Inequalities in the receipt of healthcare practitioner counseling for adults after COVID-19 in southern Brazil.

Health counseling is a prevention and health promotion action, especially in the context of a pandemic, for both preventing disease and maintaining health. Inequalities may affect receipt of health counseling. The aim was to provide an overview of the prevalence of receiving counseling and to analyze income inequality in the receipt of health counseling. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional telephone survey study with individuals aged 18 years or older with diagnosis of symptomatic COVID-19 using RT-PCR testing between December 2020 and March 2021. They were asked about receipt of health counseling. Inequalities were assessed using the Slope Index of Inequality (SII) and Concentration Index (CIX) measures. We used the Chi-square test to assess the distribution of outcomes according to income. Adjusted analyses were performed using Poisson regression with robust variance adjustment. RESULTS: A total of 2919 individuals were interviewed. Low prevalence of health counseling by healthcare practitioner was found. Participants with higher incomes were 30% more likely to receive more counseling. CONCLUSIONS: These results serve as a basis for aggregating public health promotion policies, in addition to reinforcing health counseling as a multidisciplinary team mission to promote greater health equity.

Socioeconomic inequities in specialized health services use following COVID-19 in individuals from Southern Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Evidence on inequalities in the health services use is important for public policy formulation, even more so in a pandemic context. The aim of this study was to evaluate socioeconomic inequities in the specialized health use services according to health insurance and income, following COVID-19 in individuals residing in Southern Brazil. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional telephone survey with individuals aged 18 years or older diagnosed with symptomatic COVID-19 using the RT-PCR test between December 2020 and March 2021. Questions were asked about attendance at a health care facility following COVID-19, the facilities used, health insurance and income. Inequalities were assessed by the following measures: Slope Index of Inequality (SII) and Concentration Index (CIX). Adjusted analyses were performed using Poisson regression with robust variance adjustment using the Stata 16.1 statistical package. RESULTS: 2,919 people (76.4% of those eligible) were interviewed. Of these, 24.7% (95%CI 23.2; 36.3) used at least one specialized health service and 20.3% (95%CI 18.9; 21.8) had at least one consultation with specialist doctors after diagnosis of COVID-19. Individuals with health insurance were more likely to use specialized services. The probability of using specialized services was up to three times higher among the richest compared to the poorest. CONCLUSIONS: There are socioeconomic inequalities in the specialized services use by individuals following COVID-19 in the far south of Brazil. It is necessary to reduce the difficulty in accessing and using specialized services and to extrapolate the logic that purchasing power transposes health needs. The strengthening of the public health system is essential to guarantee the population's right to health.

Musculoskeletal pain during and after SARS-CoV-2 infection and healthcare utilization: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated the reorganization of health services to cater to the needs of individuals affected by the virus. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the association between musculoskeletal pain during and after SARS-CoV-2 infection and the utilization of health services among adults in southern Brazil.  METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with individuals aged 18 years and older, who were diagnosed with COVID-19 between December 2020 and March 2021. Questionnaires were electronically collected using tablets through the REDCap platform via phone calls. The health service utilization outcomes assessed included Primary Health Care, general practitioners, private emergency care, and specialized services. The exposure variable was the presence of musculoskeletal pain during and after SARS-CoV-2 infection in different regions, such as cervical, upper limbs, thoracic, lumbar, and lower limbs. Poisson regression analysis was employed to assess the relationship between health service utilization during and after SARS-CoV-2 infection and musculoskeletal pain during and after the infection with SARS-CoV-2 among adults in southern Brazil. Data were analyzed using the Stata 16.1 statistical package.  RESULTS: A total of 2,919 individuals were interviewed. Overall, individuals with musculoskeletal pain were found to utilize health services approximately 15 percentage points higher when compared to those without musculoskeletal pain. In adjusted analysis, individuals who reported musculoskeletal pain during and after SARS-CoV-2 infection were up to twice as likely to use health services. Among them, the emergency care unit was the most frequently used service, particularly in those with pain in the lower limbs (RP=2.19, 95% CI 1.66-2.87) and thoracic region (RP=2.04, 95% CI 1.47-2.84). Notably, the highest magnitudes of association were observed with emergency care units, specialist doctors, and specialized services, especially neurologists, who were two to three times more likely to be sought, followed by pulmonologists.  CONCLUSION: Health service utilization was significantly associated with musculoskeletal pain during and after SARS-CoV-2 infection. All regions, except for the cervical region, showed a correlation with the use of Primary Health Care. The thoracic region featured an association with pulmonologists and emergency room utilization. Additionally, health services like emergency care units, specialist doctors, and specialized services, including cardiologists and neurologists, were commonly utilized across all regions in southern Brazil.

