Temporal dynamic patterns of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex underlie the association between rumination and depression.

As a major contributor to the development of depression, rumination has proven linked with aberrant default-mode network (DMN) activity. However, it remains unclear how the spontaneous spatial and temporal activity of DMN underlie the association between rumination and depression. To illustrate this issue, behavioral measures and resting-state functional magnetic resonance images were connected in 2 independent samples (NSample1 = 100, NSample2 = 95). Fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) and regional homogeneity (ReHo) were used to assess spatial characteristic patterns, while voxel-wise functional concordance (across time windows) (VC) and Hurst exponent (HE) were used to assess temporal dynamic patterns of brain activity. Results from both samples consistently show that temporal dynamics but not spatial patterns of DMN are associated with rumination. Specifically, rumination is positively correlated with HE and VC (but not fALFF and ReHo) values, reflecting more consistent and regular temporal dynamic patterns in DMN. Moreover, subregion analyses indicate that temporal dynamics of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) reliably predict rumination scores. Furthermore, mediation analyses show that HE and VC of VMPFC mediate the association between rumination and depression. These findings shed light on neural mechanisms of individual differences in rumination and corresponding risk for depression.

Altered temporoparietal junction activity during reflected self-evaluation in sub-clinical depression.

Negative self-schema is a core symptom of depression. According to social psychological theories, two types of self-evaluations play important roles in forming the negative self-view: direct self-evaluation (that is, evaluating the self directly through one's first-person perspective introspection) and reflected self-evaluation (which requires theory of mind (ToM) ability, and is evaluating the self through reflecting on a third person's perspective). Although many previous studies have investigated the processing of the direct self-evaluation in depression, few have extended research on the reflected self-evaluation. In the current study, functional magnetic resonance imaging scans were acquired in 26 dysphoric (individuals with elevated number of depressive symptoms) and 28 control participants during both direct and reflected self-evaluation tasks. Two regions of interest were defined within bilateral temporoparietal junctions (TPJs) because their significant role in ToM. Results showed that the dysphoric participants evaluated themselves more negatively than the control participants, regardless of whose perspective they were taking. More importantly, the enhanced TPJs' activations were observed in the control group during the reflected self-evaluation task versus the direct self-evaluation task, whereas no such difference was observed in the dysphoric participants. The results are interpreted in the framework of impaired ToM ability in sub-clinical depression.  General Scientific Summary (GSS) Negative self-schema is one of the core symptoms of depression. This study suggests that the negative self-schema reflects not only in direct self-evaluation (i.e. evaluating the self via one's own introspection) but also in reflected self-evaluation (i.e. evaluating the self via others' perspective). Importantly, altered TPJ activity was found during a reflected self-evaluation task among individuals with depressive symptoms. These changes in brain function might be associated with impaired ToM ability in sub-clinical depression.

Functional coupling of the orbitofrontal cortex and the basolateral amygdala mediates the association between spontaneous reappraisal and emotional response.

Emotional regulation is known to be associated with activity in the amygdala. The amygdala is an emotion-generative region that comprises of structurally and functionally distinct nuclei. However, little is known about the contributions of different frontal-amygdala sub-region pathways to emotion regulation. Here, we investigated how functional couplings between frontal regions and amygdala sub-regions are involved in different spontaneous emotion regulation processes by using an individual-difference approach and a generalized psycho-physiological interaction (gPPI) approach. Specifically, 50 healthy participants reported their dispositional use of spontaneous cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression in daily life and their actual use of these two strategies during the performance of an emotional-picture watching task. Results showed that functional coupling between the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and the basolateral amygdala (BLA) was associated with higher scores of both dispositional and actual uses of reappraisal. Similarly, functional coupling between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and the centromedial amygdala (CMA) was associated with higher scores of both dispositional and actual uses of suppression. Mediation analyses indicated that functional coupling of the right OFC-BLA partially mediated the association between reappraisal and emotional response, irrespective of whether reappraisal was measured by dispositional use (indirect effect(SE)=-0.2021 (0.0811), 95%CI(BC)= [-0.3851, -0.0655]) or actual use (indirect effect(SE)=-0.1951 (0.0796), 95%CI(BC)= [-0.3654, -0.0518])). These findings suggest that spontaneous reappraisal and suppression involve distinct frontal- amygdala functional couplings, and the modulation of BLA activity from OFC may be necessary for changing emotional response during spontaneous reappraisal.

