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1.
Nat Immunol ; 21(8): 914-926, 2020 08.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32424363

RESUMEN

Adoptive cell therapies using genetically engineered T cell receptor or chimeric antigen receptor T cells are emerging forms of immunotherapy that redirect T cells to specifically target cancer. However, tumor antigen heterogeneity remains a key challenge limiting their efficacy against solid cancers. Here, we engineered T cells to secrete the dendritic cell (DC) growth factor Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L). Flt3L-secreting T cells expanded intratumoral conventional type 1 DCs and substantially increased host DC and T cell activation when combined with immune agonists poly (I:C) and anti-4-1BB. Importantly, combination therapy led to enhanced inhibition of tumor growth and the induction of epitope spreading towards antigens beyond those recognized by adoptively transferred T cells in solid tumor models of T cell receptor and chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy. Our data suggest that augmenting endogenous DCs is a promising strategy to overcome the clinical problem of antigen-negative tumor escape following adoptive cell therapy.


Asunto(s)
Células Dendríticas/inmunología , Inmunoterapia Adoptiva , Proteínas de la Membrana/inmunología , Neoplasias Experimentales/inmunología , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Animales , Antígenos de Neoplasias/inmunología , Humanos , Factores Inmunológicos , Activación de Linfocitos/inmunología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Transgénicos , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/inmunología , Receptores Quiméricos de Antígenos/inmunología
2.
Nature ; 629(8010): 201-210, 2024 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38600376

RESUMEN

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has transformed the treatment of haematological malignancies such as acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, B cell lymphoma and multiple myeloma1-4, but the efficacy of CAR T cell therapy in solid tumours has been limited5. This is owing to a number of factors, including the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment that gives rise to poorly persisting and metabolically dysfunctional T cells. Analysis of anti-CD19 CAR T cells used clinically has shown that positive treatment outcomes are associated with a more 'stem-like' phenotype and increased mitochondrial mass6-8. We therefore sought to identify transcription factors that could enhance CAR T cell fitness and efficacy against solid tumours. Here we show that overexpression of FOXO1 promotes a stem-like phenotype in CAR T cells derived from either healthy human donors or patients, which correlates with improved mitochondrial fitness, persistence and therapeutic efficacy in vivo. This work thus reveals an engineering approach to genetically enforce a favourable metabolic phenotype that has high translational potential to improve the efficacy of CAR T cells against solid tumours.


Asunto(s)
Proteína Forkhead Box O1 , Inmunoterapia Adoptiva , Neoplasias , Receptores Quiméricos de Antígenos , Células Madre , Linfocitos T , Humanos , Ratones , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proteína Forkhead Box O1/metabolismo , Proteína Forkhead Box O1/genética , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Fenotipo , Receptores Quiméricos de Antígenos/inmunología , Receptores Quiméricos de Antígenos/metabolismo , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Linfocitos T/citología , Microambiente Tumoral/inmunología , Células Madre/citología , Células Madre/inmunología , Células Madre/metabolismo , Neoplasias/inmunología , Neoplasias/patología , Neoplasias/terapia
3.
J Immunol ; 204(8): 2308-2315, 2020 04 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32152070

RESUMEN

CRISPR/Cas9 technologies have revolutionized our understanding of gene function in complex biological settings, including T cell immunology. Current CRISPR-mediated gene editing strategies in T cells require in vitro stimulation or culture that can both preclude the study of unmanipulated naive T cells and alter subsequent differentiation. In this study, we demonstrate highly efficient gene editing within uncultured primary naive murine CD8+ T cells by electroporation of recombinant Cas9/sgRNA ribonucleoprotein immediately prior to in vivo adoptive transfer. Using this approach, we generated single and double gene knockout cells within multiple mouse infection models. Strikingly, gene deletion occurred even when the transferred cells were left in a naive state, suggesting that gene deletion occurs independent of T cell activation. Finally, we demonstrate that targeted mutations can be introduced into naive CD8+ T cells using CRISPR-based homology-directed repair. This protocol thus expands CRISPR-based gene editing approaches beyond models of robust T cell activation to encompass both naive T cell homeostasis and models of weak activation, such as tolerance and tumor models.


Asunto(s)
Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas/genética , Repeticiones Palindrómicas Cortas Agrupadas y Regularmente Espaciadas/genética , Edición Génica , Animales , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas/inmunología , Repeticiones Palindrómicas Cortas Agrupadas y Regularmente Espaciadas/inmunología , Electroporación , Femenino , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/inmunología
4.
Mol Ther ; 28(11): 2379-2393, 2020 11 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32735774

RESUMEN

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has been highly successful in hematological malignancies leading to their US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. However, the efficacy of CAR T cells in solid tumors is limited by tumor-induced immunosuppression, leading to the development of combination approaches, such as adjuvant programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) blockade. Current FDA-approved methods for generating CAR T cells utilize either anti-CD3 and interleukin (IL)-2 or anti-CD3/CD28 beads, which can generate a T cell product with an effector/exhausted phenotype. Whereas different cytokine preconditioning milieu, such as IL-7/IL-15, have been shown to promote T cell engraftment, the impact of this approach on CAR T cell responses to adjuvant immune-checkpoint blockade has not been assessed. In the current study, we reveal that the preconditioning of CAR T cells with IL-7/IL-15 increased CAR T cell responses to anti-PD-1 adjuvant therapy. This was associated with the emergence of an intratumoral CD8+CD62L+TCF7+IRF4- population that was highly responsive to anti-PD-1 therapy and mediated the vast majority of transcriptional and epigenetic changes in vivo following PD-1 blockade. Our data indicate that preservation of CAR T cells in a TCF7+ phenotype is crucial for their responsiveness to adjuvant immunotherapy approaches and should be a key consideration when designing clinical protocols.