Social inequalities in care for the elderly with diabetes in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the prevalence of various care services offered to the elderly with diabetes mellitus in Brazil, and to assess the social inequalities in these services. METHODS: This cross-sectional, population-based study was carried out in 2013. The care services offered were evaluated in terms of the following eight indicators: recommendations to lower carbohydrates, to measure blood glucose, and to examine the feet; requests made for blood tests, for glycated hemoglobin tests, and for glycemic curve tests; and whether service users had had their eyes or feet examined in the previous year. We used the slope index of inequality and the concentration index to assess the inequalities among wealth quintiles. RESULTS: A total of 1 685 elderly persons with diabetes were evaluated. Overall, 41.7% of them had had their eyes examined in the preceding year, 35.4% had had their feet examined in the preceding year, and 10.9% had been offered all eight of the care services. The largest absolute differences (in percentage points) between the first (poorest) and fifth (richest) wealth quintiles in terms of the care services that were offered to the users were for: a recommendation to measure blood glucose (25.8), a glycated hemoglobin test request (27.4), a glycemic curve test request (31.9), having the eyes examined in the preceding year (29.3), and having the feet examined in the preceding year (27.0). CONCLUSION: There were notable inequalities in the prevalences of the care services. In the future, measurement of blood glucose and examination of the feet should be emphasized, especially for elderly persons in a lower socioeconomic level.

Trends in the quality of child health care in the first week of life in primary care services in Brazil. / Tendências na qualidade da atenção à saúde da criança na primeira semana de vida na Atenção Primária no Brasil.

The aim of this study was to assess temporal trends in the quality of health care during the first-week child check-up in primary care services stratified by municipal, health team and maternal characteristics. We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the three cycles of the National Program for the Improvement of Access and Quality (PMAQ) (2012, 2014 and 2018). Adult service users with children aged up to 2 were interviewed. The outcome was "good quality health care in the first week of life". Descriptive and time trend analyses were performed using variance-weighted least squares regression. The frequency of good quality care during the first-week check-up was 47.9% (95%CI 46.6-49.3) in 2012, 52.5% (95%CI 51.3-53.7) in 2014 and 53.3% (95%CI 52.2-54.4) in 2018, with an annual increase of 0.73 pp (p<0.001). The annual increase was greater in the Northeast (2.06 pp) and in municipalities with very low/low HDI (1.48 pp) and 100% family health strategy coverage (0.98 pp). Trends in the frequency of good quality health care during the first-week child check-up were favorable.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a tendência temporal da qualidade da atenção à saúde da criança na consulta da primeira semana de vida no nível da Atenção Primária à Saúde, segundo características dos municípios, do processo de trabalho das equipes e das usuárias responsáveis pelas crianças. Foram realizadas análises transversais com dados dos três ciclos do Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade (PMAQ) (2012, 2014 e 2018). Usuá­rias adultas com filhos de até dois anos foram entrevistadas. O desfecho foi a "boa qualidade da atenção à saúde na primeira semana de vida". Foram realizadas análises descritivas e de tendência temporal por meio de regressão de mínimos quadrados ponderados por variância. A frequên­cia de boa qualidade na consulta da primeira semana de vida foi 47,9% (IC95% 46,6-49,3) em 2012, 52,5% (IC95% 51,3-53,7) em 2014 e 53,3% (IC95% 52,2-54,4) em 2018, com um aumento anual de 0,73 ponto percentual (p<0,001). O aumento anual foi maior na região Nordeste (2,06 pp) e com IDH muito baixo/baixo (1,48 pp) e com 100% de cobertura de ESF (0,98 pp). Ao longo dos três ciclos do PMAQ-AB houve uma evolução favorável na frequência da boa qualidade na atenção à saúde na primeira semana de vida.

Inequalities in the management of back pain care in Brazil - National Health Survey, 2019.

The aim was to assess the presence of socioeconomic inequalities in the management of back pain among Brazilians. Cross-sectional study with data from the National Health Survey (2019). The management of back pain care was assessed using five outcomes: regular exercise; physiotherapy; use of medications or injections; integrative and complementary practice; regular follow-up with a health professional. The magnitude of inequalities of each outcome in relation to exposures (education and income) was estimated using two indices: slope index of inequality (SII) and concentration index (CIX). Of the 90,846 interviewees, 19,206 individuals (21.1%) reported some chronic back problem. The most prevalent outcomes were use of medications and injections (45.3%), physical exercise (26.3%) and regular follow-up with a health professional (24.7%). The existence of inequalities in the management of back pain in the Brazilian population was evident. The adjusted analysis showed that the richest and most educated performed two to three times more physical exercise, physiotherapy, integrative and complementary practices (ICPS) and regular follow-up with a health professional than the poorest and least educated. Absolute (SII) and relative (CIX) inequalities were significant for all outcomes.

[Complications due to diabetes mellitus in Brazil: 2019 nationwide study]. / Complicações por diabetes mellitus no Brasil: estudo de base nacional, 2019.