Functional Decoupling of Emotion Coping Network Subsides Automatic Emotion Regulation by Implementation Intention.

Automatic emotion regulation (AER) plays a vital role in the neuropathology underlying both suicide and self-harm via modifying emotional impact effortlessly. However, both the effortless account and the neural mechanisms of AER are undetermined. To investigate the neural changes at AER, we collected functional MRI (fMRI) in 31 participants who attended to neutral and disgust pictures in three conditions: watching, goal intention (GI), and reappraisal by implementation intention (RII). Results showed that RII (but not GI) decreased negative feelings and bilateral amygdala activity without increasing cognitive efforts, evidenced by the reduced effort rating and less prefrontal engagement during RII compared with during watching and GI. These emotion-regulatory effects of RII cannot be explained by emotional habituation, as the supplementary experiment (N = 31) showed no emotional habituation effects when the same disgust pictures were presented repeatedly three times for each watching and GI condition. Task-based network analysis showed both RII and GI relative to watching increased functional connectivities (FCs) of the ventral anterior cingulate cortex to the left insula and right precuneus during conditions, two FCs subserving goal setup. However, RII relative to GI exhibited weaker FCs in brain networks subserving effortful control, memory retrieval, aversive anticipation, and motor planning. In these FCs, the FC intensity of putamen-operculum/lingual and paracentral-superior temporal gyri positively predicted regulatory difficulty ratings. These findings suggest that the setup of implementation intention automatizes emotion regulation by reducing the online mobilization of emotion-coping neural systems.

Regulatory Role of lncRNA NONHSAT089447 in the Dopamine Signaling Pathway in Schizophrenic Patients.

BACKGROUND We previously discovered that 3 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) NONHSAT089447, NONHSAT021545, and NONHSAT041499 were differentially expressed in the peripheral blood of patients with schizophrenia, in comparison to those in normal healthy controls. In this study, we conducted bioinformatic analysis of these 3 lncRNAs and the regulatory role of lncRNA NONHSAT089447 in the dopamine signaling pathway in patients with schizophrenia. MATERIAL AND METHODS There lncRNAs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were screened using microarray analysis. Pearson's correlation analysis was performed to assess the levels of co-expressed mRNAs of respective lncRNAs. The Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) software was used to perform Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes or Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis for these lncRNAs. Human neuroblastoma cell lines (SK-N-SH) were cultured and treated with dopamine or olanzapine (OLP), or transfected with siRNA targeting NONHSAT089447 or plasmid expressing NONHSAT089447. Levels of lncRNAs were detected by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Then, mRNA and protein expression of the dopamine receptors DRD1, DRD2, DRD3, DRD4, and DRD5 were measured by RT-PCR and western blot analysis, respectively. RESULTS OLP treatment significantly inhibited the expression of NONHSAT089447. Knockdown of NONHSAT089447 by siRNA decreased DRD3 and DRD5 expression, while overexpression of NONHSAT089447 significantly upregulated expression of DRD3 and DRD5. Western blot analysis confirmed that levels of NONHSAT089447 regulated downstream DRD signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed that the lncRNA NONHSAT089447 participated in the dopamine signaling pathway via upregulation of DRDs.

Can lncRNAs be indicators for the diagnosis of early onset or acute schizophrenia and distinguish major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder?-A cross validation analysis.

