Electrical, Optical and Electrochemical Corrosion Resistance of AZO, GZO, AGZO Films Depending on the Hydrogen Content.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a commonly used material for the front contact layer of thin film solar cells based on chalcopyrite CuInGaSe2 (CIGS), since it satisfies the optical and electrical properties with low cost and is abundantly available. For high-performance, the front contact electrode in the CIGS solar cell should have low resistivity and high transmittance. Hence, efforts to improve ZnO's electrical and optical properties have been widely carried out. The corrosion resistance of the front contact film, however, has not been studied well. So, this paper compared the electrochemical stability of ZnO based transparent conducting oxide (TCO) films such as aluminum zinc oxide (AZO), gallium zinc oxide (GZO) and aluminum gallium zinc oxide (AGZO) grown in H2. All films predominately grew in the (002) c-axis direction and their crystallites improved with increasing H2 ratio, reflecting the enhanced electrical properties. Hydrogen acts as a shallow donor in the n-type ZnO semiconductor and increases carrier densities by forming oxygen vacancies by combining with oxygen molecules to form OH- functionalities. The electrochemical corrosion resistance of prepared films showed a linear improvement with increasing hydrogen. This change was attributed to the grain morphology and size and resulting grain boundaries. Since corrosion occurs mainly at grain boundaries, corrosion resistance seems to be better with a lower density of grain boundaries, due to larger grains caused by hydrogen. Electric conductivity was better in the order of GZO > AGZO > AZO, while corrosion resistance was in the reverse order. By adding hydrogen, the electrical resistivity of AGZO improved to near GZO, and the corrosion resistance was also enhanced to near AZO.

Herbal medicine Banha-sasim-tang for the treatment of functional dyspepsia protocol for a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Functional dyspepsia (FD) has a high prevalence rate. The dyspeptic symptoms are not easily cured despite the availability of various conventional Western medical treatments. Banha-sasim-tang (BST) is a traditional herbal medicine that has long been used for treating FD. METHODS: The following databases will be searched from inception to January 2019: Medline via PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, National Digital Science Library, Korean Medical Database (KoreaMed), Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System, Korean Studies Information Service System, China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database, and Citation Information by Nii. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that used BST or herbs-added BST for treating FD will be included in the systematic review. Control groups in these RCTs will be the placebo, no-treatment, and conventional Western medicine groups. RCTs that compared BST and Western medicine combination therapy with the conventional Western medicine will also be included in the systematic review to investigate the synergistic effect of BST and Western medicine. Data extraction and evaluation of risk of bias will be performed by 2 independent investigators. The primary outcome will be the total clinical effective rate and secondary outcomes will include gastrointestinal symptom scale, visual analog scale, FD-related quality of life, electrogastrography, plasma motilin, dyspepsia-related symptom score, gastric emptying, and adverse events. RevMan version 5.3 will be used for data integration and analysis. RESULTS: This systematic review will provide a high-quality integration of current evidence of BST for treating FD from several aspects including total clinical effective rate, dyspepsia-related symptoms, quality of life, and adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review will provide evidence of the effectiveness and safety of BST on FD. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Identifying information of the participants will not be revealed; hence, this protocol does not need ethical approval. The systematic review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and disseminated electronically. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO CRD42019123285.

Herbal medicine Yukgunja-tang for functional dyspepsia protocol for a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by recurrent dyspeptic symptoms. Yukgunja-tang (YGT) is a traditional herbal formula that has been used for treating FD. This systematic review protocol aims to provide a guideline for investigating the efficacy and safety of YGT in the treatment of FD. METHODS: The following databases will be searched from their inception until July 2018: Medline (via PubMed), EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED), KoreaMed, National Digital Science Library (NDSL), Korean Medical Database (KMbase), Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System (OASIS), Korean Studies information Service System (KISS), China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database (CNKI), and Citation Information by Nii (CiNii). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that used YGT or modified YGT for treating FD will be included. The control groups in these RCTs will include placebo, no-treatment waiting, and conventional western medicine groups. Trials testing YGT as an adjunct to western medicine for synergistic effect will also be included. The main outcome will be the total clinical efficacy rate. Data extraction and risk of bias assessment will be performed by two independent assessors. RevMan V.5.3 will be used for data analysis. RESULTS: This study will provide a high-quality synthesis of current evidence of YGT for FD from several aspects including dyspepsia-related symptoms, quality of life and adverse events. CONCLUSION: The conclusion of our systematic review will provide evidence to judge whether YGT is an effective intervention for patient with FD. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The protocol does not need ethics approval because identifying information of the participants will not be revealed. The systematic review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and disseminated electronically and in print. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO CRD42018090139.

Kidney transplantation in drug-addicts

En un análisis retrospectivo de nuestros pacientes de transplante de riñón, notamos que los pacientes que eran drogadictos tuvieron una sobrevida del injerto (74% un año) mejor que los pacientes que no eran drogadictos (46% un año). La sobrevida del paciente fue similar en los dos grupos. Las razones por las cuales la sobrevida del drogadicto fue mejor no se entienden muy bien, aun cuando la alteración immunológica es el factor más importante. En resúmen, parece que la drogadicción no es un factor de riesgo elevado para el transplante de riñón