Asunto(s)
Inhibidores de Puntos de Control Inmunológico/uso terapéutico , Inmunoterapia Adoptiva , Interleucina-15/administración & dosificación , Neoplasias/terapia , Biomarcadores de Tumor , Terapia Combinada , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Proteínas de Punto de Control Inmunitario/metabolismo , Inmunoterapia Adoptiva/métodos , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor/efectos de los fármacos , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor/inmunología , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor/metabolismo , Neoplasias/etiología , Resultado del Tratamiento
6.
Cell Rep ; 42(8): 113014, 2023 08 29.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37605534

RESUMEN

CXCL9 expression is a strong predictor of response to immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Accordingly, we sought to develop therapeutic strategies to enhance the expression of CXCL9 and augment antitumor immunity. To perform whole-genome CRISPR-Cas9 screening for regulators of CXCL9 expression, a CXCL9-GFP reporter line is generated using a CRISPR knockin strategy. This approach finds that IRF1 limits CXCL9 expression in both tumor cells and primary myeloid cells through induction of SOCS1, which subsequently limits STAT1 signaling. Thus, we identify a subset of STAT1-dependent genes that do not require IRF1 for their transcription, including CXCL9. Targeting of either IRF1 or SOCS1 potently enhances CXCL9 expression by intratumoral macrophages, which is further enhanced in the context of immune checkpoint blockade therapy. We hence show a non-canonical role for IRF1 in limiting the expression of a subset of STAT1-dependent genes through induction of SOCS1.


Asunto(s)
Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Inhibidores de Puntos de Control Inmunológico , Retroalimentación , Proteínas Supresoras de la Señalización de Citocinas/genética , Transducción de Señal
7.
Nat Commun ; 14(1): 6990, 2023 11 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37914685

RESUMEN

There is significant clinical interest in targeting adenosine-mediated immunosuppression, with several small molecule inhibitors having been developed for targeting the A2AR receptor. Understanding of the mechanism by which A2AR is regulated has been hindered by difficulty in identifying the cell types that express A2AR due to a lack of robust antibodies for these receptors. To overcome this limitation, here an A2AR eGFP reporter mouse is developed, enabling the expression of A2AR during ongoing anti-tumor immune responses to be assessed. This reveals that A2AR is highly expressed on all tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte subsets including Natural Killer (NK) cells, NKT cells, γδ T cells, conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and on a MHCIIhiCD86hi subset of type 2 conventional dendritic cells. In response to PD-L1 blockade, the emergence of PD-1+A2AR- cells correlates with successful therapeutic responses, whilst IL-18 is identified as a cytokine that potently upregulates A2AR and synergizes with A2AR deficiency to improve anti-tumor immunity. These studies provide insight into the biology of A2AR in the context of anti-tumor immunity and reveals potential combination immunotherapy approaches.


Asunto(s)
Neoplasias , Animales , Ratones , Citocinas/metabolismo , Inmunidad , Inmunoterapia , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral
8.
Nat Commun ; 12(1): 3236, 2021 05 28.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34050151

RESUMEN

Adenosine is an immunosuppressive factor that limits anti-tumor immunity through the suppression of multiple immune subsets including T cells via activation of the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR). Using both murine and human chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, here we show that targeting A2AR with a clinically relevant CRISPR/Cas9 strategy significantly enhances their in vivo efficacy, leading to improved survival of mice. Effects evoked by CRISPR/Cas9 mediated gene deletion of A2AR are superior to shRNA mediated knockdown or pharmacological blockade of A2AR. Mechanistically, human A2AR-edited CAR T cells are significantly resistant to adenosine-mediated transcriptional changes, resulting in enhanced production of cytokines including IFNγ and TNF, and increased expression of JAK-STAT signaling pathway associated genes. A2AR deficient CAR T cells are well tolerated and do not induce overt pathologies in mice, supporting the use of CRISPR/Cas9 to target A2AR for the improvement of CAR T cell function in the clinic.