Inadequate management of diabetes mellitus (DM) can lead to complications that affect quality of life. The prevalence of DM and its complications is increasing, presenting an uneven distribution in the population. The objective was to estimate the prevalence of complications due to DM and to assess inequalities in the Brazilian population. It involved a cross-sectional study, with data from the 2019 National Health Survey (NHS). The complications evaluated were: diabetic coma, heart attack/cerebrovascular accident/stroke; kidney problem; vision problem and foot ulcer or amputation. The related factors were schooling and income. The prevalence of complications was calculated separately, combination in pairs, presence of any complications and number of complications. Inequality was estimated through adjusted analysis and the slope index (SII) and concentration index (CIX) indices. The sample consisted of 6,317 people with DM. More than a third (37.8%) reported having some complication. Vision problems (30.6%) and kidney problems (9.7%) were the most prevalent. The prevalence of having "one" and "two or more" complications were 25.4% and 12.4%, respectively. Inequalities were found with a higher prevalence of complications among the least educated and the poorest.

O manejo inadequado da diabetes mellitus (DM) pode levar a complicações que afetam a qualidade de vida. A prevalência da DM e suas complicações está aumentando, apresentando distribuição desigual na população. O objetivo foi estimar a prevalência de complicações devido à DM e avaliar as desigualdades na população brasileira. Estudo transversal, com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS), de 2019. As complicações avaliadas foram: coma diabético, infarto/Acidente Vascular Cerebral/derrame, problema nos rins, problema na visão e úlcera nos pés ou amputação. As exposições foram a escolaridade e renda. Foram calculadas as prevalências das complicações separadamente, combinação em duplas, presença de alguma complicação e número de complicações. A desigualdade foi estimada por meio de análise ajustada e dos índices: slope index (SII) e o concentration index (CIX). A amostra foi composta por 6.317 pessoas com DM. Mais de um terço (37,8%) referiu ter alguma complicação. O problema na visão (30,6%) e nos rins (9,7%) foram os mais prevalentes. As prevalências de ter "uma" e "duas ou mais" complicações foram 25,4% e 12,4%. Foram evidenciadas desigualdades com maior prevalência de complicações entre os menos escolarizados e mais pobres.

Physical activity status prevents symptoms of long covid: Sulcovid-19 survey.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity is indicated as a treatment for Long COVID, but prevention is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between physical activity (PA) before and after acute SARS-Cov-2 infection and the presence of Long COVID symptoms in adults. METHODS: We used data from the Sulcovid-19, a longitudinal study carried out with individuals who were infected by SARS-Cov-2 between December/2020 and March/2021. Participants were asked about 19 symptoms commonly associated with long COVID. Three PA variables were built, as follows: (1) remained inactive; (2) became inactive; (3) remained active. RESULTS: 2.919 people were interviewed. The prevalence of individuals who had at least one symptom of Long COVID is 48.3% (95%CI 46.5-51.1). Our results showed that 71.8% (95%CI 70.1-73.4) of the individuals remained inactive, 14.9% (95%CI 13.6-16.2) became inactive and 13.3% (95% CI 12.1-14.6) remained active. The likelihood of experiencing long COVID symptoms was reduced in the musculoskeletal (PR 0.70; 95%CI 0.49-0.99), neurological (PR 0.61; 95%CI 0.43-0.88), and respiratory (PR 0.58; 95%CI 0.35-0.96) systems in those who remained active. In addition, the likelihood of experiencing Long COVID symptoms was 7% less in those who remained active. CONCLUSIONS: Continuous PA practice showed important protection effect for Long COVID symptoms in adults.

Emergency department use and Artificial Intelligence in Pelotas: design and baseline results.

OBJETIVO: To describe the initial baseline results of a population-based study, as well as a protocol in order to evaluate the performance of different machine learning algorithms with the objective of predicting the demand for urgent and emergency services in a representative sample of adults from the urban area of Pelotas, Southern Brazil. METHODS: The study is entitled "Emergency department use and Artificial Intelligence in PELOTAS (RS) (EAI PELOTAS)" (https://wp.ufpel.edu.br/eaipelotas/). Between September and December 2021, a baseline was carried out with participants. A follow-up was planned to be conducted after 12 months in order to assess the use of urgent and emergency services in the last year. Afterwards, machine learning algorithms will be tested to predict the use of urgent and emergency services over one year. RESULTS: In total, 5,722 participants answered the survey, mostly females (66.8%), with an average age of 50.3 years. The mean number of household people was 2.6. Most of the sample has white skin color and incomplete elementary school or less. Around 30% of the sample has obesity, 14% diabetes, and 39% hypertension. CONCLUSION: The present paper presented a protocol describing the steps that were and will be taken to produce a model capable of predicting the demand for urgent and emergency services in one year among residents of Pelotas, in Rio Grande do Sul state.

