British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines for oesophageal manometry and oesophageal reflux monitoring.

These guidelines on oesophageal manometry and gastro-oesophageal reflux monitoring supersede those produced in 2006. Since 2006 there have been significant technological advances, in particular, the development of high resolution manometry (HRM) and oesophageal impedance monitoring. The guidelines were developed by a guideline development group of patients and representatives of all the relevant professional groups using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE II) tool. A systematic literature search was performed and the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) tool was used to evaluate the quality of evidence and decide on the strength of the recommendations made. Key strong recommendations are made regarding the benefit of: (i) HRM over standard manometry in the investigation of dysphagia and, in particular, in characterising achalasia, (ii) adjunctive testing with larger volumes of water or solids during HRM, (iii) oesophageal manometry prior to antireflux surgery, (iv) pH/impedance monitoring in patients with reflux symptoms not responding to high dose proton pump inhibitors and (v) pH monitoring in all patients with reflux symptoms responsive to proton pump inhibitors in whom surgery is planned, but combined pH/impedance monitoring in those not responsive to proton pump inhibitors in whom surgery is planned. This work has been endorsed by the Clinical Services and Standards Committee of the British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) under the auspices of the oesophageal section of the BSG.

Esomeprazole and aspirin in Barrett's oesophagus (AspECT): a randomised factorial trial.

BACKGROUND: Oesophageal adenocarcinoma is the sixth most common cause of cancer death worldwide and Barrett's oesophagus is the biggest risk factor. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of high-dose esomeprazole proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) and aspirin for improving outcomes in patients with Barrett's oesophagus. METHODS: The Aspirin and Esomeprazole Chemoprevention in Barrett's metaplasia Trial had a 2 × 2 factorial design and was done at 84 centres in the UK and one in Canada. Patients with Barrett's oesophagus of 1 cm or more were randomised 1:1:1:1 using a computer-generated schedule held in a central trials unit to receive high-dose (40 mg twice-daily) or low-dose (20 mg once-daily) PPI, with or without aspirin (300 mg per day in the UK, 325 mg per day in Canada) for at least 8 years, in an unblinded manner. Reporting pathologists were masked to treatment allocation. The primary composite endpoint was time to all-cause mortality, oesophageal adenocarcinoma, or high-grade dysplasia, which was analysed with accelerated failure time modelling adjusted for minimisation factors (age, Barrett's oesophagus length, intestinal metaplasia) in all patients in the intention-to-treat population. This trial is registered with EudraCT, number 2004-003836-77. FINDINGS: Between March 10, 2005, and March 1, 2009, 2557 patients were recruited. 705 patients were assigned to low-dose PPI and no aspirin, 704 to high-dose PPI and no aspirin, 571 to low-dose PPI and aspirin, and 577 to high-dose PPI and aspirin. Median follow-up and treatment duration was 8·9 years (IQR 8·2-9·8), and we collected 20 095 follow-up years and 99·9% of planned data. 313 primary events occurred. High-dose PPI (139 events in 1270 patients) was superior to low-dose PPI (174 events in 1265 patients; time ratio [TR] 1·27, 95% CI 1·01-1·58, p=0·038). Aspirin (127 events in 1138 patients) was not significantly better than no aspirin (154 events in 1142 patients; TR 1·24, 0·98-1·57, p=0·068). If patients using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were censored at the time of first use, aspirin was significantly better than no aspirin (TR 1·29, 1·01-1·66, p=0·043; n=2236). Combining high-dose PPI with aspirin had the strongest effect compared with low-dose PPI without aspirin (TR 1·59, 1·14-2·23, p=0·0068). The numbers needed to treat were 34 for PPI and 43 for aspirin. Only 28 (1%) participants reported study-treatment-related serious adverse events. INTERPRETATION: High-dose PPI and aspirin chemoprevention therapy, especially in combination, significantly and safely improved outcomes in patients with Barrett's oesophagus. FUNDING: Cancer Research UK, AstraZeneca, Wellcome Trust, and Health Technology Assessment.

