Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Cervical Cancer Screening in São Paulo State, Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: The early identification of precursor lesions followed by appropriate treatment prevents development of cervical cancer and its consequences. OBJECTIVE: The present study evaluated the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on cervical cancer screening by comparing the quantity of tests to detect cervical cellular changes performed in São Paulo state in 2019, prior to the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Brazil, to the first (2020) and second (2021) years following its appearance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from Fundação Oncocentro de São Paulo (FOSP), the agency that analyses approximately 220,000 Papanicolaou (Pap) tests annually, were reviewed. RESULTS: A median of 1,835 Pap tests were performed in 55 municipalities in 2019. This was reduced to 815 tests in 2020, a 56% decrease (p = 0.0026). In 2021, the median number was 1,745, a 53% increase over 2020 levels (p = 0.0233). The 26 municipalities with >1,000 tests in 2020 had a median reduction from 4,433 in 2019 to 2,580 in 2020 (p = 0. 0046). The 29 municipalities with <1,000 tests had a median reduction from 951 in 2019 to 554 in 2020 (p < 0.0001). There was a 44% reduction in the number of follow-up cytological evaluations from 2019 to 2020, followed by a 30% increase in the following year. However, the percentage of women with a normal finding or with any abnormality remained unchanged. The findings from a histological evaluation of women in São Paulo city indicated that the percent of cases positive for CIN-1 (p < 0.0410) and CIN-3 (p < 0.0012) increased in 2020 and 2021 as compared to 2019 levels. CONCLUSION: A reduction in testing for cervical cancer in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, accompanied by an elevated incidence of precancerous lesions in each of the first 2 years following its initiation, may portend a subsequent increased occurrence of cervical cancer in Brazil.

Access to colposcopy in the State of São Paulo, Brazil: probabilistic linkage study of administrative data.

Cervical cancer screening is a multistage process, therefore access to both the primary test and subsequent diagnostic procedures is essential. Considering women undergoing screening on the public health system in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, we aimed to estimate the proportion of women accessing colposcopy within six months of an abnormal smear result. We retrieved records from two administrative databases, the Information System on Uterine Cervical Cancer (SISCOLO) that contains smear results and the Outpatient Information System of the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SIA/SUS) that records colposcopies. A reference cohort consisted of women, aged 25 years or older, with an abnormal smear result between May 1, 2014, and June 30, 2014. We excluded prevalent cases. We linked the reference cohort and records in the SIA/SUS extending to December 31, 2014. After excluding prevalent cases, 1,761 women with abnormal cytology results were left. A total of 700 (39.8%) women were linked to a colposcopy record within the follow-up period; this dropped to 671 (38.1%) women when follow-up was censored at six months. We could notice a slightly higher attendance in women living in the metropolitan region of São Paulo compared with residents of the rest of the state. We found no association between colposcopy attendance and age or cytology class. These results emphasize that access to colposcopy in the public health system in São Paulo is limited. This compromises the quality of screening, and the issue needs to be prioritized in service planning.

Follow-up of women screened for cervical cancer in São Paulo, Brazil: An analysis of the times to diagnostic investigation and treatment.

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates are higher in Brazil than in western countries. Access to cytology-based screening has increased in the country in recent decades, but few studies have assessed the quality of the follow-up care of women with abnormal screening tests that require further investigation. METHODS: A record-linkage cohort study was conducted in São Paulo state. Women aged 25+ years, who were screened in 2010, and whose test revealed a high-grade, or more severe, lesion were eligible. Follow-up information on diagnostic investigations, treatments and mortality was obtained through record-linkage of health databases. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate median times between screening and diagnostic investigation, and diagnosis and treatment initiation. Cox survival models were used to identify correlates of the length of these time intervals. RESULTS: 4300 women had a high-grade, or more severe, test result. Of these, 2788 (64.8 %) had a diagnostic investigation record, 1763 (41 %) a confirmed diagnosis of a precursor lesion or cancer, and 1247 (70.7 %) a treatment record. The median time to diagnosis was 190 days, with the probability of undergoing a diagnostic investigation within 30 days of the abnormal screening test being 7%. The median time to treatment was 81 days, with the probability of undergoing treatment within 60 days of a confirmed diagnosis being 44 %. Delays in diagnosis and treatment were associated with area-based healthcare indicators. CONCLUSION: Times to diagnosis and treatment were long, well above recommendations. Strategies to improve follow-up care must be prioritized to ensure screening reduces cervical cancer incidence and mortality.