Inequalities in care for the people with diabetes in Brazil: A nationwide study, 2019.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate inequalities in care for people with diabetes in Brazil. This cross-sectional population-based study was carried out in 2019 and evaluated care provided by receiving advice, requesting laboratory tests, and performing examinations. We used the slope index of inequality and concentration index to assess inequalities according to educational level and Poisson regression to estimate prevalence ratios for each outcome in the education category. We assessed a total of 6317 people with diabetes, 41.8% had their eyes checked, and 36.1% had their feet examined in the previous year. Prevalence for both examinations was 2.45 times higher in those from the highest level of education compared to those from the lowest level. The largest absolute differences (in percentage points) between the lowest and highest education levels in care indicators were the following: request for glycated hemoglobin test (39.0), glucose curve test (31.4), and eyes checked in the previous year (29.7). There were notable inequalities in the prevalence ratios of care provided to people with diabetes in Brazil. Requests for glycated hemoglobin tests, glucose curve tests, eye and feet examinations should be emphasized, especially for people from lower educational levels.

Assessment of the appropriate management of syphilis patients in primary health care in different regions of Brazil from 2012 to 2018.

This study aimed to analyze the presence of adequate infrastructure and work process in primary health care for the diagnosis, management, and treatment of syphilis in Brazil in 2012, 2014, and 2018. This is a cross-sectional, nationwide study with data from the three cycles of the Program for Improvement of Access and Quality of Basic Healthcare (PMAQ-AB): 2012 (Cycle I), 2014 (Cycle II), and 2018 (Cycle III). Two outcomes were assessed: adequate infrastructure and work process. The independent variables were macroregion, municipality size, Municipal Human Development Index (HDI-M), and coverage of the Family Health Strategy (FHS). Variance-weighted least squares regression was used to estimate annual changes in percentage. In total, 13,842 primary basic health units (UBS) and 17,202 professional health care teams were assessed in Cycle I; 24,055 UBS and 29,778 teams in Cycle II, and 28,939 UBS and 37,350 teams in Cycle III. About 1.4% of UBS had adequate infrastructure in Cycle I; 17.5% had in Cycle II; and 42.7% had in Cycle III. Adequate work process also increased in the three cycles, ranging from 47.3% in Cycle I to 45.5% in Cycle II and 75.4% in Cycle III. However, inequities are observed, considering that richer regions and larger municipalities, with higher HDI-M and lower FHS coverage improved the most. The low prevalence of adequate infrastructure and work process for the care of patients with syphilis in Brazil reflects a significant weakness in the Brazilian health system.

[Trend in the availability of vaccines in Brazil: PMAQ-AB, 2012, 2014, and 2018]. / Tendência da disponibilidade de vacinas no Brasil: PMAQ-AB 2012, 2014 e 2018.

The objective was to analyze the trend in the availability of vaccines in Brazil and its various regions and states from 2012 to 2018. This cross-sectional study used data from basic units assessed in cycles I (2012), II (2014), and III (2018) of the Brazilian National Program for Improvement of Access and Quality of Basic Care (PMAQ-AB). We assessed the availability of the dT, hepatitis B, meningococcal C, polio, pneumococcal 10-valent, MMR, DPT, tetravalent/pentavalent, and human rotavirus vaccines. Identification of trend was performed with weighted least squares regression to estimate annual percent changes. We also verified the relative and absolute differences in prevalence of vaccines. The sample consisted of 13,842 basic health units in Cycle I, 19,752 in Cycle II, and 25,152 in Cycle III. An upward trend was seen in the prevalence of availability of all vaccines investigated during the period, with an increase of 16 percentage points from 2012 to 2018, reaching nearly 70% in 2018. The regions with the largest upward trend were the North (2.9p.p.), Central-West (2.1p.p.), and Northeast (2.0p.p.). There was a visible downward trend in both the availability (-3.3p.p.) and absolute and relative difference (-20p.p.; 0.68) in Rio de Janeiro State. The prevalence of availability of vaccines was low in Brazil, with disparities between regions that become even more pronounced when assessing specific states.

O objetivo foi analisar a tendência da disponibilidade de vacinas no Brasil, em suas regiões e Unidades da Federação (UFs), de 2012 a 2018. Estudo transversal realizado com dados das unidades básicas avaliadas nos ciclos I (2012), II (2014) e III (2018) do Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica (PMAQ-AB). Foi avaliada a disponibilidade das vacinas dupla dT, hepatite B, meningocócica C, poliomielite, pneumocócica 10, tríplice viral, tríplice bacteriana, tetravalente/pentavalente e rotavírus humano. Para identificação da tendência, foi realizada regressão de mínimos quadrados ponderada por variância para estimar mudanças anuais, em pontos percentuais. Também foi verificada a diferença relativa e absoluta da prevalência de vacinas. A amostra foi composta por 13.842 unidades básicas de saúde (UBS) no Ciclo I, 19.752 no Ciclo II e 25.152 no Ciclo III. Verificou-se tendência crescente da prevalência de disponibilidade de todas as vacinas investigadas no período avaliado, com aumento de 16p.p. entre 2012 e 2018, alcançando cerca de 70% em 2018. As regiões com maior tendência de aumento foram o Norte (2,9p.p.), Centro-oeste (2,1p.p.) e Nordeste (2,0p.p.). Destaque-se a tendência decrescente na disponibilidade (-3,3p.p.) e, também, nas diferenças absoluta e relativa negativas (-20p.p.; 0,68) verificadas no Rio de Janeiro. Identificou-se prevalência de disponibilidade de vacina baixa no Brasil, com disparidades entre as regiões, que ficam mais marcantes na avaliação das UFs.