Radiofrequency ablation compared with argon plasma coagulation after endoscopic resection of high-grade dysplasia or stage T1 adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus: a randomized pilot study (BRIDE).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Endoscopic resection (ER) is safe and effective for Barrett's esophagus (BE) containing high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or mucosal adenocarcinoma (T1A). The risk of metachronous neoplasia is reduced by ablation of residual BE by using radiofrequency ablation (RFA) or argon plasma coagulation (APC). These have not been compared directly. We aimed to recruit up to 100 patients with BE and HGD or T1A confirmed by ER over 1 year in 6 centers in a randomized pilot study. METHODS: Randomization was 1:1 to RFA or APC (4 treatments allowed at 2-month intervals). Recruitment, retention, dysplasia clearance, clearance of benign BE, adverse events, healthcare costs, and quality of life by using EQ-5D, EORTC QLQ-C30, or OES18 were assessed up to the end of the trial at 12 months. RESULTS: Of 171 patients screened, 76 were randomized to RFA (n = 36) or APC (n = 40). The mean age was 69.7 years, and 82% were male. BE was <5 cm (n = 27), 5 to 10 cm (n = 45), and >10 cm (n = 4). Sixty-five patients completed the trial. At 12 months, dysplasia clearance was RFA 79.4% and APC 83.8% (odds ratio [OR] 0.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.2-2.6); BE clearance was RFA 55.8%, and APC 48.3% (OR 1.4; 95% CI, 0.5-3.6). A total of 6.1% (RFA) and 13.3% (APC) had buried BE glands. Adverse events (including stricture rate after starting RFA 3/36 [8.3%] and APC 3/37 [8.1%]) and quality of life scores were similar, but RFA cost $27491 more per case than APC. CONCLUSION: This pilot study suggests similar efficacy and safety but a cost difference favoring APC. A fully powered non-inferiority trial is appropriate to confirm these findings. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT01733719.).

UK guidelines on oesophageal dilatation in clinical practice.

These are updated guidelines which supersede the original version published in 2004. This work has been endorsed by the Clinical Services and Standards Committee of the British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) under the auspices of the oesophageal section of the BSG. The original guidelines have undergone extensive revision by the 16 members of the Guideline Development Group with representation from individuals across all relevant disciplines, including the Heartburn Cancer UK charity, a nursing representative and a patient representative. The methodological rigour and transparency of the guideline development processes were appraised using the revised Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE II) tool.Dilatation of the oesophagus is a relatively high-risk intervention, and is required by an increasing range of disease states. Moreover, there is scarcity of evidence in the literature to guide clinicians on how to safely perform this procedure. These guidelines deal specifically with the dilatation procedure using balloon or bougie devices as a primary treatment strategy for non-malignant narrowing of the oesophagus. The use of stents is outside the remit of this paper; however, for cases of dilatation failure, alternative techniques-including stents-will be listed. The guideline is divided into the following subheadings: (1) patient preparation; (2) the dilatation procedure; (3) aftercare and (4) disease-specific considerations. A systematic literature search was performed. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Develop-ment and Evaluation (GRADE) tool was used to evaluate the quality of evidence and decide on the strength of recommendations made.

Development and validation of a training module on the use of acetic acid for the detection of Barrett's neoplasia.

Background and study aims Acetic acid chromoendoscopy (AAC) enhances the ability to correctly identify Barrett's neoplasia, and is increasingly used by both expert and nonexpert endoscopists. Despite its increasing use, there is no validated training strategy to achieve competence. The aims of our study were to develop a validated training tool in AAC-assisted lesion recognition, to assess endoscopists' baseline knowledge of AAC-assisted lesion recognition, and to evaluate the efficacy and impact of this training tool. Methods A validated assessment of 40 images and 20 videos was developed. A total of 13 endoscopists with experience of Barrett's endoscopy but no formal training in AAC were recruited to the study. Participants underwent: baseline assessment 1, online training, assessment 2, interactive seminar, assessment 3. Results Baseline assessment demonstrated a sensitivity of 83 % and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 83 %. The online training intervention significantly improved sensitivity to 95 % and NPV to 94 % (P < 0.01). Further improvement was seen after a 1-day interactive seminar including live cases, with sensitivity increasing to 98 % and NPV to 97 %. Conclusions The data demonstrate the need for training in AAC-assisted lesion recognition as baseline performance, even by Barrett's experts, was poor. The online training and testing tool for AAC for Barrett's neoplasia was successfully developed and validated. The training intervention improved performance of endoscopists to meet ASGE PIVI standards. The training tool increases the endoscopist's degree of confidence in the use of AAC. The training tool also leads to shift in attitudes of endoscopists from Seattle protocol towards AAC-guided biopsy protocol for Barrett's surveillance.

