The N-terminal polypeptide derived from vMIP-II exerts its antitumor activity in human breast cancer through CXCR4/miR-7-5p/Skp2 pathway.

Breast cancer is a malignant tumor with the highest incidence in women of the world. CXCR4 and Skp2 are highly expressed in breast cancer cells and CXCR4 was positively correlated with Skp2 by interference or overexpression. The microRNA array was used to detect the differentially expressed spectrum of micro RNAs in breast cancer cells the changes of miR-7-5p after CXCR4 inhibitor (NT21MP) treatment to block the CXCR4/SDF-1 pathway was founded. MiR-7-5p has been found to be correlated with Skp2 in various tumors in the literature, and Skp2 expression can be regulated by transfection with miR-7-5p mimics or inhibitors. The expression level of miR-7-5p was upregulated or downregulated after CXCR4 interference or overexpression. Combined with the correlation between CXCR4 and miR-7-5p in the chip results, CXCR4 may regulate Skp2 through miR-7-5p. Epithelial cells have the morphological characteristics of mesenchymal cells for some reason called epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT). Transfection of miR-7-5p mimics into drug-resistant cells reduced Skp2 levels, decreased the expression of Vimentin, Snail, and slug, and increased the expression of E-cadherin. CXCR4 inhibitor (NT21MP) can reverse the EMT changes caused by miR-7-5p inhibitor. Similarly, in vivo results suggesting that CXCR4 inhibitors can reverse the EMT phenotype of drug-resistant breast cancer cells through the CXCR4/miR-7-5p/Skp2 pathway. In summary, the CXCR4/miR-7-5p/Skp2 signaling pathway plays an important role in the progression of breast cancer. This study provides a theoretical basis for the treatment of breast cancer by targeting the CXCR4 pathway.

Long noncoding RNA H19 acts as a miR-340-3p sponge to promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition by regulating YWHAZ expression in paclitaxel-resistant breast cancer cells.

Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cause of cancer-related death in women worldwide and one of the most prevalent malignancy. In recent years, increasing evidence had illuminated that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) serve as critical factors in multiple tumor progression, including BC. Emerging references had indicated that the lncRNA H19 acts as significant roles in tumor progression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms and biological roles of H19 in BC invasion, metastasis and EMT are still unclear. In this study, it was detected that the expression level of H19 was increased in BC paclitaxel-resistant (PR) cells subline (MCF-7/PR) in comparison with MCF-7 parental cells. In vitro, there were demonstrated that H19 overexpression promoted BC cells proliferation, metastasis, invasion and EMT procedures, and suppressed cells apoptosis. Whereas, H19 suppression resulted in the contrary biological effects. Besides, bioinformatics tools and dual-luciferase reporters assays indicated that miR-340-3p could act as a potential target gene of H19, the underlying mechanism studies proved that H19 could act as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) via competitively binding miR-340-3p to promote BC cell proliferation, metastasis and EMT by regulating tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein zeta (YWHAZ) and potentiate the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling in BC cells. In summary, our findings demonstrated that H19 could act as a ceRNA in BC progression, metastasis and EMT through modulating miR-340-3p/YWHAZ axis and activating the canonical Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway, indicating that H19 might act as an underlying therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker for BC therapy.

Long noncoding RNA AC073284.4 suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition by sponging miR-18b-5p in paclitaxel-resistant breast cancer cells.

Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent malignant cancer in the world, is the leading cause of cancer-related death female. Recently, there is accumulating evidence that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) might as an important role in the progression of BC. (epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is considered to play a vital role in tumor cells migration and invasion. Nevertheless, the entire biological mechanisms and functions of lncRNAs in tumor migration, invasion, and EMT remain uncertain. In the present research, we observed that the expression of lncRNA AC073284.4 was downregulated in BC paclitaxel-resistant (PR) cells (MCF-7/PR) and tissues. Bioinformatics analysis predicted that miR-18b-5p was a direct target of AC073284.4, which has been validated by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. We further proved that AC073284.4 could directly bind to miR-18b-5p and relieve the suppression for dedicator of cytokinesis protein 4 (DOCK4). Furthermore, the underlying functional experiments demonstrated that AC073284.4 might sponge miR-18b-5p to attenuate the invasion, metastasis, and EMT of BC cell through upregulating DOCK4 expression. In summary, AC073284.4 might serve as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) in BC progression via modulating miR-18b-5p/DOCK4 axis, which weakens EMT and migration of BC. These results suggesting that AC073284.4 might function as a potential novel diagnostic biomarker in the progression of BC.