El objetivo fue analizar la tendencia de la disponibilidad de vacunas en Brasil, en sus regiones y Unidades de la Federación (UFs), de 2012 a 2018. Estudio transversal realizado con datos de las unidades básicas, evaluadas en los ciclos I (2012), II (2014) y III (2018) del Programa Nacional de Mejoría de Acceso y Calidad de la Atención Básica (PMAQ-AB). Se evaluó la disponibilidad de las vacunas doble dT, hepatitis B, meningocócica C, poliomielitis, neumocócica 10, triple viral, triple bacteriana, tetravalente/pentavalente y rotavirus humano. Para la identificación de la tendencia se realizó una regresión de mínimos cuadrados ponderada por variancia para estimar cambios anuales, en puntos porcentuales. También se verificó la diferencia relativa y absoluta de la prevalencia de vacunas. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 13.842 unidades basicas de salud en el Ciclo I, 19.752 en el Ciclo II y 25.152 en el Ciclo III. Se verificó la tendencia creciente de la prevalencia de disponibilidad de todas las vacunas investigadas en el período evaluado, con un aumento de 16p.p entre 2012 y 2018, alcanzando cerca de un 70% en 2018. Las regiones con mayor tendencia de aumento fueron el Norte (2,9p.p.), Centro-oeste (2,1p.p.) y Nordeste (2,0p.p.). Se destaca la tendencia decreciente en la disponibilidad (-3,3p.p.) y también en la diferencia absoluta y relativa negativas (-20p.p.; 0,68), verificadas en Río de Janeiro. Se identificó la prevalencia de una disponibilidad baja de vacunación en Brasil, con disparidades entre las regiones, que son más visibles en la evaluación de las UFs.

Quality of newborn healthcare in the first week of life in Brazil's primary care network: a cross-sectional multilevel analysis of the National Programme for Improving Primary Care Access and Quality - PMAQ.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of good quality child care in the first week of life in primary care services in Brazil and identify associated factors related to maternal, primary healthcare (PHC) facility and municipality characteristics. SETTING: Brazilian PHC. PARTICIPANTS: 6715 users of PHC facilities aged over 18 years with children under 2 years of age. PRIMARY OUTCOME: The good quality child care was defined when the following health interventions were performed during postnatal check-up in the first week of life: the child was weighed and measured; the healthcare professional observed breastfeeding techniques and offered counselling on the safest sleeping position; the umbilical cord was examined and the heel prick test was performed. RESULTS: The prevalence of good quality care was 52.6% (95% CI 51.4% to 53.8%). Observation of breastfeeding techniques (75.9%) and counselling on the safest sleeping position (72.3%) were the activities least performed. Babies born to mothers who received a home visit from a community health worker and made a postpartum visit were twice as likely to receive good quality care (OR 1.96; 95% CI 1.70 to 2.24 and OR 1.97; 95% CI 1.74 to 2.24, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The information reported by the mothers related to Family Health team work processes was associated with good quality care in the first week of life. Supporting strategies that strengthen health team active search and timely screening actions could promote adequate early childhood development.

Health care for people with diabetes and hypertension in Brazil: cross-sectional study of Program for Improving Access and Quality of Primary Care, 2014. / Atenção à saúde de pessoas com diabetes e hipertensão no Brasil: estudo transversal do Programa de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica, 2014.

OBJECTIVE: To assess health care for people with diabetes and hypertension, comparing the teams according to their participation in both cycles I and II of the Program for Improving Primary Health Care Access and Quality (PMAQ), and to verify its association with the characteristics of service users and municipalities. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study using PMAQ data from 2014. The following variables were used: team organization, request for tests and health care reported by service users. RESULTS: Thirty-five percent of the teams presented adequate organization and 88% requested all tests. Among the users, 31% had their feet examined and 18% received adequate health care. Municipalities in the Southeast region, with more than 300,000 inhabitants and the highest human development index, presented the best indicators. The teams that took part in both cycles I and II showed greater prevalence of organization and request for tests. CONCLUSION: Health care for people with diabetes and hypertension in primary health care in Brazil needs improvement.

[Occurrence of spinal disorders and associated factors among the elderly: a population study in a municipality in the deep south of Brazil]. / Ocorrência de distúrbios na coluna e fatores associados em idosos: estudo populacional em município do extremo Sul do Brasil.

