Predictors of Receiving Mental Health Services in Trauma Patients With Positive Drug Screen.

INTRODUCTION: Initial interaction with health care system presents an important opportunity to provide substance use disorder (SUD) rehabilitation in the form of mental health services (MHSs). This study aims to identify predictors of receipt of MHSs among adult trauma patients with SUD and positive drug screen. METHODS: In this analysis of 2017-2021 American College of Surgeons-Trauma Quality Improvement Program (ACS TQIP), adult(≥18 y) patients with SUD and positive drug screen who survived the hospital admission were included. Outcomes measure was the receipt of MHS. Poisson regression analysis with clustering by facility was performed to identify independent predictors of receipt of MHS. RESULTS: 128,831 patients were identified of which 3.4% received MHS. Mean age was 41 y, 76% were male, 63% were White, 25% were Black, 12% were Hispanic, and 82% were insured. Median injury severity score was 9, and 54% were managed at an ACS level I trauma center. On regression analysis, female gender (aOR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.09-1.25), age ≥65 y (aOR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.97-0.99), White race (aOR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.28-1.47), Hispanic ethnicity (aOR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.76-0.93), insured status (aOR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.13-1.33), and management at ACS level I trauma centers (aOR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.38-1.57) were independent predictors of receipt of MHS. CONCLUSIONS: Race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic factors predict the receipt of MHS in trauma patients with SUD and positive drug screens. It is unknown if these disparities affect the long-term outcomes of these vulnerable patients. Further research is warranted to expand on the contributing factors leading to these disparities and possible strategies to address them.

Conditional sanctioning in a legume-Rhizobium mutualism.

Legumes are high in protein and form a valuable part of human diets due to their interaction with symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria known as rhizobia. Plants house rhizobia in specialized root nodules and provide the rhizobia with carbon in return for nitrogen. However, plants usually house multiple rhizobial strains that vary in their fixation ability, so the plant faces an investment dilemma. Plants are known to sanction strains that do not fix nitrogen, but nonfixers are rare in field settings, while intermediate fixers are common. Here, we modeled how plants should respond to an intermediate fixer that was otherwise isogenic and tested model predictions using pea plants. Intermediate fixers were only tolerated when a better strain was not available. In agreement with model predictions, nodules containing the intermediate-fixing strain were large and healthy when the only alternative was a nonfixer, but nodules of the intermediate-fixing strain were small and white when the plant was coinoculated with a more effective strain. The reduction in nodule size was preceded by a lower carbon supply to the nodule even before differences in nodule size could be observed. Sanctioned nodules had reduced rates of nitrogen fixation, and in later developmental stages, sanctioned nodules contained fewer viable bacteria than nonsanctioned nodules. This indicates that legumes can make conditional decisions, most likely by comparing a local nodule-dependent cue of nitrogen output with a global cue, giving them remarkable control over their symbiotic partners.

Retrospective Analysis of Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin and Unfractionated Heparin in Pediatric Trauma Patients: A Comparative Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Chemoprophylaxis with either unfractionated heparin (UFH) or Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin (LMWH) are recommended to prevent Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) after trauma. Experimental work has shown beneficial effects of LMWH in animal models, but it is unknown if similar effects exist in humans. We hypothesized that treatment with LMWH is associated with a survival benefit when compared to UFH. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of our level I trauma center database from January 2009 to June 2018. Pediatric patients (age < 18) were included if they received either LMWH or UFH during their stay. Outcome measures included mortality, VTE complications, and hospital length of stay (HLOS). RESULTS: A total of 354 patients were included. Patients who received LMWH had lower mortality compared to those who received UFH. After multivariate logistic regression, LMWH was still independently associated with improved survival. No association was found between LMWH and UFH regarding deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE) rates. No association was found between LMWH with HLOS. CONCLUSIONS: LMWH was associated with improved survival compared to UFH in our pediatric trauma patients. This was independent of injury severity or VTE complications. Further studies are required to understand better the mechanisms by which LMWH improves survival. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

Failure-to-rescue and mortality after emergent pediatric trauma laparotomy: How are the children doing?