Depression and anxiety are apparent symptoms in the early onset or acute phase of schizophrenia (SZ), which complicate timely diagnosis and treatment. It is imperative to seek an indicator to distinguish schizophrenia from depressive and anxiety disorders. Using lncRNA microarray profiling and RT-PCR, three up-regulated lncRNAs in SZ, six down-regulated lncRNAs in major depressive disorder (MDD), and three up-regulated lncRNAs in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) had been identified as potential biomarkers. All the lncRNAs were, then, cross-validated in 40 SZ patients, 40 MDD patients, 40 GAD patients, and 40 normal controls. Compared with controls, three up-regulated SZ lncRNAs had a significantly down-regulated expression in GAD, and no remarkable differences existed between MDD and the controls. Additionally, the six down-regulated MDD lncRNAs were expressed in an opposite fashion in SZ, and the expression of the three up-regulated GAD lncRNAs were significantly different between SZ and GAD. These results indicate that the expression patterns of the three up-regulated SZ lncRNAs could not be completely replicated in MDD and GAD, and vice versa. Thus, these three SZ lncRNAs seem to be established as potential indicators for diagnosis of schizophrenia and distinguishing it from MDD and GAD. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Correlation between the level of microRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and symptomatology in patients with generalized anxiety disorder.

This study investigated the correlation between the level of microRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and symptomatology in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). MicroRNA array was performed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from GAD patients with gender, age, ethnicity-matched healthy controls. Then real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to verify the top 7 miRNAs with the highest fold-change values in 76 GAD patients and 39 healthy controls. It demonstrated that 5 miRNAs showed significantly differences in expression levels (P<0.01). These 5 GAD-associated miRNAs were finally selected into our study to analyze the association between the plasma level of miRNAs expression and symptomatology scores in Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA). Results showed that the level of miR-4505 and miR-663 was negatively correlated with the total HAMA scores in GAD patients (r=0.2228, r=0.264 P<0.05). MiR-663 was selected into the regression equation of HAMA total scores and psychic anxiety symptomatology scores, and it could explain 5.3% of the HAMA total scores and 15.3% of the anxiety symptomatology scores. This study analyzed preliminarily possible circulating miRNAs expression changes in GAD patients, and the expression level of miR-663 highly correlated with psychic anxiety symptoms, further molecular mechanism of which needs to be explored.

Aberrant Expression of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Schizophrenia Patients.

BACKGROUND Dysfunction of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) has been demonstrated to be involved in psychiatric diseases. However, the expression patterns and functions of the regulatory lncRNAs in schizophrenia (SZ) patients have rarely been systematically reported. MATERIAL AND METHODS The lncRNAs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were screened and compared between the SZ patients and demographically-matched healthy controls using microarray analysis, and then were validated by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) method. Three verified significantly dysregulated lncRNAs of PBMCs were selected and then measured in SZ patients before and after the antipsychotic treatment. SZ symptomatology improvement was measured by Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) scores. RESULTS One hundred and twenty-five lncRNAs were significantly differentially expressed in SZ patients compared with healthy controls, of which 62 were up-regulated and 63 were down-regulated. Concurrent with the significant decrease of the PANSS scores of patients after the treatment, the PBMC levels of lncRNA NONHSAT089447 and NONHSAT041499 were strikingly decreased (P<0.05). Down-regulation of PBMC expression of NONHSAT041499 was significantly correlated to the improvement of positive and activity symptoms of patients (r=-0.444 and -0.423, respectively, P<0.05, accounting for 16.9% and 15.1%, respectively), and was also significantly associated with better outcomes (odds ratio 2.325 for positive symptom and 12.340 for activity symptom). CONCLUSIONS LncRNA NONHSAT089447 and NONHSAT041499 might be involved in the pathogenesis and development of SZ, and the PBMC level of NONHSAT041499 is significantly associated with the treatment outcomes of SZ.

Long Non-Coding RNA: Potential Diagnostic and Therapeutic Biomarker for Major Depressive Disorder.

