Rydberg State Single-Mode Polariton Lasing with Ultralow Threshold via Symmetry Engineering.

Symmetry plays an essential role in the fundamental properties of a physical system. In this work, we report on the realization of tunable single-mode polariton lasing from highly excited Rydberg states via symmetry engineering. By breaking the symmetry of the polaritonic wave function through potential wells and controlling the spatial overlap between the gain region and the eigen mode, we are able to generate single-mode polariton lasing, reversibly and dynamically, from quantized polariton states. Increasing the asymmetry of the potential well, single-mode lasing can be achieved even for the highly excited Rydberg state with a principle quantum number of N = 14. Moreover, as a result of the excellent reservoir-eigen mode overlap and efficient spatial confinement, the threshold of lasing can be reduced up to 6 orders of magnitude, compared with those conventional pumping schemes. Our results present a new strategy toward the realization of thresholdless polariton lasing with dynamical tunability.

Relaxation Oscillations of an Exciton-Polariton Condensate Driven by Parametric Scattering.

We report the observation of coherent oscillations in the relaxation dynamics of an exciton-polariton condensate that were driven by parametric scattering processes. As a result of the interbranch scattering scheme and the nonlinear polariton-polariton interactions, such parametric scatterings exhibit a high scattering efficiency that leads to the fast depletion of the polariton condensate and the periodic shut-off of the bosonic stimulation processes, eventually causing relaxation oscillations. Employing polariton-reservoir interactions, the oscillation dynamics in the time domain can be projected onto the energy space. In theory, our simulations using the open-dissipative Gross-Pitaevskii equation are in excellent agreement with experimental observations. Surprisingly, the oscillation patterns, including many excitation pulses, are clearly visible in our time-integrated images, implying the high stability of the relaxation oscillations driven by polariton parametric scatterings.

[Genetic analysis of a child with Meier-Gorlin syndrome due to a variant of ORC6 gene].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the genetic characteristics of a child with Meier-Gorlin syndrome (MGS) due to a homozygous variant of the ORC6 gene. METHODS: A child who was admitted to the Children's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University on March 25, 2019 due to growth retardation was selected as the study subject. Clinical data of the child was collected. Whole exome sequencing was carried out for the child. Candidate variant was validated by Sanger sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. RESULTS: The child, a 8-year-and-3-month-old male, has featured short stature, small ears, bilateral cryptorchidism and patellar dysplasia. His parents were of first cousins. The child was found to harbor a homozygous c.712A>T (p.K238*) missense variant of the ORC6 gene, which may lead to premature termination of protein translation. Sanger sequencing confirmed that both of his parents were heterozygous carriers. Based on the guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, the variant was classified as pathogenic (PVS1_Moderate+PM2_Supporting+PM3+PP3+PP4). CONCLUSION: The homozygous c.712A>T (p.K238*) variant probably underlay the MGS in this child.

[Clinical characteristics and genetic analysis of four patients with central hypothyroidism due to IGSF1 gene variants].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical manifestations and genetic characteristics of patients with congenital central hypothyroidism due to variants of IGSF1 gene. METHODS: Clinical data, results of genetic testing, and follow-up of four patients admitted to Children's Hospital of Soochow University during 2017 to 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: All of the four patients were males. Patient 1 had presented neonatal jaundice, patients 2 and 3 were admitted for growth retardation during childhood, and thyroid function test indicated slightly low free thyroxine (FT4), patient 4 was found to have reduced FT4 in the neonatal period. Genetic testing revealed that all of the four patients have harbored pathogenic variants of the IGSF1 gene, which were all inherited from their mothers. The thyroid functions in all patients were well controlled with oral levothyroxine and regular follow-up. CONCLUSION: Pathogenic variants of the IGSF1 gene probably underlay the congenital central hypothyroidism with a variety of clinical manifestations, and genetic testing can facilitate the diagnosis at an early stage.