Attendance for diagnostic colposcopy among high-risk human papillomavirus positive women in a Brazilian feasibility study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate factors associated with colposcopy attendance in HPV-positive women in São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: We analyzed data from a prospective cohort of women positive for high-risk HPV (hr-HPV) undergoing cervical cancer screening in primary care services in São Paulo, Brazil. Non-pregnant women attending routine screening between December 2014 and March 2016 were offered an hr-HPV test, and those testing positive and aged 25 years or older were invited for colposcopy. Sociodemographic information was recorded at study enrollment. We compared variables between women who did and did not attend colposcopy within a logistic regression framework. RESULTS: Of 1537 hr-HPV-positive women, 1235 (80.4%) attended for colposcopy, with a median time from primary test to colposcopy of 132 days. Younger age (P<0.001) and concurrent negative cytology results (P=0.025) were associated with lower attendance. Women registered at units providing both the primary test and colposcopy were more likely to attend than those at units making external referrals (788/862 [91.4%] versus 447/675 [66.2%], P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Non-attendance for colposcopy may limit the success of future screening programs based on hr-HPV testing in Brazil. Transfer of colposcopy services to primary care is a simple and effective facilitator of attendance.

High-Risk HPV Testing in Primary Screening for Cervical Cancer in the Public Health System, São Paulo, Brazil.

Every year there are approximately 16,000 new cases of cervical cancer in Brazil. Novel screening technologies may reduce this number by expanding the population coverage but also by improving the detection rate of precursor lesions. We aimed to evaluate human papillomaviruses (HPV)-DNA testing in the context of routine cervical cancer screening in the public health system of the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Women participating in the primary screening program were invited to enroll. Liquid-based cytology samples were collected and cytology and Hr-HPV DNA testing were performed in parallel. Cytologists were blind to HPV results. Women older than 24 years with a positive high-risk HPV test and/or cytology class ≥ ASC-US were referred to colposcopy. From December 2014 to December 2016, 16,102 women joined the study. High-risk human papillomavirus (HR HPV) DNA prevalence was 14.9%, whereas cytologic abnormalities were found in 7.2% of the women. Per protocol, 1,592 Hr-HPV+ women, in addition to 72 patients with cytologic classification > low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) were referred. A total of 80 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2+) cases were diagnosed, 79 were Hr-HPV DNA+ and 18 had normal cytology. Hr-HPV DNA detected a significant number of patients with premalignant lesions missed by cytology and all 16 CIN3+ cases were Hr-HPV DNA+ HPV genotyping may be useful in the management of Hr-HPV+ women, reducing the burden of colposcopic referral for those harboring genotypes with a weaker association to CIN3+ Use of HPV-DNA testing was shown to be feasible and advantageous over current cytologic screening in the public health system.

Influence of Prior Knowledge of Human Papillomavirus Status on the Performance of Cytology Screening.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the influence of prior knowledge of human papillomavirus (HPV) status in cervical cytopathology readings. METHODS: Participants comprised 2,376 women who underwent parallel cytology and HPV-DNA testing. Smears were read twice by the same team, first with previous knowledge of HPV-DNA status. RESULTS: Overall, 239 (10.2%) smears had their cytology classification altered by the HPV-informed review. Cytology readings with prior knowledge of the HPV status revealed 10.5% of abnormal smears (atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or higher), while without prior knowledge, this rate dropped to 7.6%. When HPV status was informed, a significant increase in all categories of altered smears was observed. Cytology with prior knowledge of HPV status detected more cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or higher (CIN 2+) compared with blinded: 86.7% vs 60.0%. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that cytology interpreted with prior knowledge of the HPV status provides higher sensitivity for CIN 2+ lesions while marginally reducing the overall specificity compared with HPV status blinded cytology.