BACKGROUND The criteria for diagnosing depression are based on behavioral observation and self-reporting of symptoms by the patients or guardians without any biological validation of the disease. This study aimed to identify long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as robust and predictive biomarkers for diagnosis and therapy response in major depressive disorder (MDD). MATERIAL AND METHODS We used human lncRNA 3.0 microarray profiling (which covers 30,586 human lncRNAs), using PBMCs from five MDD patients and five controls. Differentially expressed lncRNAs in the PBMCs of MDD patients were identified, of which 10 candidate lncRNAs were selected for real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis in a larger cohort of 138 MDD patients and 63 healthy controls. Then among the 138 MDD patients who received standard antidepressant treatment, 30 were randomly selected for lncRNAs expression retesting and symptomatology assessments after three-weeks and six-weeks of antidepressant treatment. RESULTS Six lncRNAs (TCONS_00019174, ENST00000566208, NONHSAG045500, ENST00000517573, NONHSAT034045, and NONHSAT142707) were significantly downregulated in MDD patients compared to control patients, and the area under the receiver operator curve (ROC) of these six lncRNAs cases, combined, was 0.719 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.617-0.821). There was no difference in the expression of these six lncRNAs based on gender (p>0.05) or age (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the combined expression of six lncRNAs in PBMCs may serve as a potential biomarker for diagnosis and therapy response of MDD in the clinical setting.

Psychological maladjustment of Asian and African peacekeepers in Liberia and its related factors.

This study aimed to investigate the maladjustment of Asian (Bangladeshi, Pakistani) and African (Nigerian, Namibian, Ghanaian) peacekeepers and its major influence factors. By random cluster sampling, 300 Asian peacekeepers and 271 African peacekeepers were administered the military psychological maladjustment scale (MPMS) and risk factors questionnaire. Investigation at Day 7 and Day 120 into the peacekeeping deployment period indicated that MPMS total score and factor scores of the Asian peacekeepers were significantly lower than those of the African peacekeepers (p < .01). The total score and each factor score of MPMS of the Asian peacekeepers significantly decreased (p < .01); for the African peacekeepers, only the factor score of emotional disorder of MPMS significantly decreased (p < .05). Stepwise regression analysis showed that the education duration was the influence factor for the emotional disorder factor score in the Asian peacekeepers, and the two factors were positively correlated. Age, military service duration, education duration and marital status were the major influence factors for the MPMS factors of the African peacekeepers, among which age was negatively correlated with the total score and each factor score, and military service duration, education duration and marital status were positively related. We conclude that the Asian peacekeepers are more adaptable and resilient than the African peacekeepers. Education duration was the major influence factor for Emotional Disorder in the Asian peacekeepers. The major influence factors for maladjustment in the African peacekeepers were age, military service duration, education duration and marital status.

The Correlation Between Peripheral Blood Micro-Ribonucleic Acid Expression Level and Personality Disorder in Patients with Schizophrenia.