Asunto(s)
Inmunoterapia Adoptiva/métodos , Neoplasias/terapia , Receptor de Adenosina A2A/genética , Linfocitos T/trasplante , Adenosina/metabolismo , Antagonistas del Receptor de Adenosina A2/farmacología , Animales , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas/genética , Ingeniería Celular/métodos , Línea Celular Tumoral/trasplante , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Edición Génica , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica/inmunología , Técnicas de Silenciamiento del Gen , Técnicas de Inactivación de Genes , Humanos , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor/inmunología , Ratones , Ratones Transgénicos , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/inmunología , ARN Interferente Pequeño/metabolismo , RNA-Seq , Receptor de Adenosina A2A/metabolismo , Receptor ErbB-2/genética , Receptores Quiméricos de Antígenos/inmunología , Receptores Quiméricos de Antígenos/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Transducción de Señal/genética , Transducción de Señal/inmunología , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Escape del Tumor/efectos de los fármacos , Escape del Tumor/genética
9.
Nat Commun ; 12(1): 4746, 2021 08 06.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34362900

RESUMEN

The function of MR1-restricted mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in tumor immunity is unclear. Here we show that MAIT cell-deficient mice have enhanced NK cell-dependent control of metastatic B16F10 tumor growth relative to control mice. Analyses of this interplay in human tumor samples reveal that high expression of a MAIT cell gene signature negatively impacts the prognostic significance of NK cells. Paradoxically, pre-pulsing tumors with MAIT cell antigens, or activating MAIT cells in vivo, enhances anti-tumor immunity in B16F10 and E0771 mouse tumor models, including in the context of established metastasis. These effects are associated with enhanced NK cell responses and increased expression of both IFN-γ-dependent and inflammatory genes in NK cells. Importantly, activated human MAIT cells also promote the function of NK cells isolated from patient tumor samples. Our results thus describe an activation-dependent, MAIT cell-mediated regulation of NK cells, and suggest a potential therapeutic avenue for cancer treatment.


Asunto(s)
Inmunidad Celular , Células Asesinas Naturales/inmunología , Células T Invariantes Asociadas a Mucosa/inmunología , Neoplasias/inmunología , Animales , Antineoplásicos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Citocinas , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad Clase I/genética , Humanos , Inmunidad , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad Menor/genética , Metástasis de la Neoplasia , Neoplasias/patología
10.
Clin Cancer Res ; 26(2): 487-504, 2020 01 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31636098

RESUMEN

PURPOSE: Response rates to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB; anti-PD-1/anti-CTLA-4) correlate with the extent of tumor immune infiltrate, but the mechanisms underlying the recruitment of T cells following therapy are poorly characterized. A greater understanding of these processes may see the development of therapeutic interventions that enhance T-cell recruitment and, consequently, improved patient outcomes. We therefore investigated the chemokines essential for immune cell recruitment and subsequent therapeutic efficacy of these immunotherapies. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The chemokines upregulated by dual PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade were assessed using NanoString-based analysis with results confirmed at the protein level by flow cytometry and cytometric bead array. Blocking/neutralizing antibodies confirmed the requirement for key chemokines/cytokines and immune effector cells. Results were confirmed in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors using single-cell RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and paired survival analyses. RESULTS: The CXCR3 ligands, CXCL9 and CXCL10, were significantly upregulated following dual PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade and both CD8+ T-cell infiltration and therapeutic efficacy were CXCR3 dependent. In both murine models and patients undergoing immunotherapy, macrophages were the predominant source of CXCL9 and their depletion abrogated CD8+ T-cell infiltration and the therapeutic efficacy of dual ICB. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis of patient tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) revealed that CXCL9/10/11 was predominantly expressed by macrophages following ICB and we identified a distinct macrophage signature that was associated with positive responses to ICB. CONCLUSIONS: These data underline the fundamental importance of macrophage-derived CXCR3 ligands for the therapeutic efficacy of ICB and highlight the potential of manipulating this axis to enhance patient responses.


Asunto(s)
Antígeno CTLA-4/antagonistas & inhibidores , Quimiocina CXCL10/metabolismo , Quimiocina CXCL9/metabolismo , Inmunoterapia/métodos , Macrófagos/inmunología , Neoplasias/inmunología , Receptor de Muerte Celular Programada 1/antagonistas & inhibidores , Animales , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/efectos de los fármacos , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/patología , Receptores CXCR3/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral
12.
Genome Biol Evol ; 8(9): 3006-3010, 2016 10 05.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27604881

RESUMEN

The molecular clock is a valuable and widely used tool for estimating evolutionary rates and timescales in biological research. There has been considerable progress in the theory and practice of molecular clocks over the past five decades. Although the idea of a molecular clock was originally put forward in the context of protein evolution and advanced using various biochemical techniques, it is now primarily applied to analyses of DNA sequences. An interesting but very underappreciated aspect of molecular clocks is that they can be based on genetic data other than DNA or protein sequences. For example, evolutionary timescales can be estimated using microsatellites, protein folds, and even the extent of recombination. These genome features hold great potential for molecular dating, particularly in cases where nucleotide sequences might be uninformative or unreliable. Here we present an outline of the different genetic data types that have been used for molecular dating, and we describe the features that good molecular clocks should possess. We hope that our article inspires further work on the genome as an evolutionary timepiece.


Asunto(s)
Relojes Biológicos/genética , Evolución Molecular , Genoma , Animales , Humanos
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