The scope of this study was to estimate the prevalence of spinal disorders among the elderly and analyze potential associated factors. It involved a cross-sectional study of a sample of 1,593 elderly individuals aged 60 years or more residing in the urban area of Bagé, State of Rio Grande do Sul. In addition to the "spinal disorders" outcome, demographic, socioeconomic and behavioral variables, health perception, functional activities and the use of health services were investigated. Data collection was conducted by means of face-to-face interviews. Poisson regression analysis with robust variance was used to verify the factors associated with the outcome analyzed. Of the 1,593 participants, 37.4% reported spinal disorders. The factors related to the outcome were: low level of schooling, poor self-assessment of health, consultation in the last three months and the presence of hypertension, rheumatism and fractures. Interventions for musculoskeletal health can contribute to reduce the damages caused by spinal disorders among the elderly, such as loss of functional capacity, increased demands for health care and reduced quality of life.

Estimar a prevalência de distúrbios na coluna em idosos e analisar potenciais fatores associados. Estudo de delineamento transversal em uma amostra de 1.593 idosos com 60 anos ou mais residentes na zona urbana do município de Bagé-RS. Além do desfecho "distúrbios na coluna vertebral", foram investigadas variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas, comportamentais, percepção de saúde, atividades funcionais e utilização de serviços de saúde. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevista face a face. Análise de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta foi utilizada para verificar os fatores associados ao desfecho analisado. Dos 1.593 participantes, 37,4% referiram distúrbios na coluna vertebral. Os fatores relacionados ao desfecho foram; pertencer ao sexo feminino, baixa escolaridade, autoavaliação ruim de saúde, consulta nos últimos três meses e presença de hipertensão, reumatismo e fraturas. Ações de intervenção para saúde musculoesquelética podem contribuir para redução dos danos decorrentes distúrbios na coluna em idosos, como perda da capacidade funcional, aumento das demandas de cuidados em saúde e redução da qualidade de vida.

[Lack of access and the trajectory of healthcare use by elderly Brazilians]. / Falta de acesso e trajetória de utilização de serviços de saúde por idosos brasileiros.

Populational ageing is a current phenomenon and calls for the reconfiguration of health services and expansion of access for the elderly. This is a cross-sectional study with 6,624 elderly Brazilians over 60 that set out to evaluate access to healthcare by measuring lack of access and by describing the trajectory until recourse to hospitalization, emergency care and medical visits. The variables were analyzed according to the nature of funding to access the service (SUS, private insurance and cash-payment). The prevalence of lack of access was 2.5% (CI95% 1.6;4.0) for hospitalizations, 2.1% (CI95% 1.4; 3.1) for emergency rooms, and 0.6% (CI95% 0.3;0.9) for medical visits. SUS accounted for most of the care provided. Positive aspects of SUS were the higher number of medical visits in the city of residence and less money spent on transport. The private system stands out for the low frequency of long waiting times and higher frequency of referrals to return visits after hospitalization. The findings highlight the importance of SUS in Brazil in promoting equality and universality despite the existing deficiencies. In both public and private systems, greater articulation among the healthcare levels is required for integral healthcare to elderly individuals.

O envelhecimento populacional é um fenômeno atual e demanda reconfiguração e ampliação do acesso aos serviços de saúde para a população idosa. Estudo transversal, com amostra representativa de 6.624 idosos brasileiros, que teve como objetivo avaliar o acesso aos serviços de saúde por meio da falta de acesso e da descrição da trajetória do uso em internação, pronto-socorro e consulta médica. As variáveis foram analisadas segundo natureza do financiamento (SUS, convênio e desembolso direto). A prevalência de falta de acesso foi 2,5% (IC95% 1,6; 4,0) na internação, 2,1% em pronto-socorro (IC95% 1,4; 3,1), e 0,6% (IC95% 0,3; 0,9) no atendimento médico. O SUS foi responsável pela maioria dos atendimentos. Aspectos positivos do SUS foram maior número de atendimentos médicos realizados na cidade de residência e menor frequência de dinheiro gasto no deslocamento. O privado se destacou pela baixa frequência de tempo de espera longo e maior frequência de encaminhamentos para consulta de revisão após internação. Os achados reforçam a importância do SUS na promoção da equidade e universalidade apesar das deficiências existentes. Tanto no sistema público quanto no privado faz-se necessário articulação dos níveis de atenção na perspectiva da integralidade no cuidado ao idoso.