Objective: Schizophrenia patients often have personality disorders; schizophrenia patients with personality disorders are more difficult to treat and have a worse prognosis. Early identification of this group of patients and early intervention can achieve better prognosis. Therefore, it is very important to explore effective biomarkers and early diagnosis for the prognosis of schizophrenia. The primary purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between plasma miRNA expression level and personality disorder with schizophrenia. Methods: Gene microarrays in miRNA files were employed, and the plasma of peripheral blood of 82 schizophrenic patients and 43 healthy control subjects were examined. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction detection were performed to explore the results. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between expression level of miRNAs and Personality Diagnosis Questionnaire-4 score. Results: The results showed that miR-1273d, miR-1303, miR-3064-5p, miR-3131, miR-3687, miR-4428, miR-4725-3p, and miR-5096 were up-regulated in schizophrenic patients. Compared to healthy control subjects, the difference was statistically significant (P < .05). Schizophrenic patients with schizoid, paranoid, schizotypal, and obsessive compulsive traits had negative correlation with miR-1303, miR-3131, miR-4428, and miR-5096 expression level (r = -0.40 to -0.62, P < .05); there were no significant differences in the other miRNAs. Correlation with other personality traits was not significant (P > .05). The stepwise regression analysis indicated that miR-5096, miR-3131, and miR-1273d have a significant predictive effect on the schizoid trait (P < .01). MiR-4428 and miR-1303 had a significant predictive effect on the schizotypal trait (P < .01). MiR-5096, miR-4428, and miR-4725-3P had a significant predictive effect on the paranoid trait (P < .05). MiR-4428, miR-1303, and miR-5096 had a significant predictive effect on the obsessive compulsive trait (P < .05). Conclusion: The expression levels of miR-1273d, miR-1303, miR-3064-5p, miR-3131, miR-3687, miR-4428, miR-4725-3p, and miR-5096 were up-regulated in the peripheral blood of patients with schizophrenia, and these miRNAs are expected to be diagnostic biomarkers for accurate diagnosis of schizophrenia. The expression levels of miR-1303, miR-3131, miR-1273d, miR-4428, miR-4725-3p, and miR-5096 have significant predictive effects on personality disorder in schizophrenia.

Factor structure of the Chinese version of Emotion Regulation Goals Scale.

Recent studies in Western cultures suggested emotion regulation goals have important implications for mental health. This study aimed to test the factor structure of Emotion Regulation Goals Scale (ERGS) in a Chinese cultural context. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were first used to examine the factor structure of the ERGS, and then reliability and validity tests were conducted to examine the psychometric properties of the ERGS. Results showed that the original five-factor model demonstrated fit during both EFA and CFA, and was thus adopted for further psychometric analyses. Most of the five factors were significantly associated with emotion regulation tendencies and negative emotional outcomes (e.g., depression), except for the non-significant associations between pro-hedonic goals and expressive suppression, and pro-social and impression management goals with depression. The ERGS also showed good internal consistency and split-half reliability. However, the test-retest reliabilities varied substantially across the five factors. The pro-hedonic goal had a higher test-retest reliability, whereas the contra-hedonic, performance, pro-social, and impression management goals showed lower values, especially the latter two. In brief, the ERGS showed a promising five-factor structure in assessing emotion regulation goals in Chinese cultural context.

Study on the mechanisms by which pumpkin polysaccharides regulate abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism in diabetic mice under oxidative stress.

Pumpkin polysaccharide (PPe-H) can perform physiological functions through its antioxidative and hypoglycemic effects; however, the mechanisms through which PPe-H regulates abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism caused by oxidative stress injury remain unclear. In the present study, streptozotocin was used to generate an acute diabetic mouse model, and the effects of PPe-H on glucose and lipid metabolism impaired by oxidative stress in diabetic mice were studied. PPe-H significantly reduced blood glucose levels and enhanced the oral glucose tolerance of diabetic mice under stress injury (p < 0.05). The analysis of liver antioxidant enzymes showed that PPe-H significantly enhanced the activities of SOD and CAT (p < 0.05), increased the GSH level, and decreased the level of MDA (p < 0.05). Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of the liver tissues of mice revealed characteristic differences in the genetic and metabolic levels of the samples, which showed that PPe-H treatment may play a positive role in regulating the metabolism of methionine, cysteine, glycerol phospholipid, and linoleic acid. These results indicated that PPe-H alleviated the symptoms of hyperglycemia by regulating metabolites related to oxidative stress and glycolipid metabolism in diabetic mice.

Differentiation value of miR-26b for major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, generalized anxiety disorder.

