Stakeholder perceptions of and attitudes towards problematic polypharmacy and prescribing cascades: a qualitative study.

INTRODUCTION: Problematic polypharmacy is the prescribing of five or more medications potentially inappropriately. Unintentional prescribing cascades represent an under-researched aspect of problematic polypharmacy and occur when an adverse drug reaction (ADR) is misinterpreted as a new symptom resulting in the initiation of a new medication. The aim of this study was to elicit key stakeholders' perceptions of and attitudes towards problematic polypharmacy, with a focus on prescribing cascades. METHODS: qualitative one-to-one semi-structured interviews were conducted with predefined key stakeholder groups. Inductive thematic analysis was employed. RESULTS: Thirty-one stakeholders were interviewed: six patients, two carers, seven general practitioners, eight pharmacists, four hospital doctors, two professional organisation representatives and two policymakers. Three main themes were identified: (i) ADRs and prescribing cascades-a necessary evil. Healthcare professionals (HCPs) expressed concern that experiencing an ADR would negatively impact patients' confidence in their doctor. However, patients viewed ADRs pragmatically as an unpredictable risk. (ii) Balancing the risk/benefit tipping point. The complexity of prescribing decisions in the context of polypharmacy made balancing this tipping point challenging. Consequently, HCPs avoided medication changes. (iii) The minefield of medication reconciliation. Stakeholders, including patients and carers, viewed medication reconciliation as a perilous activity due to systemic communication deficits. CONCLUSION: Stakeholders believed that at a certain depth of polypharmacy, the risk that a new symptom is being caused by an existing medication becomes incalculable. Therefore, in the absence of harm, medication changes were avoided. However, medication reconciliation post hospital discharge compelled prescribing decisions and was seen as a high-risk activity by stakeholders.

Depression trajectories among older community dwelling adults: Results from the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA).

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the role of a large range psychological, attitudinal and health related variables as predictors of depression trajectories amongst older adults over a 4-year time period. METHODS: Data from three consecutive waves of the TILDA survey of older community dwelling adults aged 50+ in Ireland were combined for analysis. Depression symptom scores were assessed using the Center for Epidemiological Studies- Depression scale (CES-D). Changes in depression scores over three time points were modelled as distinct trajectory classes using group-based trajectory modelling, whilst simultaneously controlling for demographic, attitudinal and health related predictors of these trajectory classes using multinomial regression. RESULTS: Four distinct depression trajectories were identified as (1) a stable low symptom level group (79%), (2) a moderate but deteriorating symptoms group (7.6%), (3) a moderate but improving group (10.1%) and (4) a vulnerable group with consistently high symptoms (3.1%). Multinomial logistic regression indicated that limiting pain, mobility impairments, perceived stress and loneliness predicted membership of the moderate and higher depressive symptom classes. Retirement status and higher reported levels of worry were associated with a greater likelihood of membership of the moderate symptom classes only. LIMITATIONS: Use of the CES-D is open to bias due to subjective nature of respondent reporting. CONCLUSIONS: Results concur with previous studies on the development of depression among older people and highlight the key health related and psychological variables that may inform interventions aimed at mitigating risks of developing depression among older adults.

Minding the gap-an examination of a pharmacist case management medicines optimisation intervention for older people in intermediate care settings.

BACKGROUND: Whilst attention has been paid within the literature to examining potentially inappropriate prescribing (PIP) for older adults in a variety of care settings, less is known about the extent within intermediate care. Furthermore, few studies have examined the utility of clinical pharmacist involvement in this care context. OBJECTIVE(S): Determine the prevalence of PIP in intermediate care (IC) settings in Northern Ireland (NI), explore the utility of a novel pharmacist case management model at reducing PIP and to examine the association with subsequent healthcare utilisation. METHODS: Secondary analysis of prospective data (N = 532) collected during a medicines optimisation pharmacist case management model in three intermediate care sites in NI. Independent prescriber pharmacists delivered the intervention. Variability in Medication Appropriateness Index score change (ΔMAI) from admission to discharge was examined using multivariate linear regression analysis. Multivariate logistic and Poisson regressions were used to examine the association between ΔMAI and likelihood and numbers of unplanned hospital readmissions within 30 and 90 days of IC discharge. RESULTS: PIP was highly prevalent (89.5%) at baseline with significant reductions in MAI score achieved from admission (Median = 14) to discharge (Median = 0) (Z = -18.28, p < .001). The prevalence of PIP at discharge was 7.8%. No relationship was observed between ΔMAI score and unplanned hospital readmission. Those who received at least one educational intervention were less likely to be readmitted within 30 days of IC discharge (OR = 0.15, 95% CI 0.03, 0.71, p < .001). Baseline healthcare utilisation consistently predicted healthcare utilisation post-IC discharge. CONCLUSIONS: Drug-related problems persist for many older adults following acute care discharge and intermediate care may provide an ideal location for medicines optimisation interventions.