Tendências na qualidade da atenção à saúde da criança na primeira semana de vida na Atenção Primária no Brasil / Trends in the quality of child health care in the first week of life in primary care services in Brazil

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a tendência temporal da qualidade da atenção à saúde da criança na consulta da primeira semana de vida no nível da Atenção Primária à Saúde, segundo características dos municípios, do processo de trabalho das equipes e das usuárias responsáveis pelas crianças. Foram realizadas análises transversais com dados dos três ciclos do Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade (PMAQ) (2012, 2014 e 2018). Usuá­rias adultas com filhos de até dois anos foram entrevistadas. O desfecho foi a "boa qualidade da atenção à saúde na primeira semana de vida". Foram realizadas análises descritivas e de tendência temporal por meio de regressão de mínimos quadrados ponderados por variância. A frequên­cia de boa qualidade na consulta da primeira semana de vida foi 47,9% (IC95% 46,6-49,3) em 2012, 52,5% (IC95% 51,3-53,7) em 2014 e 53,3% (IC95% 52,2-54,4) em 2018, com um aumento anual de 0,73 ponto percentual (p<0,001). O aumento anual foi maior na região Nordeste (2,06 pp) e com IDH muito baixo/baixo (1,48 pp) e com 100% de cobertura de ESF (0,98 pp). Ao longo dos três ciclos do PMAQ-AB houve uma evolução favorável na frequência da boa qualidade na atenção à saúde na primeira semana de vida.

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess temporal trends in the quality of health care during the first-week child check-up in primary care services stratified by municipal, health team and maternal characteristics. We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the three cycles of the National Program for the Improvement of Access and Quality (PMAQ) (2012, 2014 and 2018). Adult service users with children aged up to 2 were interviewed. The outcome was "good quality health care in the first week of life". Descriptive and time trend analyses were performed using variance-weighted least squares regression. The frequency of good quality care during the first-week check-up was 47.9% (95%CI 46.6-49.3) in 2012, 52.5% (95%CI 51.3-53.7) in 2014 and 53.3% (95%CI 52.2-54.4) in 2018, with an annual increase of 0.73 pp (p<0.001). The annual increase was greater in the Northeast (2.06 pp) and in municipalities with very low/low HDI (1.48 pp) and 100% family health strategy coverage (0.98 pp). Trends in the frequency of good quality health care during the first-week child check-up were favorable.

Time trend of Family Health Strategy coverage in Brazil, its Regions and Federative Units, 2006-2016. / Tendência temporal da cobertura da Estratégia Saúde da Família no Brasil, regiões e Unidades da Federação, 2006-2016.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the Family Health Strategy (FHS) coverage time trend in Brazil, its Regions and Federative Units (FUs) in 2006-2016. METHODS: this was an ecological study with time series analysis of Ministry of Health Primary Care Department data; Prais-Winsten regression was used. RESULTS: FHS coverage in Brazil in 2006 and 2016 was 45.3% and 64.0%, respectively, with an increasing trend of coverage (annual variation = 8.4%: 95%CI 7.4;9.3); all five regions showed an increasing trend in coverage, as did the majority of FUs, with the exception of Roraima, Amapá, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte and Paraíba, which showed stability; in 2016, 14 FUs had coverage of between 75 and 100%, and 11 had coverage of between 50 and 74,9%; coverage in São Paulo and Federal District was below 50%. CONCLUSION: although, overall, FHS coverage increased, 13 FUs presented coverages below 75% in 2016; therefore, more efforts are needed to universalize coverage.

Quality of infant care in primary health services in Southern and Northeastern Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the quality of the health care provided to children aged under one year old performed by primary health services in the South and Northeast regions of Brazil. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, population-based study carried out in 2010 with 7,915 children aged from one to four years, whose homes are located in the areas of health service coverage. We described the prevalence of procedures and guidelines, such as weight and height measurement, vaccination, newborn blood spot screening, evaluation of umbilical cord, instruction on breastfeeding and introduction of new food, and their respective 95% confidence intervals. The differences were analyzed using the chi-square test of heterogeneity and linear trend. We considered the main outcome of high-quality infant care if the child had received all recommended procedures and guidelines in the first year of life. For this analysis, we used the Poisson regression considering hierarchical model. RESULTS: There was low prevalence for the instruction on breastfeeding in the first week of life (58.8%, 95%CI 57.5-60.0) and on the introduction of new food in the fourth month care. The prevalence of high-quality in childcare was 42.0% (95%CI 40.5-43.5). The adjusted analysis according to hierarchical model indicated greater probability of this outcome in the Northeast region (PR = 1.17, 95%CI 1.09-1.26), in smaller municipalities (PR = 1.17, 95%CI 1.03-1.33), and in municipalities with 50,000 and 99,000 inhabitants (PR = 1.20, 95%CI 1.09-1.34). CONCLUSIONS: The Northeast region has higher-quality infant care services, which can be explained by the consolidation of the Family Health Strategy in that region.

[Structure of primary healthcare units for treating persons with diabetes: Cycles I and II of the Brazilian National Program to Improve Access and Quality]. / Estrutura das unidades básicas de saúde para atenção às pessoas com diabetes: Ciclos I e II do Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade.

