Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of α-d-mannan from Pseudozyma sp.

Pseudozyma sp. are yeasts that are commercially important due to their production of glycolipid biosurfactants, squalene, itaconic acid, and exopolysaccharide. The search for other analgesia inducing drugs, such as opiates and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), as alternatives is beneficial. In this study, the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory actions of α-d-mannan were studied using acetic acid-induced writhing, open field test, formalin test, and carrageenan-induced paw oedema tests in mice. The α-d-mannan obtained from Pseudozyma sp. was confirmed by methylation analysis, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis, and GC-MS. The results show that α-d-mannan from Pseudozyma sp. has analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-020-02635-1.

Betulinic Acid from Zizyphus Joazeiro Bark Using Focused Microwave-Assisted Extraction and Response Surface Methodology.

BACKGROUND: The effect of the extraction time (min) and temperature (°C) on the yield of betulinic acid (BA) from Zizyphus joazeiro barks using focused microwave-assisted extraction was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The ethyl acetate was used as extractor solvent because it was shown to provide a betulinic acid-clean extract. A full two-level statistical factorial design was applied to determine the important effects and interactions of these independent variables upon the yield of BA. RESULTS: The conditions that produced the highest yield of BA were at temperature of 70°C and an extraction time of 15 min (3.33 mg per gram of plant). CONCLUSION: The BA has drawn attention due to its use as a raw material in the synthesis of active compounds against the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). SUMMARY: The extraction of betulinic acid (BA) from Zizyphus joazeiro barks using focused microwave was investigatedA full two-level statistical factorial design was applied to determine the effects and interactions of the independent variables (time and temperature) upon the yield of BAThe reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detector was used for quantification. Abbreviation used: BA: Betulinic acid; FMAE: Focused microwave assisted extraction; HPLC: High-performance liquid chromatography; RSD: Relative standard deviations.