Genome-wide association studies in oesophageal adenocarcinoma and Barrett's oesophagus: a large-scale meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Oesophageal adenocarcinoma represents one of the fastest rising cancers in high-income countries. Barrett's oesophagus is the premalignant precursor of oesophageal adenocarcinoma. However, only a few patients with Barrett's oesophagus develop adenocarcinoma, which complicates clinical management in the absence of valid predictors. Within an international consortium investigating the genetics of Barrett's oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma, we aimed to identify novel genetic risk variants for the development of Barrett's oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma. METHODS: We did a meta-analysis of all genome-wide association studies of Barrett's oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma available in PubMed up to Feb 29, 2016; all patients were of European ancestry and disease was confirmed histopathologically. All participants were from four separate studies within Europe, North America, and Australia and were genotyped on high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays. Meta-analysis was done with a fixed-effects inverse variance-weighting approach and with a standard genome-wide significance threshold (p<5 × 10-8). We also did an association analysis after reweighting of loci with an approach that investigates annotation enrichment among genome-wide significant loci. Furthermore, the entire dataset was analysed with bioinformatics approaches-including functional annotation databases and gene-based and pathway-based methods-to identify pathophysiologically relevant cellular mechanisms. FINDINGS: Our sample comprised 6167 patients with Barrett's oesophagus and 4112 individuals with oesophageal adenocarcinoma, in addition to 17 159 representative controls from four genome-wide association studies in Europe, North America, and Australia. We identified eight new risk loci associated with either Barrett's oesophagus or oesophageal adenocarcinoma, within or near the genes CFTR (rs17451754; p=4·8 × 10-10), MSRA (rs17749155; p=5·2 × 10-10), LINC00208 and BLK (rs10108511; p=2·1 × 10-9), KHDRBS2 (rs62423175; p=3·0 × 10-9), TPPP and CEP72 (rs9918259; p=3·2 × 10-9), TMOD1 (rs7852462; p=1·5 × 10-8), SATB2 (rs139606545; p=2·0 × 10-8), and HTR3C and ABCC5 (rs9823696; p=1·6 × 10-8). The locus identified near HTR3C and ABCC5 (rs9823696) was associated specifically with oesophageal adenocarcinoma (p=1·6 × 10-8) and was independent of Barrett's oesophagus development (p=0·45). A ninth novel risk locus was identified within the gene LPA (rs12207195; posterior probability 0·925) after reweighting with significantly enriched annotations. The strongest disease pathways identified (p<10-6) belonged to muscle cell differentiation and to mesenchyme development and differentiation. INTERPRETATION: Our meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies doubled the number of known risk loci for Barrett's oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma and revealed new insights into causes of these diseases. Furthermore, the specific association between oesophageal adenocarcinoma and the locus near HTR3C and ABCC5 might constitute a novel genetic marker for prediction of the transition from Barrett's oesophagus to oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Fine-mapping and functional studies of new risk loci could lead to identification of key molecules in the development of Barrett's oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma, which might encourage development of advanced prevention and intervention strategies. FUNDING: US National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health, National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, Swedish Cancer Society, Medical Research Council UK, Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Else Kröner Fresenius Stiftung, Wellcome Trust, Cancer Research UK, AstraZeneca UK, University Hospitals of Leicester, University of Oxford, Australian Research Council.

British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the diagnosis and management of Barrett's oesophagus.

These guidelines provide a practical and evidence-based resource for the management of patients with Barrett's oesophagus and related early neoplasia. The Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE II) instrument was followed to provide a methodological strategy for the guideline development. A systematic review of the literature was performed for English language articles published up until December 2012 in order to address controversial issues in Barrett's oesophagus including definition, screening and diagnosis, surveillance, pathological grading for dysplasia, management of dysplasia, and early cancer including training requirements. The rigour and quality of the studies was evaluated using the SIGN checklist system. Recommendations on each topic were scored by each author using a five-tier system (A+, strong agreement, to D+, strongly disagree). Statements that failed to reach substantial agreement among authors, defined as >80% agreement (A or A+), were revisited and modified until substantial agreement (>80%) was reached. In formulating these guidelines, we took into consideration benefits and risks for the population and national health system, as well as patient perspectives. For the first time, we have suggested stratification of patients according to their estimated cancer risk based on clinical and histopathological criteria. In order to improve communication between clinicians, we recommend the use of minimum datasets for reporting endoscopic and pathological findings. We advocate endoscopic therapy for high-grade dysplasia and early cancer, which should be performed in high-volume centres. We hope that these guidelines will standardise and improve management for patients with Barrett's oesophagus and related neoplasia.