The objective was to describe the necessary structure for treating diabetes patients in the primary healthcare system, as evaluated in Cycles I and II of the Brazilian National Program for the Improvement of Access and Quality (PMAQ) in 2012 and 2014, according to the municipalities' characteristics. A descriptive study was used to assess primary care units whose teams participated in Cycles I and II of the PMAQ in 2012 and 2014. The study used variables from Module I of the external evaluation of the PMAQ that addresses the primary care units' structure. Materials (150kg scale, sphygmomanometer, adult stethoscope, tape measure, blood glucose monitor, monofilament packs, ophthalmoscope, and capillary blood glucose strips); medicines (NPH and regular insulin, glyburide, and metformin); and physical space (clinical consultation room, pharmacy, reception/waiting room, and meeting room). All the medicines and the reception/waiting room increased by more than 10p.p. from 2012 to 2014. The prevalence rates for adequate structure of materials, medicines, and physical space in the primary care units were higher in 2014. Adequate structure increased as follows: for materials, from 3.9% to 7.8%, for medicines, from 31.3% to 49.9%, for physical space, from 15.3% to 23.3%. Municipalities with more than 300,000 inhabitants, higher Human Development Index (HDI), and lower coverage of the Family Health Strategy (FHS) showed higher prevalence rates for adequate primary care units. Units that adhered to Cycles I and II of the PMAQ showed improvement in their structures. However, there was a low prevalence of primary care units with adequate structures, besides differences in the services' structure according to population size, HDI, and FHS coverage.

O objetivo foi descrever a estrutura necessária à atenção às pessoas com diabetes, usuárias da rede de atenção primária à saúde, avaliada nos Ciclos I e II do Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade (PMAQ) no Brasil, 2012 e 2014, considerando-se as características dos municípios. Utilizando-se um estudo descritivo foram avaliadas as unidades básicas de saúde (UBS) cujas equipes participaram dos Ciclos I e II do PMAQ, em 2012 e 2014. Utilizaram-se variáveis do Módulo I da avaliação externa do PMAQ que aborda a estrutura das UBS. Materiais (balança de 150kg, esfigmomanômetro, estetoscópio adulto, fita métrica, glicosímetro, kit de monofilamentos, oftalmoscópio e tiras de glicemia capilar); medicamentos (insulina NPH e regular, glibenclamida e metformina) e espaço físico (consultório clínico, farmácia, recepção, sala de acolhimento e de reunião). Todos os medicamentos avaliados e a sala de acolhimento apresentaram um aumento de mais de 10p.p. de 2012 para 2014. As prevalências de estrutura adequada de materiais, medicamentos e física nas UBS foram maiores em 2014. A estrutura adequada de materiais passou de 3,9% para 7,8%, de medicamentos de 31,3% para 49,9% e física de 15,3% para 23,3%. Os municípios com mais de 300 mil habitantes, melhor Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) e menor cobertura de Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) registraram maiores prevalências de UBS adequadas. As unidades que aderiram aos Ciclos I e II do PMAQ obtiveram melhoria em suas estruturas. Entretanto, foi encontrada baixa prevalência de UBS com estrutura adequada, além de diferenças na estrutura dos serviços, de acordo com o porte populacional, IDH e cobertura de ESF.

El objetivo fue describir la estructura necesaria para la atención a las personas con diabetes, usuarias de la red de atención primaria en salud, evaluada en los Ciclos I y II del Programa Nacional de Mejoría del Acceso y de la Calidad (PMAQ) en Brasil, 2012 y 2014, considerándose las características de los municipios. Utilizándose un estudio descriptivo se evaluaron las unidades básicas de salud (UBS), cuyos equipos participaron en los Ciclos I y II del PMAQ, en 2012 y 2014. Se utilizaron variables del Módulo I de evaluación externa del PMAQ que aborda la estructura de las UBS. Materiales (peso de 150kg, esfigmomanómetro, estetoscopio adulto, cinta métrica, glucómetro, kit de monofilamentos, oftalmoscopio y tiras de glucemia capilar); medicamentos (insulina NPH y regular, glibenclamida y metformina) y espacio físico (consultorio clínico, farmacia, recepción, sala de acogida y reunión). Todos los medicamentos evaluados y la sala de acogida presentaron un aumento de más de 10p.p. de 2012 a 2014. Las prevalencias sobre estructura adecuada de materiales, medicamentos y física en las UBS fueron mayores en 2014. La estructura adecuada de materiales pasó de 3,9% a 7,8%, de medicamentos de 31,3% a 49,9% y física de 15,3% a 23,3%. Los municipios con más de 300.000 habitantes, mejor Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH) y menor cobertura de Estrategia Salud de la Familia (ESF), registraron mayores prevalencias de UBS adecuadas. Las unidades que se adhirieron a los Ciclos I y II del PMAQ obtuvieron una mejoría en sus estructuras. No obstante, se encontró una baja prevalencia de UBS con estructura adecuada, además de las diferencias en la estructura de los servicios, de acuerdo con la dimensión poblacional, IDH y cobertura de ESF.