INTRODUCTION: Emergent trauma laparotomy is associated with mortality rates of up to 40%. There is a paucity of data on the outcomes of emergent trauma laparotomies performed in the pediatric population. The aim of our study was to describe the outcomes, including mortality and FTR, among pediatric trauma patients undergoing emergent laparotomy and identify factors associated with failure-to-rescue (FTR). METHODS: We performed a one-year (2017) retrospective cohort analysis of the American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Improvement Program dataset. All pediatric trauma patients (age <18 years) who underwent emergent laparotomy (laparotomy performed within 2 h of admission) were included. Outcome measures were major in-hospital complications, overall mortality, and failure-to-rescue (death after in-hospital major complication). Multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify factors independently associated with failure-to-rescue. RESULTS: Among 120,553 pediatric trauma patients, 462 underwent emergent laparotomy. Mean age was 14±4 years, 76% of patients were male, 49% were White, and 50% had a penetrating mechanism of injury. Median ISS was 25 [13-36], Abdomen AIS was 3 [2-4], Chest AIS was 2 [1-3], and Head AIS was 2 [0-5]. The median time in ED was 33 [18-69] minutes, and median time to surgery was 49 [33-77] minutes. The most common operative procedures performed were splenectomy (26%), hepatorrhaphy (17%), enterectomy (14%), gastrorrhaphy (14%), and diaphragmatic repair (14%). Only 22% of patients were treated at an ACS Pediatric Level I trauma center. The most common major in-hospital complications were cardiac (9%), followed by infectious (7%) and respiratory (5%). Overall mortality was 21%, and mortality among those presenting with hypotension was 31%. Among those who developed in-hospital major complications, the failure-to-rescue rate was 31%. On multivariate analysis, age younger than 8 years, concomitant severe head injury, and receiving packed red blood cell transfusion within the first 24 h were independently associated with failure-to-rescue. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that emergent trauma laparotomies performed in the pediatric population are associated with high morbidity, mortality, and failure-to-rescue rates. Quality improvement programs may use our findings to improve patient outcomes, by increasing focus on avoiding hospital complications, and further refinement of resuscitation protocols. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV STUDY TYPE: Epidemiologic.

Emergency readmissions following geriatric ground-level falls: How does frailty factor in?

BACKGROUND: Ground-level falls (GLFs) in older adults are increasing as life expectancy increases, and more patients are being discharged to skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) for continuity of care. However, GLF patients are not a homogenous cohort, and the role of frailty remains to be assessed. Thus, the aim of this study is to examine the impact of frailty on the in-hospital and 30-day outcomes of GLF patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a cohort analysis from the Nationwide Readmissions Database 2017. Geriatric (age ≥65 years) trauma patients presenting following GLFs were identified and grouped based on their frailty status. The associations between frailty and 30-day mortality and emergency readmission were examined by multivariate regression analyses adjusting for patient demographics and injury characteristics. RESULTS: A total of 100,850 geriatric GLF patients were identified (frail: 41% vs. non-frail: 59%). Frail GLF patients were younger (81[74-87] vs. 83[76-89] years; p<0.001) and less severely injured-Injury Severity Score [ISS] (4[1-9] vs. 5[2-9]; p<0.001). Frail patients had a higher index mortality (2.9% vs. 1.9%; p<0.001) and higher 30-day readmissions (14.0% vs. 9.8%; p<0.001). Readmission mortality was also higher in the frail group (15.2% vs. 10.9%; p<0.001), with 75.2% of those patients readmitted from an SNF. On multivariate analysis, frailty was associated with 30-day mortality (OR 1.75; p<0.001) and 30-day readmission (OR 1.49; p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Frail geriatric patients are at 75% higher odds of mortality and 49% higher odds of readmission following GLFs. Of those readmitted on an emergency basis, more than one in seven patients died, 75% of whom were readmitted from an SNF. This underscores the need for optimization plans that extend to the post-discharge period to reduce readmissions and subsequent high-impact consequences.