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1.
Avian Pathol ; 38(3): 251-6, 2009 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19468944

RESUMEN

An outbreak of neurological disease occurred in pheasant chicks on a game farm in 2007. The disease was first seen in the 10th hatching of chicks on the farm. Affected chicks showed trembling and incoordination from the time of hatching, and subsequently blindness and cataract formation was seen in some of the affected chicks at 3 weeks of age. The peak mortality and culling figure was 21.0% in the worst affected hatch, compared with a maximum of 11.7% in the first nine hatches. No further cases were evident by 7.5 weeks of age. Histopathological examination showed a moderate acute encephalomyelitis in some, but not all, of the chicks with neurological signs. The clinical presentation and histopathological findings were typical of vertically transmitted avian encephalomyelitis as seen in chickens, although avian encephalomyelitis virus could not be detected in inoculated embryonated chicken eggs. However, serological testing by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibodies to the virus was positive in four of five affected 3-week-old birds and in 23 out of 29 adult breeding birds, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction testing of RNA extracted from brain and pancreas tissue of affected chicks yielded nucleotide sequences aligned 82% and 83% with three avian encephalomyelitis sequences in a sequence database. The evidence suggested that the neurological disease was attributable to infection with a strain of avian encephalomyelitis virus that appeared to have entered the flock at the start of the breeding season, and was possibly introduced by carrier pheasants brought on to the farm early in the season.


Asunto(s)
Brotes de Enfermedades/veterinaria , Virus de la Encefalomielitis Aviar/genética , Infecciones por Picornaviridae/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/virología , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/veterinaria , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Infecciones por Picornaviridae/epidemiología , Infecciones por Picornaviridae/patología , Aves de Corral , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/patología , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Reino Unido/epidemiología
2.
Vet Rec ; 165(18): 531-5, 2009 Oct 31.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19880861

RESUMEN

In October 2006, following an initially non-statutory disease investigation affecting 12-week-old grey partridges (Perdix perdix), an outbreak of Newcastle disease due to infection with the avian paramyxovirus type 1 virus responsible for the current panzootic in pigeons (PPMV-1) was confirmed in Scotland. Two pens of partridges were affected by signs including loss of condition, diarrhoea, progressive neurological signs and mortality totalling approximately 24 per cent, and laboratory evidence of the infection was obtained only in these groups. The premises had approximately 17,000 poultry including a collection of 375 birds of rare breeds, containing endangered breeds of significant conservation value, which were not culled but subjected to a health monitoring and testing programme. Investigations suggested that a population of feral pigeons living above the affected pens of partridges was the likely source of the outbreak. Laboratory and genetic analyses confirmed that the isolate recovered from the clinically affected partridges was PPMV-1, belonging to genetic lineage 4b. However, the virus could not be isolated from or detected in dead pigeons collected from the affected buildings.


Asunto(s)
Brotes de Enfermedades/veterinaria , Galliformes , Enfermedad de Newcastle/epidemiología , Virus de la Enfermedad de Newcastle/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Virus de la Enfermedad de Newcastle/clasificación , Virus de la Enfermedad de Newcastle/genética , Filogenia , Escocia/epidemiología
3.
Avian Dis ; 51(1 Suppl): 396-400, 2007 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17494593

RESUMEN

Two highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus clones that met the criteria for high-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses, by possessing a multibasic hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site, were isolated from an H5N1 outbreak in Norfolk, England, in 1991-92. These two isolates, A/turkey/England/50-92/91 (50-92) and A/turkey/England/87-92/91 (87-92), displayed differences in virulence as determined by intravenous pathogenicity index-3 and -0, respectively. DNA sequencing of these two isolates identified 10 amino acid differences throughout the genome: three in HA and polymerase B2 (PB2) and two in polymerase B1 (PB1) and single mutations in nucleoprotein (NP) and polymerase A (PA). Serial intracerebral passages were performed in 1- or 2-day-old specific pathogen free (SPF) chicks with 87-92. Viruses reisolated from each bird passage displayed increases in intracerebral pathogenicity index values (from 0 to 1.9) and therefore virulence. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing on viruses isolated at each passage displayed nine out of the 10 mutations associated with the higher pathogenic genotype of 50-92, except for the mutation found in NP, which retained the amino acid residue associated with 87-92. Serial passage through 9-day-old SPF embryonated chicken eggs and serial intravenous passage in 6-wk-old birds could not reproduce these results. These results further highlight that nucleotide changes in the genome other than at the HA cleavage site can attenuate the virulence of HPAI viruses.