Polyethylene glycol recombinant human growth hormone in Chinese prepubertal slow-growing short children: doses reported in a multicenter real-world study.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the effectiveness of individualized-dose polyethylene glycol recombinant human growth hormone (PEG-rhGH) for short stature. METHODS: This real-world study enrolled children with short stature in 19 hospitals throughout China. They were treated with PEG-rhGH for 6 months. The starting dosage ranged from 0.10 to 0.20 mg/kg/week. The primary outcome was the change in height standard deviation score (ΔHt SDS). RESULTS: Five hundred and ten patients were included and grouped based on dosage as A (0.10-0.14 mg/kg/week), B (0.15-0.16 mg/kg/week), C (0.17-0.19 mg/kg/week), and D (0.20 mg/kg/week). The mean 6-month ΔHt SDS for the total cohort was 0.49 ± 0.27, and the means differed among the four dose groups (P = 0.002). The ΔHt SDS was lower in group A than in groups B (LSM difference [95%CI], -0.09 [-0.17, -0.01]), C (LSM difference [95%CI], -0.10 [-0.18, -0.02]), and D (LSM difference [95%CI], -0.13 [-0.21, -0.05]) after adjusting baseline covariates. There were no significant differences among groups B, C, and D. When the baseline IGF-1 was < -2 SDS or > 0 SDS, the △Ht SDS was not different among the four groups (P = 0.931 and P = 0.400). In children with baseline IGF-1 SDS of -2 ~ 0 SDS, a higher dosage was associated with a better treatment effect (P = 0.003), and the △Ht SDS was lower in older children than in younger ones (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: PEG-rhGH could effectively increase height in prepubertal short children. When the baseline IGF-1 was < -2 SDS, 0.10 mg/kg/week could be a starting dose. In other IGF-1 statuses, 0.15-0.20 mg/kg/week might be preferred. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03249480 , retrospectively registered.

[Clinical and genetic analysis of five Chinese pedigrees affected with short stature due to variants of ACAN gene].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical and genetic characteristics of five Chinese pedigrees affected with short stature. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was carried out for the clinical data and results of genetic testing for the probands. A literature search was also conducted. RESULTS: The five probands have all featured short stature with a family history. Genetic testing has revealed that they have harbored variants of the ACAN gene, including p.Val2042Argfs*6, p.Val1597del, c.630-1G>A, c.23delT and c.2026+1G>A(previously reported). CONCLUSION: Except for short stature, children harboring heterozygous variants of the ACAN gene may have no involvement of other systems. Some of these children may response to short-term growth hormone treatment.

Proteinuria as a presenting sign of combined methylmalonic acidemia and homocysteinemia: case report.

BACKGROUND: Disorders of the metabolism and absorption of vitamin B12 can lead to decrease in activity of methionine synthetase and methylmalonate coenzyme A mutase (MMUT), which results in increased levels of methylmalonic acid and homocysteine in blood and urine. Often, combined methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) and homocysteinemia is misdiagnosed due to a lack of specific symptoms. The clinical manifestations are diverse, but proteinuria as the initial presentation is rare. CASE PRESENTATION: Two cases of MMA with homocysteinemia in children are reported. Proteinuria were a primary presenting symptom, followed by anemia and neurologic symptoms (frequent convulsions and unstable walking, respectively). Screening of amino acids and acyl carnitine in serum showed that the propionyl carnitine:acetylcarnitine ratio increased. Profiling of urinary organic acids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed high levels of methylmalonic acid. Homocysteine content in blood was increased. Comprehensive genetic analyses of peripheral blood-derived DNA demonstrated heterozygous variants of methylmalonic aciduria type C and homocystinuria (MMACHC) and amnionless (AMN) genes in our two patients, respectively. After active treatment, the clinical manifestations in Case 1 were relieved and urinary protein ceased to be observed; Case 2 had persistent proteinuria and was lost to follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Analyses of the organic acids in blood and urine suggested MMA combined with homocysteinemia. In such diseases, reports of renal damage are uncommon and proteinuria as the initial presentation is rare. Molecular analysis indicated two different genetic causes. Although the pathologic mechanisms were related to vitamin B12, the severity and prognosis of renal lesions were different. Therefore, gene detection provides new insights into inherited metabolic diseases.

New insights into 5α-reductase type 2 deficiency based on a multi-centre study: regional distribution and genotype-phenotype profiling of SRD5A2 in 190 Chinese patients.