Factors influencing participation in randomised clinical trials among patients with early Barrett's neoplasia: a multicentre interview study.

OBJECTIVES: Strong recruitment and retention into randomised controlled trials involving invasive therapies is a matter of priority to ensure better achievement of trial aims. The BRIDE (Barrett's Randomised Intervention for Dysplasia by Endoscopy) Study investigated the feasibility of undertaking a multicentre randomised controlled trial comparing argon plasma coagulation and radiofrequency ablation, following endoscopic resection, for the management of early Barrett's neoplasia. This paper aims to identify factors influencing patients' participation in the BRIDE Study and determine their views regarding acceptability of a potential future trial comparing surgery with endotherapy. DESIGN: A semistructured telephone interview study was performed, including both patients who accepted and declined to participate in the BRIDE trial. Interview data were analysed using the constant comparison approach to identify recurring themes. SETTING: Interview participants were recruited from across six UK tertiary centres where the BRIDE trial was conducted. PARTICIPANTS: We interviewed 18 participants, including 11 participants in the BRIDE trial and 7 who declined. RESULTS: Four themes were identified centred around interviewees' decision to accept or decline participation in the BRIDE trial and a potential future trial comparing endotherapy with surgery: (1) influence of the recruitment process and participant-recruiter relationship; (2) participants' views of the design and aim of the study; (3) conditional altruism as a determining factor and (4) participants' perceptions of surgical risks versus less invasive treatments. CONCLUSION: We identified four main influences to optimising recruitment and retention to a randomised controlled trial comparing endotherapies in patients with early Barrett's-related neoplasia. These findings highlight the importance of qualitative research to inform the design of larger randomised controlled trials.

Endoscopic management of Barrett's dysplasia and early neoplasia: efficacy, safety and long-term outcomes in a UK tertiary centre.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) are effective treatments for dysplastic Barrett's esophagus (BE). This study evaluates efficacy, durability and safety in a single high-volume UK tertiary centre with 15-years' experience. METHODS: Prospective data were collected from Nottingham University Hospitals 2004-2019 for endotherapy of dysplastic BE or intramucosal adenocarcinoma. Procedural outcome measures include complete resection, complications and surgery rates. Efficacy outcomes include complete remission of dysplasia (CR-D) and intestinal metaplasia (CR-IM), recurrence, treatment failure rates, durability of RFA, median follow up and tumor-associated mortality. RESULTS: A total of 319 lesions were resected; 671 RFAs were performed on 239 patients. Median age was 67 (±9.5) years, male:female ratio was 5:1 and median BE length was C3 [interquartile range (IQR): 6] M6 (IQR: 5). The most common lesion was Paris IIa (64%) with a median size of 10 mm (3-70). Final histology was adenocarcinoma in 50%. Complete resection rates were 96%. The multiband mucosectomy technique (91%) was most commonly used. The median number of RFA sessions was 3 (IQR: 2). The rates of CR-D and CR-IM were 90.4%% and 89.8% achieved after a median of 20.1 (IQR: 14) months. The most common complications: EMR was bleeding 2.2% and RFA was stricture (5.4%) requiring a median of 2 (range 1-7) dilatations. Median follow up post CR-IM/CR-D was 38 months (14-60). Metachronous lesions developed in 4.7% after CR-D and tumor-related mortality was 0.8%. Dysplasia and intestinal metaplasia-free survival at 5 years was 95 and 90%, respectively. CONCLUSION: BE endotherapy is minimally invasive, effective, safe and deliverable in a day-case setting.

Globus: are we any nearer to understanding it?

Globus is a common functional symptom without a clearly accepted etiology. Upper esophageal sphincter (UES) hypertension and gastroesophageal reflux have been proposed but not confirmed. Kwiatek et al. report a detailed study in globus patients using high-resolution manometry (HRM). The study showed greater respiratory augmentation of UES pressure compared with control groups among two-thirds of globus patients. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings and to establish whether they are of etiologic significance.