Asunto(s)
Pollos/virología , Virus de la Influenza A/patogenicidad , Gripe Aviar/virología , Telencéfalo/virología , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Regulación Viral de la Expresión Génica , Glicoproteínas Hemaglutininas del Virus de la Influenza/química , Glicoproteínas Hemaglutininas del Virus de la Influenza/genética , Glicoproteínas Hemaglutininas del Virus de la Influenza/metabolismo , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Virulencia
4.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11174594

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: The protein c-erb B-2, also known as Her2/neu, is a prognostic breast cancer marker assayed in tissue biopsy specimens from women diagnosed with malignant tumors. Current studies suggest that soluble fragments of the c-erb B-2 oncogene may be released from the cell surface and become detectable in patients with a carcinoma of the breast. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to assay soluble c-erb B-2 protein in the saliva of healthy men and women to determine the reliability of the assay. METHODS: To determine the diagnostic utility of this oncogene, we assayed the soluble form of the c-erb B-2 protein in the saliva with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The study population consisted of 10 healthy women and 9 healthy men who were serially sampled for saliva 3 times a day for a 5-day period. Saliva was collected from each subject at 9 AM, 4 PM, and 9 PM during the 5-day period. RESULTS: We found the presence of c-erb B-2 protein in the saliva of both groups of subjects. The salivary levels of c-erb B-2 were not significantly different when compared for gender differences. Likewise, the results suggest that sampling during various times of the day for salivary c-erb B-2 levels has no effect on marker concentration. Reliability analyses showed that supervised salivary collections were more reliable than unsupervised collections. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this pilot study suggest that the assay for salivary c-erb B-2 protein is reliable and might have potential use in the initial detection and follow-up screening for the recurrence of breast cancer in both men and women.


Asunto(s)
Receptor ErbB-2/análisis , Saliva/química , Proteínas y Péptidos Salivales/análisis , Adulto , Biomarcadores de Tumor/análisis , Ritmo Circadiano , Intervalos de Confianza , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Humanos , Modelos Lineales , Masculino , Proyectos Piloto , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Factores Sexuales , Manejo de Especímenes
10.
Vet Rec ; 171(15): 372, 2012 Oct 13.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22949546

RESUMEN

In December 2010, infection with a H9N1 low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) virus was detected in a broiler breeder flock in East Anglia. Disease suspicion was based on acute drops in egg production in two of four sheds on the premises, poor egg shell quality and evidence of diarrhoea. H9N1 LPAI virus infection was confirmed by real-time reverse transcription PCR. Sequencing revealed high nucleotide identity of 93.6 per cent and 97.9 per cent with contemporary North American H9 and Eurasian N1 genes, respectively. Attempted virus isolation in embryonated specific pathogen free (SPF) fowls' eggs was unsuccessful. Epidemiological investigations were conducted to identify the source of infection and any onward spread. These concluded that infection was restricted to the affected premises, and no contacts or movements of poultry, people or fomites could be attributed as the source of infection. However, the infection followed a period of extremely cold weather and snow which impacted on the biosecurity protocols on site, and also led to increased wild bird activity locally, including waterfowl and game birds around the farm buildings. Analysis of the N1 gene sequence suggested direct introduction from wild birds. Although H9 infection in poultry is not notifiable, H9N2 LPAI viruses have been associated with production and mortality episodes in poultry in many parts of Asia and the Middle East. In the present H9N1 outbreak, clinical signs were relatively mild in the poultry with no mortality, transient impact on egg production and no indication of zoonotic spread. However, this first reported detection of H9 LPAI virus in chickens in England was also the first H9 UK poultry case for 40 years, and vindicates the need for continued vigilance and surveillance of avian influenza viruses in poultry populations.


Asunto(s)
Pollos , Virus de la Influenza A/aislamiento & purificación , Gripe Aviar/diagnóstico , Animales , Brotes de Enfermedades/veterinaria , Inglaterra , Virus de la Influenza A/clasificación , Virus de la Influenza A/patogenicidad , Gripe Aviar/epidemiología , Gripe Aviar/virología , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/veterinaria , Vigilancia de Guardia/veterinaria , Organismos Libres de Patógenos Específicos , Virulencia
11.
Transbound Emerg Dis ; 58(5): 411-20, 2011 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21477114

RESUMEN

Two tests were developed that allow the detection and genotyping of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and other closely related gammacoronaviruses. The first test employs a one-step, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay in which the amplification is monitored in real time using a TaqMan(®) probe. This real-time RT-PCR test was used to examine a panel of field samples and its performance compared to virus isolation in embryonated fowls' eggs. A total of 323 field samples were tested; 176 samples were positive using the real-time RT-PCR method, but only three were positive by virus isolation. Sequencing was used to confirm the positive real-time RT-PCR results for a subset of samples. The test is suitable for swabs and post-mortem samples and has been shown to be highly sensitive and specific. The second test, a genotyping method, was developed for identification of the strain of IBV present in field samples based on nucleotide variations within the gene encoding the S1 subunit of the surface spike (S) glycoprotein. This method was developed to provide a tool to inform vaccination decisions and for ongoing surveillance to detect new and emerging strains of IBV within the UK. The performance of the test was evaluated using laboratory isolates of IBV and field samples. Both tests are suitable for use in a high-throughput diagnostic laboratory.


Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Coronavirus/veterinaria , Galliformes , Virus de la Bronquitis Infecciosa/genética , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/virología , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/veterinaria , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa/veterinaria , Animales , Embrión de Pollo , Infecciones por Coronavirus/virología , Virus de la Bronquitis Infecciosa/clasificación , Virus de la Bronquitis Infecciosa/aislamiento & purificación , Filogenia , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/métodos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa/métodos , Sensibilidad y Especificidad
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