[Effects of miRNA-21 on paclitaxel-resistance in human breast cancer cells].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of miR-21 on paclitaxel-resistance in human breast cancer MCF-7/PR and SKBR-3/PR cells. METHODS: Paclitaxel-resistant human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7/PR and SKBR-3/PR were established by stepwise selection in increasing concentration of paclitaxel. Cellular morphology, mRNA and protein level of MDR1, BCRP and MRP1 in MCF-7/PR and SKBR-3/PR cells were determined. The expression of Bax, Bcl-2 and miR-21 in parental and paclitaxel-resistant cells was detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting. The synthetic miR-21 inhibitor or miR-21 mimic were transfected into MCF-7/PR, SKBR-3/PR and MCF-7, SKBR-3 cells with Lipofectamine 2000. The miR-21 levels were determined by RT-PCR, and P-gp, Bcl-2 and Bax protein levels were examined by Western blotting. MTT assay was used to measure the cell viability, and flow cytometry was performed to analyze the cell cycle and apoptosis. RESULTS: The levels of MDR1, BCRP, MRP1, Bcl-2/Bax and miR-21 in MCF-7/PR and SKBR-3/PR cells were significantly higher than those in MCF-7 and SKBR-3 cells. The protein levels of P-gp, Bcl-2 were up-regulated, and Bax was down-regulated compared with parental cells. MiR-21 was significantly down-regulated after miR-21 inhibitor was transfected; and the levels of MDR1, BCRP, MRP1 and Bcl-2/Bax (P <0.05) were also down-regulated. MiR-21 inhibitors significantly suppressed G0/G1 transition of the cell cycle, and induced cell apoptosis in MCF-7/PR and SKBR-3/PR cells. MTT results showed that miR-21 inhibitors induced sensitivity of MCF-7/PR and SKBR-3/PR cells to paclitaxel. And miR-21 mimic can increase the expression of MDR1, Bcl-2/Bax and change cell morphology from parental cells to resistant cells. RESULTS: The established MCF-7/PR and SKBR-3/PR breast cancer cells show typical multidrug resistance characteristics, which can be used as the model for drug resistance study. Down-regulated miR-21 expression in MCF-7/PR and SKBR-3/PR breast cancer cells can enhance cell sensitivity to paclitaxel.

[Low expression of lncRNA-GAS5 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition of breast cancer cells in vitro].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of long non-coding RNA growth arrest-specific transcript 5 (lncRNA-GAS5) in breast cancer progression and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of the cancer cells. METHODS: Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of lncRNA-GAS5 in 37 pairs of breast cancer and adjacent non-tumor tissues and in parental MCF-7 cells and paclitaxel-resistant MCF-7 (MCF-7/PR) cells, and the correlation of lncRNA-GAS5 expression with the clinical stage and lymph node metastasis of breast cancer was investigated. The expressions of the genes related with cell cycle and EMT at both the mRNA and protein levels were detected using qRT-PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The changes in the biological behaviors and morphology of breast cancer cells with either lncRNA-GAS5 knockdown or overexpression were observed. Nude mouse models were established bearing breast cancer xenografts derived from MCF-7/PR cells or MCF-7/PR cells over-expressing lncRNA-GAS5, and the inhibitory effect of paclitaxel on tumor growth was evaluated. RESULTS: The transcriptional levels of lncRNA-GAS5 were significantly lower in breast cancer tissues than in the adjacent non-tumor tissues (P<0.05), and decreased lncRNA-GAS5 expression was significantly correlated with TNM stage and lymph node metastasis of breast cancer (P<0.05). lncRNA-GAS5 expression was also significantly lowered in paclitaxel-resistant breast cancer cells and showed a positive correlation with P21 expression and a negative correlation with CDK6. MCF-7 cells during EMT presented with a lowered expression of lncRNA-GAS5, whereas lncRNA-GAS5 over-expression strongly suppressed MCF-7/PR cell migration and invasion, and increased the susceptibility of the cells to paclitaxel. In the tumor-bearing nude mouse models, lncRNA-GAS5 overexpression in the tumor cells obviously enhanced the inhibitory effect of paclitaxel on tumor growth and lung metastasis by reversing the EMT marker proteins. CONCLUSION: A decreased expression of lncRNA-GAS5 promotes lung metastasis of breast cancer by inducing EMT, suggesting the potential of lncRNA-GAS5 as a therapeutic target in breast cancer.

The N-terminal polypeptide derived from viral macrophage inflammatory protein II reverses breast cancer epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via a PDGFRα-dependent mechanism.

NT21MP, a 21-residue peptide derived from the viral macrophage inflammatory protein II, competed effectively with the natural ligand of CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), stromal cell-derived factor 1-alpha, to induce apoptosis and inhibit growth in breast cancer. Its role in tumor epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) regulation remains unknown. In this study, we evaluated the reversal of EMT upon NT21MP treatment and examined its role in the inhibition of EMT in breast cancer. The parental cells of breast cancer (SKBR-3 and MCF-7) and paclitaxel-resistant (SKBR-3 PR and MCF-7 PR) cells were studied in vitro and in combined immunodeficient mice. The mice injected with SKBR-3 PR cells were treated with NT21MP through the tail vein or intraperitoneally with paclitaxel or saline. Sections from tumors were evaluated for tumor weight and EMT markers based on Western blot. In vitro, the effects of NT21MP, CXCR4 and PDGFRα on tumor EMT were assessed by relative quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, western blot and biological activity in breast cancer cell lines expressing high or low levels of CXCR4. Our results illustrated that NT21MP could reverse the phenotype of EMT in paclitaxel-resistant cells. Furthermore, we found that NT21MP governed PR-mediated EMT partly due to controlling platelet-derived growth factors A and B (PDGFA and PDGFB) and their receptor (PDGFRα). More importantly, NT21MP down-regulated AKT and ERK1/2 activity, which were activated by PDGFRα, and eventually reversed the EMT. Together, these results indicated that CXCR4 overexpression drives acquired paclitaxel resistance, partly by activating the PDGFA and PDGFB/PDGFRα autocrine signaling loops that activate AKT and ERK1/2. Inhibition of the oncogenic EMT process by targeting CXCR4/PDGFRα-mediated pathways using NT21MP may provide a novel therapeutic approach towards breast cancer.