BACKGROUND: The 5α-reductase type 2 (5α-RD2) deficiency caused by mutations in the steroid 5α-reductase 2 (SRD5A2) gene results in variable degrees of undervirilisation in patients with 46,XY disorders of sex development. This study aims to profile the regional distribution and phenotype-genotype characteristics of SRD5A2 in a large Chinese 5α-RD2 deficiency cohort through multi-centre analysis. METHODS: 190 subjects diagnosed with 5α-RD2 deficiency were consecutively enrolled from eight medical centres in China. Their clinical manifestations and genetic variants were analysed. RESULTS: Hypospadias (isolated or combined with microphallus and/or cryptorchidism) was fairly common in the enrolled subjects (66.32%). 42 variants, including 13 novel variants, were identified in SRD5A2. Homozygous and compound heterozygous mutations presented in 38.42% and 61.58% of subjects, respectively, and predominated in exons 1, 4 and 5. The most prevalent variant was c.680G > A (52.37%), followed by c.16C > T, (10.79%), c.607G > A, (9.21%) and c.737G > A, (8.95%). However, their distributions were different: c.680G > A was more common in South China than in North China (62.62% vs 39.16%, p < 0.001), whereas the regional prevalence of c.16C > T was reversed (6.07% vs 16.87%, p = 0.001). Furthermore, c.680G > A prevailed in cases with normal meatus (68.75%) or distal hypospadias (66.28%), compared with those with proximal hypospadias (35.54%, p < 0.001). However, cases with proximal hypospadias showed a higher frequency of c.16C > T (20.48%) than those with normal meatus (3.13%) or distal hypospadias (3.49%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study profiled variable phenotypic presentation and wide mutational spectrum of SRD5A2, revealing its distinctive regional distribution in Chinese patients and further shaping the founder effect and genotype-phenotype correlation of SRD5A2.

Final adult height of children with idiopathic short stature: a multicenter study on GH therapy alone started during peri-puberty.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the efficacy of GH in improving FAH in ISS children in a multicenter study. METHODS: A real-world observation was carried out. Children with ISS in seven hospitals in China were enrolled. The height gains standard deviation score and the height gain over the target height were evaluated. RESULTS: There were 344 ISS patients (217 boys and 127 girls). The baseline average age of boys and girls was 12.7 and 11.7 years, with bone age of 11.7 and 10.1 years, respectively. The baseline height SDS of boys and girls was - 3.07 and - 2.74, and the FAH SDS was - 1.91 and - 1.38, respectively. Compared with the baseline height SDS, the FAH SDS was significantly increased in both boys and girls (both P = 0.0000). The FAH SDS was the highest (gain by 1.54 SD) in the ≥2y treatment course group. Two hundred eighteen patients (218/344, 63.4%) had a FAH SDS > - 2 SD. Among these patients, girls in the 1-2y treatment course group and ≥ 2y group had a FAH SDS higher than TH SDS. Even in the control group, a spontaneous catch-up growth of 1.16 SD was observed. A multivariate linear regression model was used to analyze the results, with FAH SDS as the dependent variable. It was found that the treatment course and baseline height SDS in the boys' model were statistically significant (P < 0.05), whereas the baseline height SDS and baseline bone age significantly affected the girls' FAH SDS (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Both girls and boys of ISS improved FAH by GH therapy even if treatments begin over 10 years old and majority of them reached TH. Some peri-puberty ISS will have a spontaneous height gain. We recommend the course of GH treatment more than 2 years for girls, and longer courses for boys.

[Genetic analysis of three children with disorders of sex development caused by structural rearrangements of Y chromosome].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the genetic basis of three children with disorders of sex development (DSD) in association with rare Y chromosome rearrangements. METHODS: The three children, who all featured short stature and DSD, were subjected to G banding chromosomal karyotyping, multiplex PCR for Y chromosomal microdeletion, sequencing of the whole SRY gene, SNP-array analysis for genomic copy number variations, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). RESULTS: The combined analysis revealed chromosomal abnormalities in all of the three children, including 46,X,t(X;Y)(p22.3;q11.2) in case 1, mos 45,X,der(7)pus dic(Y:7)(p11.3p22)del(7)(p21.2p21.3) del(7)(p12.3p14.3) [56]/45,X [44] in case 2, and mos 45,X [50]/46,X,idic(Y)(q11.22) [42]/47,X,idem×2 [4]/47,XYY [2] in case 3. CONCLUSION: Combined use of genetic techniques can delineate complex rearrangements involving Y chromosome in patients featuring short stature and DSD. Above findings have enabled molecular diagnosis and genetic counseling for the patients.

Circulating Spexin Decreased and Negatively Correlated with Systemic Insulin Sensitivity and Pancreatic ß Cell Function in Obese Children.