Access to colposcopy in the State of São Paulo, Brazil: probabilistic linkage study of administrative data / Acesso à colposcopia no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil: um estudo de relacionamento probabilístico de dados administrativos / Acceso a la colposcopía en el Estado de São Paulo, Brasil: estudio de vinculación probabilística con datos administrativos

Cervical cancer screening is a multistage process, therefore access to both the primary test and subsequent diagnostic procedures is essential. Considering women undergoing screening on the public health system in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, we aimed to estimate the proportion of women accessing colposcopy within six months of an abnormal smear result. We retrieved records from two administrative databases, the Information System on Uterine Cervical Cancer (SISCOLO) that contains smear results and the Outpatient Information System of the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SIA/SUS) that records colposcopies. A reference cohort consisted of women, aged 25 years or older, with an abnormal smear result between May 1, 2014, and June 30, 2014. We excluded prevalent cases. We linked the reference cohort and records in the SIA/SUS extending to December 31, 2014. After excluding prevalent cases, 1,761 women with abnormal cytology results were left. A total of 700 (39.8%) women were linked to a colposcopy record within the follow-up period; this dropped to 671 (38.1%) women when follow-up was censored at six months. We could notice a slightly higher attendance in women living in the metropolitan region of São Paulo compared with residents of the rest of the state. We found no association between colposcopy attendance and age or cytology class. These results emphasize that access to colposcopy in the public health system in São Paulo is limited. This compromises the quality of screening, and the issue needs to be prioritized in service planning.

A triagem do câncer de colo uterino é um processo que envolve múltiplas etapas. É essencial o acesso ao teste primário e aos procedimentos diagnósticos subsequentes. Com foco nas mulheres que fazem triagem no sistema de saúde pública no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, buscamos estimar a proporção daquelas que acessam a colposcopia dentro de seis meses após um resultado anormal no teste de Papanicolau. Recuperamos os registros de duas bases de dados administrativos: o Sistema de Informação do Controle do Câncer do Colo do Útero (SISCOLO), que contém os resultados de Papanicolau, e o Sistema de Informação Ambulatorial do Sistema Único de Saúde (SIA/SUS), com os registros das colposcopias. Uma coorte de referência foi constituída de mulheres com idade de 25 anos ou mais com Papanicolau anormal entre 1º de maio de 2014 e 30 de junho de 2014. Excluímos casos prevalentes. Relacionamos a coorte de referência aos registros no SIA/SUS, estendendo até 31 de dezembro de 2014. Após a exclusão dos casos prevalentes, restaram 1.761 mulheres com citologia anormal. Setecentas delas (39,8%) foram relacionadas a um registro de colposcopia dentro do período de seguimento; esse número diminuiu para 671 (38,1%) quando o seguimento foi censurado aos seis meses. Foi observada uma cobertura ligeiramente maior entre mulheres residentes na Grande São Paulo, em comparação com mulheres residentes do interior do estado. Não houve associação entre realização de colposcopia e idade ou classe citológica. Os resultados destacam o acesso restrito à colposcopia no sistema público de saúde no Estado de São Paulo. O cenário compromete a qualidade da triagem, e a questão deve ser priorizada no planejamento dos serviços.

