION: The three-step bonding system showed better results as compared to simplified studied bonding systems.

Co-relation of body mass index, dental caries and periodontal status with fluorosis in different high fluoridated areas of Haryana state, India.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The aim of the present study is to compare the effect of corticotomy versus prostaglandin E1 injection in human subjects on rate of tooth movement, anchorage loss and their effect on crest bone height and root length. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Clinical interventional study. Split mouth design was used. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study was done on 32 regular orthodontic patients. A volume of 100 mcg of prostaglandin E1 was injected on the right side once in 2 weeks and on the left side corticotomy was performed, and canine retraction was started on both sides simultaneously. The rate of space closure and anchorage loss was assessed with casts. The root length and crestal bone height changes were assed with IOPAs. The comparison of rate of tooth movement, anchorage loss, crestal bone height and root length changes between the sides were statistically analyzed using paired t-test. RESULTS: The average rate of space closure on right side was 0.36 mm/week with a standard deviation of 0.05 mm/week and on the left side average rate of space closure was 0.40 mm/week with a standard deviation of 0.04 mm/week. The difference between the rate of closure between the right side and left where found to be statistically significant (P=0.003). The anchorage loss, the crestal bone height changes and root length changes were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The rate of tooth movement was significantly more with corticotomies when compared with given dose of prostaglandin injection.