OBJECTIVES: Spexin (SPX) is a novel peptide that has recently emerged as an important regulatory adipokine of obesity and related metabolic disease. Little is known about its role in children. The aim of the current study was to determine the potential role of SPX in obese children and explore its relationships with obesity-related markers, insulin sensitivity and pancreatic ß cell function. METHOD: We studied the levels of serum SPX in 40 obese and 32 normal weight pre-puberty children (mean age was 8.59 ± 1.82 and 8.15 ± 2.03 years in obesity and control groups respectively). We investigated the levels of body mass index, blood pressure, lipids, glucose, insulin, Homeostasis model assessment for insulin-resistant (HOMA-IR, HOMA for ß-cell function [HOMA-ß]), insulinogenic index and C-peptide index and analyzed their correlations with SPX levels. RESULTS: SPX levels were significantly decreased in obese children compared to controls. Moreover, serum SPX levels were lower in IR obese subjects in contrast with the non-IR obese subjects. Serum SPX concentrations correlated negatively and significantly with triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting insulin level, HOMA-IR, insulinogenic index, and HOMA-ß levels in obese children. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, serum SPX levels significantly decreased in obese children and negatively correlated with insulin resistance and pancreatic ß cell function indicators. Therefore, SPX may play a protective role in the process of glucose homeostasis and is closely related to ß cell function in obese children.

[Advance in clinical research on Antley-Bixler syndrome].

Antley-Bixler syndrome (ABS) is a rare childhood disorder affecting skeletal development. Some patients may also have genital anomalies and impaired steroidogenesis. Diagnostic criteria for ABS has not been fully established, though craniosynostosis, midface hypoplasia and elbow synostosis are minimum requirements. The etiology of ABS is complex, which included autosomal dominant form caused by FGFR2 gene mutations, autosomal recessive form caused by POR gene mutations, and high oral dose of fluconazole during pregnancy. Patients may die from dyspnea due to upper respiratory tract obstruction. This review summarizes research progress on the clinical features, etiology, differential diagnosis, treatment and prevention of ABS.

[Research progress of anti-drug resistance in traditional Chinese medicine].

Bacterial drug resistance has been always the focus of the world. With the abuse of antibiotics and the emerging of "Superbug" in the world, the harm of drug resistance to human beings is more and more serious, with an uncontrollable trend. Today, with the relative lack of antibiotics, people pay more attention to Chinese herbal medicines with a wide range of sources, high security, less toxic side effects and mysterious anti-drug resistance mechanism, hoping to find new ways or new ideas to solve the problem of drug resistance. In recent years, the screening, extracting and isolating of effective drug resistance inhibitors from natural plants and traditional Chinese Medicine, as well as the investigation in mechanism of anti-drug resistance, have become a hot research in the field of medicine. In this paper, we would analyze and summarize the action mechanism of bacterial drug resistance, characteristics and advantages of anti-drug resistance of traditional Chinese medicine, as well as the herbal ingredients with anti-drug resistance effect, hoping to provide certain theoretical basis and research ideas for solving the problem of bacterial drug resistance and developing new green Chinese antibiotics.

[Impact of neonatal exposure to different doses of bisphenol A on puberty in female rats].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of neonatal exposure to different doses of bisphenol A (BPA) on the vaginal opening day (VOD), hypothalamic Kiss-1 mRNA expression, and ovarian estrogen receptor (ER) mRNA expression in female rats. METHODS: Neonatal female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into six groups: blank control, vehicle, 17ß-estradiol (17ß-estradiol, E2, 10 µg/d), low-dose BPA [25 µg(kg·d)], medium-dose BPA [50 µg(kg·d)], and high-dose BPA groups [250 µg(kg·d)]. The rats were subcutaneously injected with respective agents on postnatal days 0-6. The VOD was recorded, and each rat was sacrificed on the same day. The hypothalamus and ovary were taken and weighed, and the organ coefficients of hypothalamus and ovary were calculated. The hypothalamic Kiss-1 mRNA expression and ovarian ERα and ERß mRNA expression were measured by real-time PCR. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the E2 and medium- and high-dose BPA groups had advanced VOD, and the E2 group had significantly reduced hypothalamic Kiss-1 mRNA expression and ovarian ERß mRNA expression (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Neonatal exposure to medium- and high-dose BPA[50 and 250 µg/(kg·d)] can induce precocious puberty in rats, but it may not result from the change in hypothalamic Kiss-1 mRNA expression. Neonatal exposure to low-dose BPA [25 µg/(kg·d)] does not induce precocious puberty in rats.