Acceptability to patients of screening disposable transnasal endoscopy: qualitative interview analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Screening in selected high risk populations for Barrett's oesophagus (BO) and oesophageal varices (OVs) has been proposed, but there are obstacles with conventional oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (C-OGD), including patient acceptability. Portable and disposable office-based transnasal endoscopy (TNE) is a feasible and accurate alternative to C-OGD that may have use in primary and secondary care. This article outlines a qualitative analysis of patient experiences of TNE and C-OGD in order to gain an insight into an acceptable delivery of an endoscopic screening service. DESIGN: Purposeful sampling identified 23 participants who then underwent semi-structured interviews to determine their experiences of both procedures. Thematic analysis was conducted to derive meaning from their lived experiences. SETTING: A secondary care endoscopy unit, clinic room and interview room. PARTICIPANTS: Patients referred for BO or OV surveillance and for endoscopy to investigate dyspepsia underwent unsedated TNE using the EG Scan II device followed by C-OGD with or without sedation (patient choice), as part of a clinical trial. RESULTS: The themes that arose from our analysis were: inclusivity in one's own healthcare, comfort level and convenience, validity of the procedure and application to a screening population and a sense of altruism and reciprocity. Positive aspects of TNE included participant empowerment, reduced discomfort and avoidance of conscious sedation. Participants felt that if TNE screening was of proven efficacy it would be welcomed, though views on use in a community setting were mixed. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients preferred TNE to unsedated C-OGD and the reasons they gave featured strongly in the emerging themes. Preferences between TNE and sedated C-OGD were more subtle, with equivalent comfort scores but merits and drawbacks of both being discussed. This information identifies opportunities and challenges in establishing an endoscopic screening service. Trial registration number ISRCTNregistry identifier: 70595405; Pre-results.

Acetic acid-guided biopsies in Barrett's surveillance for neoplasia detection versus non-targeted biopsies (Seattle protocol): A feasibility study for a randomized tandem endoscopy trial. The ABBA study.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Barrett's esophagus is a potentially pre-cancerous condition, affecting 375,000 people in the UK. Patients receive a 2-yearly endoscopy to detect cancerous changes, as early detection and treatment results in better outcomes. Current treatment requires random mapping biopsies along the length of Barrett's, in addition to biopsy of visible abnormalities. As only 13 % of pre-cancerous changes appear as visible nodules or abnormalities, areas of dysplasia are often missed. Acetic acid chromoendoscopy (AAC) has been shown to improve detection of pre-cancerous and cancerous tissue in observational studies, but no randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been performed to date. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A "tandem" endoscopy cross-over design. Participants will be randomized to endoscopy using mapping biopsies or AAC, in which dilute acetic acid is sprayed onto the surface of the esophagus, highlighting tissue through an whitening reaction and enhancing visibility of areas with cellular changes for biopsy. After 4 to 10 weeks, participants will undergo a repeat endoscopy, using the second method. Rates of recruitment and retention will be assessed, in addition to the estimated dysplasia detection rate, effectiveness of the endoscopist training program, and rates of adverse events (AEs). Qualitative interviews will explore participant and endoscopist acceptability of study design and delivery, and the acceptability of switching endoscopic techniques for Barrett's surveillance. RESULTS: Endoscopists' ability to diagnose dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus can be improved. AAC may offer a simple, universally applicable, easily-acquired technique to improve detection, affording patients earlier diagnosis and treatment, reducing endoscopy time and pathology costs. The ABBA study will determine whether a crossover "tandem" endoscopy design is feasible and acceptable to patients and clinicians and gather outcome data to power a definitive trial.

Surveillance in Barrett's oesophagus.

Barrett's oesophagus is a premalignant condition with an increasing incidence of adenocarcinoma. There remains uncertainty based on the lack of accurate information, not least the necessity for, effectiveness of, and optimal interval for surveillance of known cases. The incidence of oesophageal cancer may not be as high as previously supposed, which could influence both surveillance intervals and cost effectiveness. Issues around patient selection have not been satisfactorily resolved; although most patients at risk are elderly and die of other causes, advanced oesophageal cancer is an unpleasant condition and the prevention of the morbidity associated with this by endoscopic therapy of early lesions may be a worthwhile goal. Many patients drop out of surveillance programmes; some of the reasons appear to centre on the lack of information and point to the need to educate our patients if we believe surveillance to be worthwhile.