Las pruebas de detección del cáncer cervical forman parte de un proceso multietapa. El acceso a tanto el test primario, como a los subsiguientes procedimientos de diagnóstico, es esencial. Considerando a las mujeres que se realizan las pruebas de detección en el sistema público de la salud en el Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, el objetivo del estudio fue estimar la proporción de mujeres que acceden a una colposcopía dentro de los seis meses, tras el resultado anormal en una citología. Recuperamos los registros de dos bases de datos administrativas: el Sistema de Información del Cáncer de Cuello de Útero (SISCOLO), que contiene resultados citológicos, y el Sistema de Información Ambulatoria del Sistema Único de Salud (SIA/SUS), que registra colposcopías. La cohorte de referencia consistía en mujeres, con 25 años de edad o mayores, quienes recibieron un resultado anormal en su citología entre el 1º mayo de 2014 y el 30 de junio 2014. Excluimos los casos prevalentes. Vinculamos la cohorte de referencia y los registros en la SIA/SUS, extendiéndolos hasta el 31 de diciembre 2014. Tras excluir los casos prevalentes, quedaron 1.761 mujeres con resultados citológicos anormales; 700 (39.8%), vinculados a un registro de colposcopía dentro del periodo de seguimient. Esta cifra cayó a 671 (38.1%) cuando el seguimiento fue censurado a los seis meses. Se observó una participación ligeramente superior en mujeres que viven en la región metropolitana de la gran São Paulo, comparada con los residentes del resto del estado. No hubo asociación entre la participación en la colposcopía y edad o tipo de citología. Estos resultados resaltan que el acceso a la colposcopía en el sistema público de São Paulo es limitado. Esto compromete la calidad de las pruebas de detección por lo que se necesita darles prioridad en la planificación de los servicios sanitarios.

Critical Analyses of the Introduction of Liquid-Based Cytology in a Public Health Service of the State of São Paulo, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the performance of the current conventional Pap smear with liquid-based cytology (LBC) preparations. STUDY DESIGN: Women routinely undergoing their cytopathological and histopathological examinations at Fundação Oncocentro de São Paulo (FOSP) were recruited for LBC. Conventional smears were analyzed from women from other areas of the State of São Paulo with similar sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS: A total of 218,594 cases were analyzed, consisting of 206,999 conventional smears and 11,595 LBC. Among the conventional smears, 3.0% were of unsatisfactory preparation; conversely, unsatisfactory LBC preparations accounted for 0.3%. The ASC-H (atypical squamous cells - cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion) frequency did not demonstrate any differences between the two methods. In contrast, the incidence of ASC-US (atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance) was almost twice as frequent between LBC and conventional smears, at 2.9 versus 1.6%, respectively. An equal percentage of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions were observed for the two methods, but not for low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, which were more significantly observed in LBC preparations than in conventional smears (2.2 vs. 0.7%). The index of positivity was importantly enhanced from 3.0% (conventional smears) to 5.7% (LBC). CONCLUSIONS: LBC performed better than conventional smears, and we are truly confident that LBC can improve public health strategies aimed at reducing cervical lesions through prevention programs.

Controle do câncer de mama no estado de São Paulo: uma avaliação do rastreamento mamográfico / Breast cancer control in São Paulo state: evaluation of mammogram screening

Resumo Introdução O câncer de mama é o mais incidente, prevalente e com maior taxa de mortalidade entre as neoplasias malignas que acometem mulheres em todo o mundo, excluindo câncer de pele não melanoma. No Brasil, com exceção da região Norte, representa a mais frequente neoplasia maligna feminina. Objetivo Estimar a cobertura de mamografias e analisar a qualidade e adequação às diretrizes técnicas nacionais do exame mamográfico em mulheres residentes na Região Metropolitana (RM) ou Interior do Estado (IE) de São Paulo, entre 2010 e 2012 Método Estudo descritivo realizado a partir de dados do SISMAMA e SIA-SUS referentes ao período de 2010 a 2012. Resultados Na RM paulista, não foi atingida a meta preconizada para a razão de mamografias em 2011 e 2012. Foi observado aumento do tempo de espera para acesso à mamografia diagnóstica e para a liberação deste resultado, e redução da capacidade de confirmação diagnóstica para as lesões suspeitas de malignidade no triênio. Já no IE, a meta preconizada para a razão de mamografias foi alcançada durante o período avaliado, com melhora da cobertura de biópsias em 2012. Em ambos (RM e IE), foi constatado elevado percentual de mamografia realizada fora da faixa etária preconizada (cerca de 35%). Conclusão Os resultados evidenciam a necessidade de adequações no rastreamento realizado no estado de São Paulo para que as ações de detecção precoce sejam efetivas. Destaca-se a importância da implantação de um rastreamento organizado e do aprimoramento do sistema de informação em saúde que possibilite o monitoramento e avaliação das ações, e contribua para o aperfeiçoamento da Política Nacional de Prevenção e Controle do Câncer de Mama.