[Effects of gonadotropin releasing hormone analog and growth hormone on height in girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa), by itself alone or in combination with recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH), on height in young girls (bone age≥10 years) with idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP). METHODS: Eighty girls with ICPP (9.0±0.7 years old) from six medical centers across Southeast and Southwest China participated in this study. They were allocated to treatment with GnRHa+rhGH (n=31) and GnRHa (n=49) respectively. Girls in the GnRHa+rhGH group (bone age 11.18 ±0.53 years) were treated with GnRHa for 25.29±6.92 months and rhGH for 12.87±7.02 months. Girls in the GnRHa group (bone age 11.03 ±0.50 years) were treated with GnRHa for 25.96±8.95 months. The height standard deviation for bone age (HtSDS-BA), predicted adult height, near-adult height and net height increase before and after treatment were recorded for girls in both groups. RESULTS: HtSDS-BA was significantly improved after treatment for both groups (P<0.01) and the HtSDS-BA value was superior in the GnRHa+rhGH group over the GnRHa group (P<0.01). Values in near adult height (157±6 cm vs 157±4 cm), net height increase after treatment (4.68 cm vs 3.89 cm), and predicted adult height after drug withdrawal (161±5 cm vs 158±5 cm) were higher in the GnRHa+rhGH group than the GnRHa group, but the differences were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Both GnRHa plus rhGH and GnRHa alone can improve the near adult height in girls with ICPP with a bone age ≥10 years to a similar extent. Adult height predicted based on bone age in ICPP girls following drug withdrawal is usually overestimated and precautions should be taken when this parameter is used.

Low-threshold cavity-enhanced superfluorescence in polyhedral quantum dot superparticles.

Due to the unique and excellent optical performance and promising prospect for various photonics applications, cavity-enhanced superfluorescence (CESF) in perovskite quantum dot assembled superstructures has garnered wide attention. However, the stringent requirements and high threshold for achieving CESF limit its further development and application. The high threshold of CESF in quantum dot superstructures is mainly attributed to the low radiation recombination rate of the quantum dot and the unsatisfactory light field limiting the ability of the assembled superstructures originating from low controllability of self-assembly. Herein, we propose a strategy to reduce the threshold of CESF in quantum dot superstructure microcavities from two aspects: facet engineering optimization of quantum dot blocks and controllability improvement of the assembly method. We introduce dodecahedral quantum dots with lower nonradiative recombination, substituting frequently used cubic quantum dots as assembly blocks. Besides, we adopt the micro-emulsion droplet assembly method to obtain spherical perovskite quantum dot superparticles with high packing factors and orderly internal arrangements, which are more controllable and efficient than the conventional solvent-drying methods. Based on the dodecahedral quantum dot superparticles, we realized low-threshold CESF (Pth = 15.6 µJ cm-2). Our work provides a practical and scalable avenue for realizing low threshold CESF in quantum dot assembled superstructure systems.

Puerarin inhibits inflammation and oxidative stress in female BALB/c mouse models of Graves' disease.

Background: Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune thyroid disorder. Our previous study has demonstrated a significant decrease in flavone levels among children with GD compared to the control group. Puerarin, a well-known flavonoid with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. We wanted to investigate its potential impact on GD pathogenesis, aiming to determine whether increasing puerarin intake could prevent or delay the onset of GD. Methods: Adenovirus with TSHR-289 subunit was used to establish a GD mice model, and mice were intragastrically administered with puerarin or sterilized water daily. Thyroid function and inflammatory cytokine levels were quantified using ELISA, lymphocyte subsets were analyzed via flow cytometry, oxidative stress (OS) markers were measured with a microplate reader, and the expression of pertinent signaling pathway proteins were assessed by Western blot. Results: The results demonstrated that puerarin treatment significantly decreased thyroxin levels and alleviated thyroid pathological changes in GD mice. Furthermore, the immune imbalance of GD mice was improved, as evidenced by reduced inflammatory indexes, elevated antioxidant levels, and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels compared to untreated GD mice. Puerarin-treated GD mice exhibited significantly lower expressions of heat shock protein (HSP): HSP70, HSP90, phosphorylated extracellular regulated kinases (p-ERK) and phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-AKT) than untreated GD mice. Moreover, low dosage puerarin (400 mg/kg) was associated with a better protective effect than high dosage (1,200 mg/kg). Conclusions: Puerarin may have the potential to mitigate GD by inhibiting inflammatory and OS, through downregulating the expression of HSP70 and HSP90 and suppressing the activation of the PI3K/AKT/ERK signaling pathway. Furthermore, a lower dose exhibited superior protective effects compared to a higher dose.