Effects of low-power argon plasma coagulation thermoablation of Barrett's epithelium on oesophageal motility.

INTRODUCTION: Oesophageal dysmotility contributes to the pathogenesis of Barrett's epithelium (BE) allowing prolonged mucosal contact with injurious refluxate. Argon plasma coagulation (APC) is effective for BE ablation, but it is unknown whether the procedure affects oesophageal motility. AIM: To assess the effect of low power (30 W) APC therapy on oesophageal motility in patients with BE. METHODS: Thirty-three patients with at least 4 cm of BE underwent oesophageal manometry before and after APC ablation. All were on proton pump inhibitors. Oesophageal body peristaltic wave duration and amplitude, and lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) pressure and length were compared before and after treatment. RESULTS: In a total of 28 men and five women, with a mean age of 63.4 years (range 39-79) and mean BE length 6.5 cm (range 4-19), macroscopic clearance was achieved in 28 patients. A small statistically significant (P<0.05) increase in peristaltic wave amplitude was seen after APC [mean (SD) mmHg before versus after: 30.4 (15.2) versus 36.2 (20.1) at 13.5 cm, 47.6 (27.1) versus 54.5 (26.8) at 8.5 cm, and 51.2 (35.3) versus 58 (34.4) at 3.5 cm above the LOS]. No changes in either peristaltic wave duration or LOS parameters [mean (SD) pressure 10.6 (5.6) versus 10.3 (4.3) mmHg; length 2.8 (1.3) versus 2.8 (1.0) cm] were observed. CONCLUSION: APC ablation of BE at a power setting of 30 W does not impair oesophageal motility.

Emerging drugs for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease.

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease is a common medical problem caused by the exposure of the distal oesophagus to gastric contents. Existing medical therapy is very effective, but symptomatic relief with acid suppressants is often delayed. Treatment focuses on the suppression of gastric acid rather than on the underlying pathophysiological abnormalities, such as transient non-swallow-related lower oesophageal sphincter relaxation. Current pharmacological developments concentrate on drugs with lasting acid suppression and a faster onset of action. Compounds interacting with the complex neuromuscular regulation of the gastro-oesophageal junction are also being developed and offer exciting prospects.

Acute oesophageal symptoms.

Acute oesophageal symptoms include acute dysphagia or food bolus impaction (most commonly due to strictures, Schatzki ring and eosinophilic oesophagitis), acute chest pain with odynophagia due to oesophageal infections, motility disorders and acute oesophageal rupture (of which oesophageal intramural haematoma is a subtype). Acute full thickness oesophageal rupture carries a high mortality if not recognised early; the clinical features and conditions with which this may be confused are presented and discussed.

Prokinetics and reflux: a promise unfulfilled.

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) has been described as a motility disorder of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Disturbances of lower oesophageal sphincter function, lower oesophageal body motility, oesophageal clearance and gastric emptying are well accepted. Cisapride improves most of these but its clinical benefits have been relatively modest. Some recent studies have indicated that the improvements achieved with cisapride may be less marked than originally thought. Furthermore, the agent has no effect on transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations, nor on other important factors influencing gastro-oesophageal junction competence, such as the external sphincter function of the diaphragmatic crus and mechanical influences such as lower oesophageal sphincter length exposed to intra-abdominal pressure changes. More potent, specific and predictable prokinetic agents would be welcome, but are unlikely to be effective as single agents across the range of GORD. There is certainly a need for such agents, including cisapride, as adjuncts to acid suppression in patients who fail to respond to the latter.

Surgery or endotherapy for high-grade dysplasia/early adenocarcinoma in Barrett's oesophagus?

The incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma is increasing and Barrett's oesophagus (columnar-lined oesophagus) is the main risk factor. Currently, oesophagectomy for oesophageal adenocarcinoma is the only accepted effective therapy; however, it has significant associated morbidity and mortality. Recent developments in the staging of oesophageal adenocarcinoma have allowed early adenocarcinoma/high-grade dysplasia to be identified with confidence, allowing attempts at local endoscopic treatment without the need for oesophagectomy. Hitherto, there have been no reports of long-term follow-up. Follow-up of local endoscopic therapy in 115 patients with high-grade dysplasia/early adenocarcinoma has now been presented, suggesting that local endoscopic therapy appears to be an effective and safe option for the management of these conditions.