Introduction: First episode and drug naive schizophrenia (SZ) patients comorbid with major depressive episode and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) comorbid with major depressive disorder (MDD) are common in clinical practice, overlapping symptomatology during first presentation of MDD, SZ and GAD challenged the diagnostic process. Materials and Methods: This study aimed to investigate the differentiation value of peripheral microRNA-26b expression in 52 patients of MDD, SZ, and GAD, respectively, and 52 controls. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to further verify aberrant miRNAs of previous identified in MDD and investigate expression level of these peripheral miRNAs in SZ and GAD. Results: The expression levels of miR-26b and miR-4743 were significantly upregulated and of miR-4498, miR-4485, and miR-1972 had no significant difference. There were no significant differences of expression levels of miR-26b, miR-4498, miR-4485, and miR-1972 except miR-4743 between SZ patients and control group and of miR-26b, miR-1972, miR-4498, and miR-4485 between GAD group and the controls. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of miR-26b in MDD patients showed that its sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis were 0.540 and 0.830, respectively, with the area under curve (AUC) being 0.728; the ROC of miR-26b for SZ and MDD differentiation showed that its sensitivity and specificity were 0.580 and 0.710, respectively, with AUC being 0.631; the ROC of miR-26b for GAD and MDD differentiation suggested that sensitivity and specificity were 0.560 and 0.750, respectively, with AUC being 0.637. Conclusion: MiR-26b might have potential value of differentiation biomarker for MDD, SZ, and GAD.

Increased motivational intensity leads to preference for distraction over reappraisal during emotion regulation: Mediated by attentional breadth.

Motivation is considered important in the study of emotion regulation. However, it remains unknown whether and how varied motivation may influence people's emotion regulation choice. To address this question, 51 participants first performed a global-local task that measures attentional breadth. Then, they were required to choose emotion regulation strategies, reappraisal, or distraction, to regulate their emotion in emotional contexts that varied in motivational direction and intensity. We found that distraction was chosen more often over reappraisal in high-intensity-motivated emotion, while the reverse pattern was observed in low-intensity motivated emotion. Besides, withdrawal-motivated emotion was associated with more reappraisal choices than approach-motivated emotion, an effect that, however, vanished when valence was controlled. Furthermore, participants made fewer global choices, which is indicative of narrowed attentional breadth, during high- relative to low-intensity motivated emotional contexts, and attentional breadth partially mediated the effect of motivational intensity on emotion regulation choice. These findings suggest that increased motivation promotes one's choice of distraction over reappraisal during emotion regulation, by narrowing attentional breadth. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Experimental investigation and mathematical modeling of the competition among the fast-growing "r-strategists" and the slow-growing "K-strategists" ammonium-oxidizing bacteria and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria in nitrification.

Based on their differences in the kinetic values, the nitrifiers could be classified into the fast-growing "r-strategists" and the slow-growing "K-strategists" bacteria. However, the difference in the kinetic values originated not only from the intrinsic differences among the nitrifier species, but also from other factors, i.e. sludge floc morphology, and the environment in which the nitrifiers were cultivated. It is not clear how these factors interact and affect the measured kinetic parameters and the competition among the "r-strategists" and the "K-strategists" bacteria. In this study, the kinetic parameters of nitrifiers cultivated in the SBR (sequencing batch reactor) under different substrate concentrations were monitored, together with the identification of nitrifier species and sludge floc morphology characterization. The results showed that the r-AOB and r-NOB ("r-strategists" ammonium-oxidizing bacteria and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, i.e., Nitrosomonas and Nitrospira) were the dominant nitrifiers in the SBR reactor. A mathematical model describing the competition between r/K AOB and NOB showed that r-AOB and r-NOB could be enriched in the SBR. The experimental investigation supported the model simulation results. The model simulation also revealed that the different r/K AOB and NOB species could be enriched in different DO concentrations and SRT conditions, which could be manipulated to promote the growth of r-AOB and NO2- accumulation for the autotrophic nitrogen removal using ANAMMX.

Automatic Reappraisal-Based Implementation Intention Produces Early and Sustainable Emotion Regulation Effects: Event-Related Potential Evidence.