Abstract Background Breast cancer is the most incident, prevalent and the leading cause of female cancer death worldwide. In Brazil is the most commonly diagnosed female cancer, except in the North region. Objective To evaluate coverage, quality and adequacy to the technical guidelines of breast cancer control actions indicators in women residing in the Metropolitan Region (MR) or in the Inland Towns of São Paulo, Brazil, between 2010 and 2012. Method Descriptive study based on SISMAMA data from 2010 to 2012 was carried out. Results MR did not reach the recommended target for the mammography ratio in 2011 and 2012, which presented a considerable percentage of mammogram beyond the recommended age range, increased the waiting time for access to diagnostic mammography and for obtain this result, and reduced the capacity diagnostic confirmation for lesions suspected of malignancy during the triennium. Inland towns achieved the recommended target for the mammography ratio over the period and improved biopsy coverage in 2012. Conclusion The results highlighted requirement for adjustments in the screening actions in the state of São Paulo that allow the practice of early detection actions more effective, reinforce the relevance of the available Information Systems and their continuous improvement, as well as contribute to stimulate the evaluation practice and of the reviewing of the National Cancer Prevention and Control Policy.

[Critical evaluation of the diagnostic nomenclatures of cervical cytopathological exams used in the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS)]. / Avaliação crítica das nomenclaturas diagnósticas dos exames citopatológicos cervicais utilizadas no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS).

PURPOSE: to identify the nomenclature for reporting cervical cytological diagnoses used by laboratories which render services to the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) and which participate in External Quality Monitoring (MEQ). To evaluate the information acquired from gynecologists of the SUS regarding the various diagnostic classifications that they receive in the cervical cytology diagnostic reports. METHODS: we evaluated 94 cytology reports issued by laboratories which participate in the MEQ in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, and 126 questionnaires applied to gynecologists who work for the SUS. RESULTS: out of the 94 laboratories, 81 (86.2%) use one diagnostic classification: 79 (97.6%) use the Brazilian Nomenclature for Cytological Reports (NBLC), 1 (1.2%) uses the Papanicolaou classification and 1 (1.2%) uses the Richart diagnostic classification. Of the 13 (13.8%) laboratories that use more than one classification, 5 use 2 types and 8 use 3 to 4 types, with 9 including the Papanicolau diagnostic classification. The study showed that 52 (55.3%) laboratories presented more than one descriptive diagnosis in the same report. Out of the 126 gynecologists who filled out a questionnaire evaluating the cytopathology reports, 78 (61.9 %) stated that they received laboratory reports with only one diagnostic classification, 48 (38.1%) received reports with more than one classification and 2 received reports with all 4 classifications. Among the 93 (73.8%) gynecologists who prefer only one classification, 56 (60.2%) claimed that the NBLC contributes to clinical practice, 13 (14.0%) opted for the Richart classification, 8 (8.6%) for the Reagan classification and 16 (17.2%) for the Papanicolaou classification. Out of 33 (26.2%) gynecologists who prefer more than one classification, 5 opted for the 4 classifications. CONCLUSIONS: these data suggest that there is still resistance on the part of pathologists about using the official nomenclature in cytology reports for SUS. There is discrepancy between the information that gynecologists would like to see in the reports and the information provided by the pathologists. Greater efforts should be made to stimulate the use of the official nomenclature.