Observation of transition from superfluorescence to polariton condensation in CsPbBr3 quantum dots film.

The superfluorescence effect has received extensive attention due to the many-body physics of quantum correlation in dipole gas and the optical applications of ultrafast bright radiation field based on the cooperative quantum state. Here, we demonstrate not only to observe the superfluorescence effect but also to control the cooperative state of the excitons ensemble by externally applying a regulatory dimension of coupling light fields. A new quasi-particle called cooperative exciton-polariton is revealed in a light-matter hybrid structure of a perovskite quantum dot thin film spin-coated on a Distributed Bragg Reflector. Above the nonlinear threshold, polaritonic condensation occurs at a nonzero momentum state on the lower polariton branch owning to the vital role of the synchronized excitons. The phase transition from superfluorescence to polariton condensation exhibits typical signatures of a decrease of the linewidth, an increase of the macroscopic coherence as well as an accelerated radiation decay rate. These findings are promising for opening new potential applications for super-brightness and unconventional coherent light sources and could enable the exploitation of cooperative effects for quantum optics.

Stable and Ultrafast Blue Cavity-Enhanced Superfluorescence in Mixed Halide Perovskites.

Cavity-enhanced superfluorescence (CESF) in quantum dot (QD) system is an ultrafast and intense lasing generated by combination of quantum coupling effect and optically stimulated amplification effect, which can provide a new idea for realizing high quality blue light sources and address the limitation of conventional inefficient blue light sources. Modifying halide composition is a straightforward method to achieve blue emission in perovskite QD system. However, the spectral instability introduced by photoinduced halide phase segregation and low coupling efficiency between QDs and optical cavities make it challenging to achieve stable blue CESF in such halide-doped QD system. Herein, long-range-ordered, densely packed CsPbBr2 Cl QD-assembled superlattice microcavities in which the two core issues can be appropriately addressed are developed. The QD superlattice structure facilitates excitonic delocalization to decrease exciton-phonon coupling, thus alleviating photoinduced phase segregation. By combination of theoretical analysis and temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) measurements, the underlying photoinduced phase segregation mitigation mechanism in mixed halide superlattices is clarified. Based on the CsPbBr2 Cl QD superlattices with regularly geometrical structures, in which the gain medium can be strongly coupled to the naturally formed microcavity, stable and ultrafast (3 ps) blue CESF with excellent optical performance (threshold ≈33 µJ cm-2 , quality factor ≈1900) is realized.

Long-term Pegylated GH for Children With GH Deficiency: A Large, Prospective, Real-world Study.

CONTEXT: The evidence of long-term polyethylene glycol recombinant human GH (PEG-rhGH) in pediatric GH deficiency (GHD) is limited. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the effectiveness and safety of long-term PEG-rhGH in children with GHD in the real world, as well as to examine the effects of dose on patient outcomes. DESIGN: A prospective, observational, posttrial study (NCT03290235). SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTION: Children with GHD were enrolled from 81 centers in China in 4 individual clinical trials and received weekly 0.2 mg/kg/wk (high-dose) or 0.1 to <0.2 mg/kg/wk (low-dose) PEG-rhGH for 30 months. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: Height SD score (Ht SDS) at 12, 24, and 36 months. RESULTS: A total of 1170 children were enrolled in this posttrial study, with 642 patients in the high-dose subgroup and 528 in the low-dose subgroup. The Ht SDS improved significantly after treatment in the total population (P < 0.0001), with a mean change of 0.53 ± 0.30, 0.89 ± 0.48, 1.35 ± 0.63, 1.63 ± 0.75 at 6 months, 12 months, 24 months, and 36 months, respectively. In addition, the changes in Ht SDS from baseline were significantly improved in the high-dose subgroup compared with the low-dose subgroup at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months after treatment (all P < 0.05). A total of 12 (1.03%) patients developed serious adverse events. There was no serious adverse event related to the treatment, and no AEs leading to treatment discontinuation or death occurred. CONCLUSIONS: PEG-rhGH showed long-term effectiveness and safety in treating children with GHD. Both dose subgroups showed promising outcomes, whereas PEG-rhGH 0.2 mg/kg/wk might show additional benefit.