Implementation intention has proven effective in regulating intense emotions but is found to be difficult when instructed regulation is used. Here, we aim to test whether automatic reappraisal-based implementation intention (RII) downregulates intense negative emotion more efficiently than controlled reappraisal (CR) using a two-phase event-related potential (ERP) experiment. In the regulation phase, both RII and CR decreased subjective experiences of negative emotion relative to passive watching, irrespective of emotional intensity. Moreover, RII reduced the central-parietal late positive potential (LPP) amplitudes for both intensities in the 300-1,700-ms epoch after picture onset, whereas CR reduced LPP amplitudes just in the 500-700-ms interval. Moreover, the application of RII but not CR produced a reliable long-term LPP attenuation compared to passive watching in the unexpected re-exposure phase. These findings demonstrate that reappraisal-based implementation intention yields an earlier and more sustainable emotion regulatory effects than controlled reappraisal.

Emotion regulation by implementation intention is generalizable to unspecified situations: The nature of the underlying goal matters.

Implementation intentions (II), which specify how to respond in a given situation based on the goal, is known for its automaticity of regulating emotion to the specified situation. However, it is unknown whether such regulatory effects can be generalized to unspecified situations. For this purpose, we performed four experiments, each consisting of specified (bloody) and unspecified (non-bloody) stimuli with the goal of disgust (Exp.1-2) or unpleasant (Exp.3) regulation. Results showed that II reduced negative feelings for both bloody and non-bloody situations (Exp.1). This generalization effect was absent for goal-unrelated, frightening situations (Exp.2). However, broadening the goal extended the generalization effect to the frightening situation, an effect further amplified when a flexible response was used (Exp.3). Moreover, the II buildup did not disrupt feelings for pleasant situations (Exp.4). These results provide the first evidence that II-based emotion regulation is generalizable to unspecified, goal-related situations and that increasing goal coverage expands the generalization.

Benefits of Implicit Regulation of Instructed Fear: Evidence From Neuroimaging and Functional Connectivity.

Instructed fear, which denotes fearful emotions learned from others' verbal instructions, is an important form of fear acquisition in humans. Maladaptive instructed fear produces detrimental effects on health, but little is known about performing an efficient regulation of instructed fear and its underlying neural substrates. To address this question, 26 subjects performed an instructed fear task where emotional experiences and functional neuroimages were recorded during watching, explicit regulation (calmness imagination), and implicit regulation (calmness priming) conditions. Results indicated that implicit regulation decreased activity in the left amygdala and left insula for instructed fear; however, these effects were absent in explicit regulation. The implementation of implicit regulation did not increase activity in the frontoparietal control regions, while explicit regulation increased dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity. Furthermore, implicit regulation increased functional connectivity between the right amygdala and right fusiform gyrus, and decreased functional connectivity between the right medial temporal gyrus and left inferior frontal gyrus, which are key nodes of memory retrieval and cognitive control networks, respectively. These findings suggest a favourable effect of implicit regulation on instructed fear, which is subserved by less involvement of control-related brain mechanisms.

A novel anammox reactor with a nitrogen gas circulation: performance, granule size, activity, and microbial community.

Anammox process was regarded to be one of the vital links to achieve energy-saving or energy-producing wastewater treatment plant. In the study, an anammox reactor with the nitrogen gas circulation was constructed to culture anammox granules, and the performance, granule size distribution, and microbial community were investigated. Dissolved oxygen loading is found to be an important factor for the start-up of the anammox process, and the nitrogen removal rate of 2.12 kg N m-3 day-1 was achieved under the average nitrogen loading rate of 2.6 kg N m-3 day-1. The activity test showed that the highest specific anammox activity of 345.9 mg N gVSS-1 day-1 was achieved for granules with size of 0.5-1.0 mm. The Illumina high-throughput sequencing analysis revealed the consistent variation of Candidatus Brocadia and Denitratisoma abundance in granues of all sizes, suggesting possible synergistic mechanism between heterotrophic bacteria Denitratisoma and anammox bacteria Ca. Brocadia. Furthermore, the results indicated the reactor with the nitrogen gas circulation is an efficient strategy to start-up anammox.