Avaliação crítica das nomenclaturas diagnósticas dos exames citopatológicos cervicais utilizadas no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) / Critical evaluation of the diagnostic nomenclatures of cervical cytopathological exams used in the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS)

OBJETIVO: identificar as nomenclaturas diagnósticas dos exames citopatológicos cervicais utilizadas pelos laboratórios que atendem o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e participantes do Monitoramento Externo de Qualidade (MEQ). Avaliar as informações adquiridas de profissionais ginecologistas que atuam no SUS sobre os tipos de classificação diagnóstica que recebem nos laudos citopatológicos cervicais. MÉTODOS: foram avaliados 94 laudos citopatológicos liberados pelos laboratórios participantes do MEQ no Estado de São Paulo e 126 questionários aplicados aos ginecologistas que atenderam o SUS. RESULTADOS: dos 94 laboratórios, 81 (86,2 por cento) utilizam uma única nomenclatura diagnóstica: 79 (97,6 por cento) utilizam a Nomenclatura Brasileira para Laudos Citopatológicos (NBLC), 1 (1,2 por cento) utiliza a classificação de Papanicolaou e 1 (1,2 por cento) utiliza a de Richart. Dos 13 (13,8 por cento) laboratórios que utilizam mais de uma nomenclatura, 5 apresentam 2 tipos, e 8, de 3 a 4, 9 dos quais incluem a classificação de Papanicolaou. O estudo demonstrou que 52 (55,3 por cento) laboratórios apresentaram mais de um diagnóstico descritivo num mesmo laudo. Dos 126 ginecologistas que responderam ao questionário de avaliação dos laudos citopatológicos, 78 (61,9 por cento) disseram receber laudos dos laboratórios com apenas uma classificação diagnóstica, 48 (38,1 por cento), laudos com mais de uma classificação, e 2 receberam as 4 classificações. Entre os 93 (73,8 por cento) ginecologistas que preferem uma classificação, 56 (60,2 por cento) alegaram que a NBLC contribui para a conduta clínica, 13 (14,0 por cento) optaram pela nomenclatura de Richart, 8 (8,6 por cento), de Reagan e 16 (17,2 por cento), a de Papanicolaou. De 33 (26,2 por cento) ginecologistas que preferem mais de uma nomenclatura, 5 optaram pelas 4 classificações...

PURPOSE: to identify the nomenclature for reporting cervical cytological diagnoses used by laboratories which render services to the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) and which participate in External Quality Monitoring (MEQ). To evaluate the information acquired from gynecologists of the SUS regarding the various diagnostic classifications that they receive in the cervical cytology diagnostic reports. METHODS: we evaluated 94 cytology reports issued by laboratories which participate in the MEQ in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, and 126 questionnaires applied to gynecologists who work for the SUS. RESULTS: out of the 94 laboratories, 81 (86.2 percent) use one diagnostic classification: 79 (97.6 percent) use the Brazilian Nomenclature for Cytological Reports (NBLC), 1 (1.2 percent) uses the Papanicolaou classification and 1 (1.2 percent) uses the Richart diagnostic classification. Of the 13 (13.8 percent) laboratories that use more than one classification, 5 use 2 types and 8 use 3 to 4 types, with 9 including the Papanicolau diagnostic classification. The study showed that 52 (55.3 percent) laboratories presented more than one descriptive diagnosis in the same report. Out of the 126 gynecologists who filled out a questionnaire evaluating the cytopathology reports, 78 (61.9 percent) stated that they received laboratory reports with only one diagnostic classification, 48 (38.1 percent) received reports with more than one classification and 2 received reports with all 4 classifications. Among the 93 (73.8 percent) gynecologists who prefer only one classification, 56 (60.2 percent) claimed that the NBLC contributes to clinical practice, 13 (14.0 percent) opted for the Richart classification, 8 (8.6 percent) for the Reagan classification and 16 (17.2 percent) for the Papanicolaou classification. Out of 33 (26.2 percent) gynecologists who prefer more than one classification, 5 opted for the 4 classifications...